Hardwood Log Grading in the United States—Part III: An Assessment of the Current Status of Log Grading in the Hardwood Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
Curt C. Hassler ◽  
Jordan R. Thompson ◽  
Joseph F. McNeel
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Appalachian Region ◽  
Hardwood Lumber ◽  
The World ◽  
Grading Standards ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Appalachian Hardwoods

Abstract This article documents how the hardwood industry, in the absence of a standardized, industry-wide log grading system, has gone about grading and scaling hardwood logs by surveying mills, primarily in the Appalachian region. In total, 135 surveys were completed by respondents and returned via mail, with only 110 of those surveys considered usable for further analysis, after a thorough review of the individual surveys. Survey responses were grouped around annual production level, with three defined levels; ≤2.5 million board feet (MMBF), >2.5 and ≤8.0 MMBF, and >8.0 MMBF. Responding mills used some variation of a log grading system based on the number of clear faces on the log and the small end diameter of the log. The most common log rule used by mills in this study was the Doyle log rule, with over 75 percent using Doyle for scaling logs. Nearly 90 percent of all mills sampled graded logs without rolling the log to examine all four sides/faces. Half of all the sawmills surveyed pay the same price per thousand board feet (MBF) for butt logs and uppers. When asked if they would support the development of a standard log grading system, about two-thirds of the respondents (66%) indicated they would indeed support a standardized system for Appalachian hardwoods. These findings can help guide the development of a set of log grading standards for buyers and sellers in the Appalachian region and other parts of the world where hardwood lumber is produced.

WORLD WAR I AND THE PARADOX OF WILSONIANISM

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Lloyd E. Ambrosius
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
New World ◽  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
New World Order ◽  
World War ◽  
Imperial Germany ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

One hundred years ago, on April 6, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson led the United States into the First World War. Four days earlier, in his war message to Congress, he gave his rationale for declaring war against Imperial Germany and for creating a new world order. He now viewed German submarine attacks against neutral as well as belligerent shipping as a threat to the whole world, not just the United States. “The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind,” he claimed. “It is a war against all nations.” He now believed that Germany had violated the moral standards that “citizens of civilized states” should uphold. The president explained: “We are at the beginning of an age in which it will be insisted that the same standards of conduct and responsibility for wrong done shall be observed among nations and their governments that are observed among the individual citizens of civilized states.” He focused on protecting democracy against the German regime of Kaiser Wilhelm II. “A steadfast concert for peace,” he said, “can never be maintained except by a partnership of democratic nations. No autocratic government could be trusted to keep faith within it or observe its covenants.” Wilson called on Congress to vote for war not just because Imperial Germany had sunk three American ships, but for the larger purpose of a new world order. He affirmed: “We are glad, now that we see the facts with no veil of false pretense about them, to fight thus for the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples, the German peoples included: for the rights of nations great and small and the privilege of men everywhere to choose their way of life and of obedience. The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundation of political liberty.”

Telling the Stories: Reflections and Narratives from Christian Ambassadors of Reconciliation

2007 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-552
Author(s):  
D. Leslie Hollon ◽  
Joyce Sweeney Martin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Economically Disadvantaged ◽  
The United States ◽  
Appalachian Region ◽  
Children Of Prisoners ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Prejudice ◽  
Culture Of Violence

This article encompasses narratives about eight Christian Ambassadors of Reconciliation who are working to heal hurts and build hope in diverse regions and contexts of the world. Each reconciler has built relational bridges across painful divides, which include those in Northern Ireland between Protestants and Catholics, and the British and Catholics; in Rwanda between the Hutus and Tutsis; in the United States between whites and blacks, between the economically disadvantaged in the Appalachian region and those with resources to give, and between a culture of violence and advocates for peace; and in India between children of prisoners and ingrained social prejudice. These stories reveal the importance of identifying and using transferable principles in the ministry of reconciliation.

scholarly journals World chicken meat market – its development and current status

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Vladimirovna Belova ◽  
Luboš Smutka ◽  
Eva Rosochatecká
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Developing Area ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Meat Market

The global meat market and primarily the chicken meat market represents a very dynamically developing area. The objective of the present article is the analysis of the chicken meat market in the world in order to identify the basic development trends associated with the development of production of and trade in chicken meat, and also in order to identify the individual entities controlling the global chicken meat market. In methodological terms, the article analyzes the development of production of, consumption of and trade (export and import) in chicken meat in the years 1961–2009. The main sources of data necessary for the processing of the individual analyses are the FAOSTAT and UN COMTRADE databases. The results of the conducted analysis show the following findings. World production of poultry meat increased from 7.5 million tons to more than 86 million tons. The global market reacted in a flexible manner, in which there was an increase in volumes of executed trade from 271 thousand tons/year in the year 1961 to more than 10.7 million tons/year in the year 2010. Further, the value of world trade in chicken meat within the analyzed period increased from approximately USD 169 million to approximately USD 16 billion. If we analyze the global chicken meat market, it may be stated that it is very concentrated. The analysis of the global market further shows that Brazil, the USA and China represent, in terms of global production, consumption and trade, the main driving force on the chicken meat market. These three countries have a share in global production of approximately 46%, their share in global consumption ranges at a level of over 40%. The share of these countries in global export ranges at a level exceeding 50%.

Brazil: Citrus Benchmarking

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Schuermans
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
Individual Market ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Technological Opportunities

More and more, the Citrus Business is becoming a global operation, narrowing the technological opportunities gap between processors around the world. Most of the largest Brazilian processors already have process units or commercial partners in the United States, which makes any new technology available worldwide virtually instantaneously. However, there are several market and environmental differences that directly impact the best use of the available technology according to the individual market. Paper published with permission.

