An assessment of unstimulated salivary flow rate, IgA and clinical oral dryness among active and passive smokers

Objective: To evaluate the mean clinical oral dryness score (CODs) and salivary flow rate (SFR) in subjects exposed to active and passive smoking. The secondary aim was to determine the correlation between CODs and SFR and potential factors associated with CODs and SFR in our subjects. Study Design and Setting: The clinical observational study was conducted at the Outpatient department of oral diagnosis at Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi from Jan 2019-Jul 2019. Methodology: A total of 217 participants of ages 15 – 80years coming for routine dental checkup of either gender were included. A thorough oral examination was performed for all the subjects. A non-stimulated saliva sample was collected from the oral cavity of subjects in a graduated container. The salivary flow rate was noted in ml/min for 5 minutes. Assessment of oral dryness/hypo-salivation was examined through CODs (clinical oral dryness score).The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23. Results: The mean COD score and SFR were calculated as 1 and 0.42 ml/5min respectively. The Pearson’s correlation between COD score and SFR level was calculated as -0.281 (negative correlation) such as the SFR significantly decreased when the COD score increased (p<0.05). The age, gender, smoking status, betel quid and areca nut consumption showed statistically significant difference in mean COD score and SFR levels (p<0.05). Conclusion: Salivary flow rate was significantly decreased with increase in COD score thus having an implication on oral dryness feeling in these participants.

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SALIVARY PROFILE AND IDENTIFICATION OF EXISTING CANDIDA sp OF AN INSTITUTIONALIZED ELDERLY POPULATION IN JAKARTA

Dentika Dental Journal ◽

10.32734/dentika.v17i4.1783 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 334-338

Author(s):

Febrina Rahmayanti ◽

Yuniardini Septorini Wimardhani ◽

Indriasti Wardhany

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Elderly Population ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Normal Range ◽

Institutionalized Elderly ◽

Candida Sp ◽

Salivary Ph ◽

Oral Dryness ◽

Oral Symptom

Saliva plays an important role to protect oral and dental health, in maintenance oral microflora balance. In elderly, disease, and medications usually influence the saliva. The purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate salivary profile, oral symptoms of dryness, and existing of Candida sp of an institutionalized elderly in Jakarta, Twenty seven (27) elderly (17 men and 10 women) were examined in a cross sectional study. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected for 5 minutes, according to published protocol, and then salivary flow rate and pH were measured. Candida sp were cultured in CHROM agar. The yeasts were counted and identified. Oral symptom or complaints of oral dryness, and burning or itching were recorded with an interview. Data of systemic conditions and medication the used were obtained from the medical record. Eighteen (66.7%) CHROM agar plates were Candida sp positive cultured, and about 61.1% subjects’ salivary pH were below normal range. Twenty one (77.8%) subjects had oral symptom and complain about oral dryness, even thought the salivary flow rate were in normal range. In this study, C.albicans is not the most frequently found colonized. About 72% were identified not C.albicans. This study suggests that, in elderly which salivary pH was below normal range have greater opportunistic infected by Candida sp. It can be concluded that, the result did not confirm a significant difference between subjects’ data and salivary profile concentration. The mycological finding Candida albicans is not the most frequently found colonized in this elderly population. Further study which lagger elderly population and might give deeper insights of salivary profile in this population.

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Reliability of Screening Methods to Diagnose Oral Dryness and Evaluate Saliva Secretion

Dentistry Journal ◽

10.3390/dj8030102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 102

Author(s):

Takaharu Goto ◽

Takahiro Kishimoto ◽

Yuki Iwawaki ◽

Keiko Fujimoto ◽

Yuichi Ishida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Systematic Bias ◽

Saliva Secretion ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Oral Dryness ◽

Unstimulated Whole Saliva

In this study, we evaluated the reliability and reproducibility of widely implemented salivary flow rate and oral dryness tests. In experiment 1, twenty young and healthy Japanese participants volunteered to participate. For each participant, the oral moisture (OM) level, unstimulated whole saliva volume (U-WSV), and stimulated whole saliva volume (S-WSV) were measured at the same time on two separate days. In experiment 2, twenty-seven patients who were over 65 years of age volunteered to participate. The OM level and U-WSV were measured at the same time on two separate days. In Experiment 1, the intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) corresponding to the S-WSV, U-WSV, and OM level were 0.23, 0.28, and 0.16, respectively, for the young participants. In Experiment 2, the ICCs corresponding to the U-WSV/spitting and OM level were 0.83 and 0.12, respectively, for the older participants. The results of Bland–Altman analysis confirmed the absence of systematic error, with the exception of the OM level results in Experiment 2, which indicated systematic bias. In conclusion, we believe that there is currently no consistent and reliable screening test for assessing salivary flow rate and oral dryness, although the spitting test was determined to be highly reliable.

