Gendered perceptions of workaholism and the gender gap in parenting time

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Buchanan ◽  
Adian McFarlane ◽  
Anupam Das
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Market Work ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Household Labour ◽  
Gendered Expectations

We use the 2015 Canadian time-use survey to analyse predictors of workaholism and the gender gap in parenting time. For mothers, both parenting time and market work are predictive of self-reporting workaholism. Workaholic mothers do not spend less time parenting as their market work increases. These levels remain higher at each level than workaholic fathers and non-workaholic mothers and fathers. This suggests increased market work time does not result in any reduction of relative levels of parenting time. Along with entrenched gendered expectations, mothers may perceive an opportunity cost of sacrificing parenting time for market work. Workaholic mothers do report reduced household labour hours. Accounting for characteristic differences between workaholic mothers and fathers leaves more unexplained than explained. Implications are discussed within the framework of gender and opportunity costs.

scholarly journals The Role of Preferences and Opportunity Costs in Determining the Time Allocated to Housework

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 606-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie S Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Household Chores ◽  
Food Shopping ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Cost Of Time ◽  
Necessary Evil

Research on intrahousehold time allocations has assumed that housework is a necessary evil and focused exclusively on the causal role of opportunity costs. In fact, agents likely act to maximize happiness, and preferences regarding even mundane household chores differ considerably. I use information from the 2000-01 UK Time Use Survey to examine time spent on laundry, ironing, cleaning, and food shopping. Joint multivariate analysis of his and her time on weekend and weekday days as well as maid service reveals that her opportunity cost of time matters more than his, but that his preferences play a greater role than hers.

scholarly journals Assessing the value of household work based on wages demanded on online platforms for substitutes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Jokubauskaitė ◽  
Alyssa Schneebaum
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Household Work ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
A Value ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
Time Use Survey

AbstractWe propose an improved method to assess the economic value of unpaid housework and childcare. Existing literature has typically assigned a minimum, generalist or specialist’s wage, or the performer’s opportunity cost to the hourly value of these activities. Then it was used to calculate macro-level value based on the number of hours spent in this work. In this paper, instead of imputing an average or minimum wage for housework and childcare to determine a value to the work, we use the actual local wage rate requested for these services from providers on online platforms. Applying this method to Austrian Time Use Survey data shows that the value of unpaid childcare and housework, had it been paid, would be equivalent to about 22% of the 2018 GDP.

Low-Skilled Immigration and the Labor Supply of Highly Skilled Women

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Cortés ◽  
José Tessada
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Market Work ◽  
Household Work ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
Immigrant Concentration ◽  
Skilled Immigration ◽  
Cost Of Time

Low-skilled immigrants represent a significant fraction of employment in services that are close substitutes of household production. This paper studies whether the increased supply of low-skilled immigrants has led high-skilled women, who have the highest opportunity cost of time, to change their time-use decisions. Exploiting cross-city variation in immigrant concentration, we find that low-skilled immigration increases average hours of market work and the probability of working long hours of women at the top quartile of the wage distribution. Consistently, we find that women in this group decrease the time they spend in household work and increase expenditures on housekeeping services. (JEL J16, J22, J24, J61)

scholarly journals From Me to You: Time Together and Subjective Well-Being in the UK

Sociology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003803852110331
Author(s):  
Giacomo Vagni
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Family Time ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
The Uk

Time together as a family is a crucial dimension of family life. However, its impact on personal happiness is not well understood. I use the United Kingdom Time Use Survey 2014–2015 to study how time spent with partners and children affects daily subjective well-being. Overall, I find that family time, couple time, and time alone with children contributes significantly to mothers’ and fathers’ well-being. I show that the activities that families share together mediate an important part of the enjoyment of time together but do not entirely explain this association. This suggests that beyond what families do together, families enjoy being together. I find that fathers enjoy family time more than mothers do. I demonstrate that the unequal division of labour during family time explains this discrepancy. I conclude by discussing the recent transformations of intimate relationships.

