Low-Skilled Immigration and the Labor Supply of Highly Skilled Women

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Cortés ◽  
José Tessada
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Market Work ◽  
Household Work ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
Immigrant Concentration ◽  
Skilled Immigration ◽  
Cost Of Time

Low-skilled immigrants represent a significant fraction of employment in services that are close substitutes of household production. This paper studies whether the increased supply of low-skilled immigrants has led high-skilled women, who have the highest opportunity cost of time, to change their time-use decisions. Exploiting cross-city variation in immigrant concentration, we find that low-skilled immigration increases average hours of market work and the probability of working long hours of women at the top quartile of the wage distribution. Consistently, we find that women in this group decrease the time they spend in household work and increase expenditures on housekeeping services. (JEL J16, J22, J24, J61)

scholarly journals Assessing the value of household work based on wages demanded on online platforms for substitutes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Jokubauskaitė ◽  
Alyssa Schneebaum
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Household Work ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
A Value ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
Time Use Survey

AbstractWe propose an improved method to assess the economic value of unpaid housework and childcare. Existing literature has typically assigned a minimum, generalist or specialist’s wage, or the performer’s opportunity cost to the hourly value of these activities. Then it was used to calculate macro-level value based on the number of hours spent in this work. In this paper, instead of imputing an average or minimum wage for housework and childcare to determine a value to the work, we use the actual local wage rate requested for these services from providers on online platforms. Applying this method to Austrian Time Use Survey data shows that the value of unpaid childcare and housework, had it been paid, would be equivalent to about 22% of the 2018 GDP.

The Labor Supply Effects of Delayed First Birth

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 630-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leber Herr
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
High School Graduates ◽  
First Birth ◽  
First Birth Timing ◽  
Cost Of Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shaped Pattern

In this paper I compare the relationship between first-birth timing and post-birth labor supply for high school and college graduate mothers. Given that pre-birth wages are increasing in fertility delay, the rising opportunity cost of time would suggest that among both groups, later mothers work more. Yet I only find this pattern for high school graduates. For college graduates, I instead find that there is a strong U-shaped pattern between hours worked within motherhood, and the career timing of first birth.

scholarly journals The Role of Preferences and Opportunity Costs in Determining the Time Allocated to Housework

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 606-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie S Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Household Chores ◽  
Food Shopping ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Cost Of Time ◽  
Necessary Evil

Research on intrahousehold time allocations has assumed that housework is a necessary evil and focused exclusively on the causal role of opportunity costs. In fact, agents likely act to maximize happiness, and preferences regarding even mundane household chores differ considerably. I use information from the 2000-01 UK Time Use Survey to examine time spent on laundry, ironing, cleaning, and food shopping. Joint multivariate analysis of his and her time on weekend and weekday days as well as maid service reveals that her opportunity cost of time matters more than his, but that his preferences play a greater role than hers.

Gendered perceptions of workaholism and the gender gap in parenting time

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Buchanan ◽  
Adian McFarlane ◽  
Anupam Das
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Market Work ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Household Labour ◽  
Gendered Expectations

We use the 2015 Canadian time-use survey to analyse predictors of workaholism and the gender gap in parenting time. For mothers, both parenting time and market work are predictive of self-reporting workaholism. Workaholic mothers do not spend less time parenting as their market work increases. These levels remain higher at each level than workaholic fathers and non-workaholic mothers and fathers. This suggests increased market work time does not result in any reduction of relative levels of parenting time. Along with entrenched gendered expectations, mothers may perceive an opportunity cost of sacrificing parenting time for market work. Workaholic mothers do report reduced household labour hours. Accounting for characteristic differences between workaholic mothers and fathers leaves more unexplained than explained. Implications are discussed within the framework of gender and opportunity costs.

scholarly journals Kwacha Gonna Do? Experimental Evidence about Labor Supply in Rural Malawi

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Wage Elasticity ◽  
Supply Elasticity ◽  
Labor Supply Elasticity ◽  
Job Offers ◽  
Daily Wage