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Xerostomia appearance in type 1 diabetes mellitus children in RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta

Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.24198/pjd.vol23no1.14056 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Adis Tyaning Puspitasari ◽

Rosiliwati Wihardja ◽

Jakobus Runkat

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Metabolic Disturbances ◽

Oral Dryness

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency. As a result, there will be metabolic disturbances on carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Diabetes mellitus type 1 may occur because of pancreatic B cells damage resulting in decreased secretion of insulin in absolute terms. Xerostomia is the medical term for the subjective complaint of dry mouth due to the lack of saliva and can occur in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to obtain data on the salivary flow rate and oral dryness complaints in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus The method of this study was descriptive by survey technique. The sample was obtained by purposive sampling and consisted of 30 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta in April to May 2010. The study was conducted with an objective examination by measuring the salivary flow rate and subjective examination using a questionnaire. The results showed that the salivary flow rate from an average of 30 respondents was below normal values. The most common complaints about the dryness of the mouth cavity were thirst, 24 patients (80.00%), and oral dryness 19 patients (63.33%). The conclusion from this study showed that children with type 1 diabetes mellitus were having oral dryness complaints and the decrease of salivary flow rate.

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Protein Ingredient in Saliva on Oral Dryness Patients Caused by Calcium Blocker

Geriatrics ◽

10.3390/geriatrics5040070 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 70

Author(s):

Fumi Mizuhashi ◽

Takao Morita ◽

Shuji Toya ◽

Ritsuko Sato ◽

Yuko Watarai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Proteomic Analysis ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Type I ◽

Protein Ingredient ◽

Healthy Elderly ◽

Calcium Blocker ◽

Oral Dryness

Oral dryness as a side effect of certain drugs is increasing. The aim of this study was to examine the change of the protein ingredient in saliva of oral dryness patients caused by calcium blocker. Six patients taking calcium blocker and six healthy elderly were enrolled. Unstimulated salivary flow rate, protein concentration, and flow rate of protein were measured and compared between the patients taking calcium blocker and healthy elderly. iTRAQ (Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantitation) proteomic analysis was performed to extract the salivary protein changed in patient taking calcium blocker, and the intensities of Western blotting products were quantified (unpaired t-test). Unstimulated salivary flow rate was significantly lower on patients taking calcium blocker (p < 0.01). Protein concentration tended to be higher and the flow rate of protein tended to be lower on patients. As the result of iTRAQ proteomic analysis, calmodulin-like protein 3, glutathione S-transferase P, and keratin type I cytoskeletal 13 increased characteristically in patient taking calcium blocker, and the expression in calmodulin-like protein 3 was significantly larger (p < 0.01). The results of this study indicated that calmodulin-like protein 3 increased in patients taking calcium blocker and could be a salivary biomarker for oral dryness caused by calcium blocker.

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Subjective oral dryness and stimulated salivary flow rate in medicated patients in chronic severe psychiatric patients

Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene ◽

10.13065/jksdh.2014.14.03.353 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 353-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

So-Jung Mun ◽

Hye-Yeon Seo ◽

Hyun-Sun Jeon ◽

Ji-Hyun Baek ◽

Hie-Jin Noh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Psychiatric Patients ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Oral Dryness

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Stimulated whole salivary flow rate and composition in menopausal women with oral dryness feeling

Oral Diseases ◽

10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01288.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 320-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

F Agha-Hosseini ◽

I Mirzaii-Dizgah ◽

PP Moghaddam ◽

ZT Akrad

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Oral Dryness ◽

Oral Dryness Feeling

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Protease inhibitor concentrations in the saliva of individuals experiencing oral dryness

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-02024-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kenkichi Yamamoto ◽

Makiko Hiraishi ◽

Mai Haneoka ◽

Hidetake Fujinaka ◽

Yoshitaka Yano

Keyword(s):

Protease Inhibitor ◽

Protease Inhibitors ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Subjective Perception ◽

Common Symptom ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Oral Dryness ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Oral dryness is a common symptom that may interfere with swallowing, chewing, and taste. The most common reason for oral dryness is hyposalivation. Some individuals experiencing oral dryness do not have hyposalivation, however, and the reverse is also true. Here, we focused on healthy individuals with a lower salivary flow rate and evaluated the relationship between the perception of oral dryness and salivary parameters to clarify the cause underlying the perception of oral dryness. Methods A total of 59 participants were divided into 2 groups with a lower or higher salivary flow rate according to the median salivary flow rate. In participants with a lower salivary flow rate, we assessed salivary bacterial counts, protease activities, protein concentrations, oral parameters, and the subjective perception of oral dryness. Results Protease activities and concentrations of protease inhibitors such as cystatin-D and cystatin-SA in the saliva of participants experiencing oral dryness were significantly higher and lower, respectively, than in those not experiencing oral dryness, even though no difference in the salivary flow rate was detected. Salivary cystatin-D and cystatin-SA concentrations correlated negatively with salivary protease activities. Conclusions The composition of salivary protease inhibitors and increased protease activities affect the subjective perception of oral dryness.

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