Parents’ Sleep Across Weekdays and Weekends: The Influence of Work, Housework, and Childcare Time

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110179
Author(s):  
Leah Ruppanner ◽  
Ben Maltby ◽  
Belinda Hewitt ◽  
David Maume
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Unmarried Mothers ◽  
Childcare Time ◽  
Unmarried Fathers ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Sleep Deficit ◽  
Time Demands

Children increase time demands with important consequences for sleep. Here, we test whether parents’ paid and unpaid time demands and the presence of young children equally reduce mothers’ and fathers’ sleep, comparing the married/cohabiting to unmarried. Applying data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS, 2003–2016), we find married/cohabiting mothers report less sleep when young children or multiple children are present; they are employed; their spouses are employed; and they spend more time in housework and childcare. By contrast, unmarried mothers report less sleep when children are present because of their larger domestic loads. For married/cohabiting fathers, the presence of multiple children is associated with less sleep but doing more housework results in more sleep. Finally, unmarried fathers’ employment time explains the association of children on their sleep. Parents report a sleep deficit relative to the childless but the reasons vary by gender and the co-presence of a partner.

scholarly journals Time Use During the Great Recession

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1664-1696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Aguiar ◽  
Erik Hurst ◽  
Loukas Karabarbounis
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Market Work ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Separable Preferences ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the American Time Use Survey between 2003 and 2010, we document that home production absorbs roughly 30 percent of foregone market work hours at business cycle frequencies. Leisure absorbs roughly 50 percent of foregone market work hours, with sleeping and television watching accounting for most of this increase. We document significant increases in time spent on shopping, child care, education, and health. Job search absorbs between 2 and 6 percent of foregone market work hours. We discuss the implications of our results for business cycle models with home production and non-separable preferences. (JEL D31, E32, J22)

scholarly journals Fathers’ and mothers’ enjoyment of childcare: the role of multitasking

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Zannella ◽  
Alessandra De Rose
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Daily Diary ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Unique Measure ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Using data from the latest edition of the Italian Time Use Survey (ITUS, 2013–2014), we analyse 31,309 childcare episodes to investigate the relationship betweenmultitasking (i.e., the combination of childcare with housework tasks) and parents’enjoyment of the time they spent on childcare, with a gender perspective. To this end,we rely on information from the episode enjoyment scores the respondents used toevaluate the degree of (un)pleasantness associated with the different activities theyrecorded in a daily diary. These episode enjoyment scores are a novelty in the ITUS,and provide a unique measure of the respondents’ momentary assessments of theirsubjective well-being. Our results highlight the existence of a negative relationshipbetween multitasking and parental well-being when spending time on childcare forboth mothers and fathers, regardless of the nature of the childcare activity theywere performing (i.e., routine or recreational childcare). Our findings add to priorresearch by shedding new light on the role of multitasking as a relevant contextualcharacteristic of care that affects the well-being of fathers, as well as of mothers.

Locking Down Gender Roles? A Time-Use Perspective on Gender Division of Household Labour during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Belgium

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110544
Author(s):  
Theun Pieter van Tienoven ◽  
Joeri Minnen ◽  
Anaïs Glorieux ◽  
Ilse Laurijssen ◽  
Petrus te Braak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Absolute Time ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Household Labour ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Substantial Change

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the division of household labour could continue to lock down or start to break gender roles. Using time-use data of n = 473 individuals collected during the lockdown restrictions in Belgium from March to May 2020, we analyse the gendered division of routine and non-routine household labour in absolute time use and relative shares. We compare against the Belgian time-use data of 2013 for the same time period ( n = 678 individuals). A time-demanding work and living situation associate with an increase in men’s time spent on household labour during the lockdown but not with a change in women’s time use. The gender gap closes in absolute time but not in relative shares of routine and non-routine household labour. The limited impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the gender division of household labour indicates a temporal rather than a substantial change in gender roles.

Gender Inequality in Housework: Persistence and Change by Partnership and Parenthood Status in the Early 2000s

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110317
Author(s):  
Shih-Yi Chao
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Couple Relationship ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Housework Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Parenthood Status

Heterosexual unions and parenthood are key contributors to gender inequality in housework. Over the last two decades, the social meaning of partnership and parenthood has changed. This study investigated whether this change in the narrative of partnership and parenthood status influenced changes in the housework gender gap. Using the American Time Use Survey 2003–2005 and 2013–2015, the findings show that housework gender gap was larger for people in a couple relationship than for singles. For nonparents, the gender gap in housework was no difference between those married and those cohabiting. Gender inequality in housework persisted among married parents but decreased among cohabiting parents, mainly because of the increase in cohabiting fathers’ housework time. These findings suggest a heterosexual union, particularly marriage, reproduces conventional gender roles. Men’s gendered behaviors were not uniform but diverse across partnership and parenthood status.

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