I use a field experiment to estimate the wage elasticity of employment in the day labor market in rural Malawi. Once a week for 12 consecutive weeks, I make job offers for a workfare-type program to 529 adults. The daily wage varies from the tenth to the ninetieth percentile of the wage distribution, and individuals are entitled to work a maximum of one day per week. In this context (the low agricultural season), 74 percent of individuals worked at the lowest wage, and consequently the estimated labor supply elasticity is low (0.15), regardless of observable characteristics. (JEL C93, J22, J31, O15, O18, R23)

2. An Assessment of Alternative Measures of Time Use

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Thomas Juster ◽  
Hiromi Ono ◽  
Frank P. Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Market Work ◽  
Measuring Time ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Alternative Measures

Although time use has received much attention by social scientists as an index of resource allocation and social relations across groups, only a few studies have carefully assessed the relative strengths and weaknesses of the existing methods of measuring time use: time diary (TD), stylized (S) respondent report, and experiential sampling method (ESM). We note the varying degree of biases that arise in part from the extent of detail in the information collected by the three methods. Using findings from our analysis of the structure of these methods, we hypothesize that there are empirical exceptions to previously reported common findings that TD provides less biased information on time use than does S—namely (a) when labor market workers report their time spent on labor market work, and (b) when the historical trend in time, rather than the absolute level, is studied. Empirical results confirm our prediction and show that, among individuals who work regularly, TD and S estimates of labor market work hours reported by the same persons correspond closely to one another. In addition, when assessing historical trends, TD and S values correspond closely to one another, although TDs yield some inexplicable deviations from the trend even when the sample and the codes are carefully standardized. We also provide notes on a strategy of standardization for diary codes that are distinct across historical or national contexts.

scholarly journals Aggregation with a mix of indivisible and continuous labor supply decisions

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1507-1512
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Vasilev
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Market Work ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Sector ◽  
Business Cycle Model ◽  
Labor Supply Decision ◽  
Real Business Cycle Model

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the problem of non-convex labor supply decision in an economy with both discrete and continuous labor decisions. In contrast to the setup in McGrattan et al. (1997), here each household faces an indivisible labor supply choice in the market sector, while it can choose to work any number of hours in the non-market sector. Design/methodology/approach The authors show how lotteries as in Rogerson (1988) can again be used to convexify consumption sets, and aggregation over individual preferences. Findings With a mix of discrete and continuous labor supply decisions, disutility of non-market work becomes separable from market work, and the elasticity of the latter increases from unity to infinity. Research limitations/implications As a possible venue for future research, the authors plan to feed the derived aggregate utility function above in a sophisticated real-business-cycle model to investigate the effect of those preferences for the transmission of technology and fiscal shocks. Originality/value This is a novel and interesting result in the aggregation literature.

scholarly journals Gender Wage Gap and the Involvement of Partners in Household Work

2020 ◽  
pp. 095001702093793
Author(s):  
Eleonora Matteazzi ◽  
Stefani Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Market Work ◽  
Household Work ◽  
Domestic Activities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Gender Discrepancies

Women still earn less than men and continue to perform the bulk of domestic activities. Several studies documented a negative individual wage–housework relation, suggesting that gender discrepancies in housework may explain the gender wage gap. Less attention has been paid to the role of the partner’s unpaid work and to the extent that intra-household inequalities relate to inequalities outside the house. The present study attempts to fill this gap in the literature. We exploit EU-SILC 2010 data for Germany and Italy and PSID 2009 data for the US. Results suggest the importance of accounting for a partner’s housework when evaluating the determinants of individual wages and the gender wage gap. Women seem not to profit from their partners’ housework; instead, women’s non-market work increases their partners’ earnings while decreasing their own earnings. This suggests the importance of reducing women’s involvement in domestic work in order to close gender wage equalities.

Agricultural Seasonalily and the Organization of Manufacturing in Early Industrial Economies: The Contrast Between England and the United States

1997 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L. Sokoloff ◽  
David Dollar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Employment Of Women

The greater flexibility associated with workers being able to choose the time and circumstance of their work allowed cottage manufacture to compete with technically more productive manufactories by rendering it more effective at harnessing a part time or offpeak workforce whose opportunity cost was low. Not only did this mean that cottage manufacture was better suited to the employment of women and children, who preferred flexibility in their hours and place of work, but also that the greater seasonality of labor supply in England led that economy to rely more on cottage manufacturing than did the United States during early industrialization.

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