Smart Decarceration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie Pettus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Grand Challenges ◽  
The World

After a period of mass incarceration that spanned the 1970s through the 2010s, the United States remains the leading incarcerator in the world. Incarceration rates in the United States outpace those of other countries by several hundred per 100,000. Incarceration rates began to decline slightly in 2009, when there was a loss of fiscal, political, and moral will for mass incarceration policy and practices. First, the onset of smart decarceration approaches, the historical context from which smart decarceration stems, and the societal momentum that led to the conceptualization of smart decarceration are described. Smart decarceration is a lead strategy in social work that has been adopted by the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare as one of the 12 Grand Challenges for Social Work for the decade 2015–2025. Finally, an overview of the current status of smart decarceration and details shifts and initiatives to pursue at the intersection of social work and smart decarceration is provided.

Hardwood Log Grading in the United States—Part II: United States Forest Service Log Grades and the Hardwood Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
Curt C. Hassler ◽  
Lawrence E. Osborn ◽  
Shawn T. Grushecky ◽  
Joseph F. McNeel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forest Service ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Lumber Industry ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Hardwood Lumber ◽  
The Us ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract The major effort to develop hardwood log grades was undertaken by the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USDAFS) during the 1940s through the 1960s. While the USDAFS officially adopted the grading system for their own use in 1952, it has never taken hold in the hardwood lumber industry. This article discusses the variety of reasons that have most likely contributed to this failure of adoption of the USDAFS system by the industry, ranging from ease of use, to individual log grades covering wide ranges of log characteristics/quality, and to overlapping grades for a given set of log attributes, among others. Finally, the authors suggest developing a hardwood log grading system that embraces the de facto industry system of scaling diameter and clear faces.

scholarly journals Governance Challenges of Listed State- Owned Enterprises Around the World: National Experiences and a Framework for Reform

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis J. Milhaupt ◽  
Mariana Pargendler
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Government Ownership ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Political Environments ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
The World ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
Policy Discussion

Cornell International Law Journal: Vol. 50 : No. 3 , Article 3Despite predictions of their demise in the aftermath of the collapse of socialist economies in Eastern Europe, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are very much alive in the global economy. The relevance of listed SOEs— firms subject to government ownership, but with a portion of their shares traded on public stock markets— has persisted and even increased around the world, as policymakers have encouraged the partial floating of SOE shares either as a first step toward, or as an alternative to, privatization. In this Article, we evaluate the governance challenges associated with mixed ownership of enterprise, and examine a variety of national approaches to the governance of listed SOEs, with a view to framing a robust policy discussion in many countries where SOE reform is a topic of major significance. We describe the evolution and current status of the institutional framework applicable to listed SOEs in eight different jurisdictions which reflect a variety of economic, legal, and political environments: France, the United States, Norway, Colombia, Brazil, Japan, Singapore, and China. We leverage the lessons from this comparative analysis by critiquing the policy prescriptions of international agencies such as the OECD and framing our own policy suggestions.

The fall of demonstrative them

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Hazen ◽  
Sarah Hamilton ◽  
Sarah Vacovsky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Current Distribution ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Appalachian Region ◽  
The World

The varieties of English in the United States’ Appalachian region have undergone changes throughout the 20th century. This paper examines a change to one of the more stereotyped of vernacular dialect features, the use of them in a demonstrative determiner construction: them apples are the best. Although this dialect feature is found in English varieties around the world, this study is the first to take up a quantitative assessment of it as a sociolinguistic variable. In this paper, we discuss the historical background for demonstrative them, its current distribution in a corpus of modern Appalachian speech, and its relations to the other modern plural demonstratives, these and those. The data reveal that them functions primarily as an alternate to those, but the use of demonstrative them is sharply in decline across apparent time. As a stereotype of Appalachian speech, demonstrative them still remains, but younger Appalachian speakers have largely abandoned this stigmatized form.

scholarly journals The Metabolization Profile of the CYP2D6 Gene in Amerindian Populations: A Review

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana P. C. Leitão ◽  
Tatiane P. Souza ◽  
Juliana C. G. Rodrigues ◽  
Marianne R. Fernandes ◽  
Sidney Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Cyp2d6 Gene ◽  
Publication Rates ◽  
Group Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

Background: the CYP2D6 gene is clinically important and is known to have a number of variants. This gene has four distinct metabolization profiles that are determined by the different allelic forms present in the individual. The relative frequency of these profiles varies considerably among human populations around the world. Populations from more isolated regions, such as Native Americans, are still relatively poorly studied, however. Even so, recent advances in genotyping techniques and increasing interest in the study of these populations has led to a progressive increase in publication rates. Given this, the review presented here compiled the principal papers published on the CYP2D6 gene in Amerindian populations to determine the metabolic profile of this group. Methods: a systematic literature review was conducted in three scientific publication platforms (Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Pubmed). The search was run using the keywords “CYP2D6 Amerindians” and “CYP2D6 native Americans”. Results: a total of 13 original papers met the inclusion criteria established for this study. All the papers presented frequencies of the different CYP2D6 alleles in Amerindian populations. Seven of the papers focused specifically on Amerindian populations from Mexico, while the others included populations from Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and the United States. The results of the papers reviewed here showed that the extensive metabolization profile was the most prevalent in all Amerindian populations studied to date, followed by the intermediate, slow, and ultra-rapid, in that order. Conclusion: the metabolization profiles of the Amerindian populations reviewed in the present study do not diverge in any major way from those of other populations from around the world. Given the paucity of the data available on Amerindian populations, further research is required to better characterize the metabolization profile of these populations to ensure the development of adequate therapeutic strategies.

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