Colonial Collecting Expeditions and the Pursuit of Opportunities in the Amazonian Sertão, c. 1750–1800

2010 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Flynn Roller
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Village

Every year during the second half of the eighteenth century, as river levels dropped, an average of 1,500 Indian crewmen departed nearly 50 villages for the remote interior forests and waterways of the Amazonian sertão. During the next six to eight months, as they searched for cacao, sarsaparilla, nuts, or turde eggs, the crewmen might experience all manner of hardships—epidemics, tribal attacks, famine, mutinies, or the loss of the village canoe and its cargo, to name just a few. Then, upon arriving home, they might find their families reduced to utter poverty or sickness, their wives taken in by other men, or their crops abandoned and devoured by pests. Yet despite the arduousness of the state-sponsored collecting expeditions and the hardships imposed upon those left behind, the trips offered a range of opportunities that other kinds of compulsory labor did not. Some of those who were not required to participate, such as the native officials, even did so voluntarily.

scholarly journals Colonial Collecting Expeditions and the Pursuit of Opportunities in the Amazonian Sertão, c. 1750–1800

2010 ◽  
Vol 66 (04) ◽  
pp. 435-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Flynn Roller
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Village

Every year during the second half of the eighteenth century, as river levels dropped, an average of 1,500 Indian crewmen departed nearly 50 villages for the remote interior forests and waterways of the Amazonian sertão. During the next six to eight months, as they searched for cacao, sarsaparilla, nuts, or turde eggs, the crewmen might experience all manner of hardships—epidemics, tribal attacks, famine, mutinies, or the loss of the village canoe and its cargo, to name just a few. Then, upon arriving home, they might find their families reduced to utter poverty or sickness, their wives taken in by other men, or their crops abandoned and devoured by pests. Yet despite the arduousness of the state-sponsored collecting expeditions and the hardships imposed upon those left behind, the trips offered a range of opportunities that other kinds of compulsory labor did not. Some of those who were not required to participate, such as the native officials, even did so voluntarily.

scholarly journals PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PEMBAGIAN WARIS DAN PERTANAHAN DI DESA TRAYANG, KECAMATAN NGRONGGOT, KABUPATEN NGANJUK

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Hanum Rahmaniar Helmi
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
The State ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Inheritance Law ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Land Disputes ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Village ◽  
Religious Courts

In the State of Indonesia, there are many cases of inheritance rights for widows and inheritance rights of adopted children that have been submitted to courts, both district and religious courts. This can have a significant impact related to the inheritance, especially in relation to the distribution received by each. State law regulates inheritance law, but it has not been able to accommodate the needs of the community, so that the problem is often resolved at court. Apart from that, the connection with serial marriages or polygamous marriages also often creates problems in society. Because it can lead to disputes between the family of the heir and the family left behind, based on the perspective of Islamic inheritance law and customary inheritance law, it can be explained more deeply about the rights that should be owned by widows and adopted children to minimize disputes that occur and achieve solutions to problems. win-win solution. Apart from inheritance law cases, there are also cases related to land disputes that often occur in society. For this reason, it is very important to hold community service against the background of the problems mentioned above. The service method is carried out by means of counseling and mentoring. The results obtained under the legal problems experienced by residents were varied, but most of them were in the field of inheritance and land. Therefore, the community service team agreed to provide counseling, guidance regarding inheritance and land laws in the village. At the time of counseling and mentoring, residents were very enthusiastic by asking various kinds of questions about inheritance and land law.AbstrakDi Negara Indonesia terdapat banyak sekali kasus hak waris janda dan hak waris anak angkat yang diajukan pada pengadilan, baik itu pengadilan negeri maupun pengadilan agama. Hal ini dapat membawa dampak yang cukup signifikan terkait dengan pewarisan tersebut, terutama terkait dengan pembagian yang diterima masing-masing. Hukum negara telah mengatur hukum waris, namun belum dapat mengakomodir kebutuhan masyarakat, sehingga sering kali masalah tersebut diselesaikan di meja hijau. Di samping itu terkait dengan perkawinan serial atau perkawinan poligami juga acapkali menimbulkan masalah di masyarakat. Oleh karena dapat menimbulkan sengketa antar keluarga pewaris dengan keluarga yang ditinggalkan, berdasarkan perspektif  hukum waris Islam dan hukum waris adat akan dapat dipaparkan lebih mendalam mengenai hak-hak yang seharusnya dimiliki oleh janda dan anak angkat agar dapat meminimalisir persengketaan yang terjadi dan dicapai pemecahan masalah yang win-win solution. Selain kasus hukum waris, juga terdapat kasus yang terkait dengan sengketa pertanahan yang sering terjadi di masyarakat. Untuk itu sangat penting diadakan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dengan latar belakang permasalahan-permasalahan tersebut di atas. Metode pengabdian yang dilakukan dengan cara penyuluhan dan pendampingan. Hasil yang diperoleh  bawah Permasalahan hukum yang dialami oleh warga sangat beraneka-ragam, akan tetapi yang paling banyak ada di bidang waris dan juga pertanahan. Oleh karenanya, tim pengabdian masyarakat sepakat untuk melakukan penyuluhan, pembimbingan mengenai hukum waris dan pertanahan di desa tersebut. Pada saat penyuluhan dan pembimbingan warga sangat antusias dengan mengajukan berbagai macam pertanyaan tentang hukum waris dan pertanahan. 

EXPEDITION TO MALI, 2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-28
Author(s):  
D. V. Vaniukova ◽  
◽  
P. A. Kutsenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Murder ◽  
The State ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
State Museum ◽  
Bobo Dioulasso ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
The Village

The research expedition of the Institute of Oriental studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences has been working in Mali since 2015. Since 2017, it has been attended by employees of the State Museum of the East. The task of the expedition is to study the transformation of traditional Dogon culture in the context of globalization, as well as to collect ethnographic information (life, customs, features of the traditional social and political structure); to collect oral historical legends; to study the history, existence, and transformation of artistic tradition in the villages of the Dogon Country in modern conditions; collecting items of Ethnography and art to add to the collection of the African collection of the. Peter the Great Museum (Kunstkamera, Saint Petersburg) and the State Museum of Oriental Arts (Moscow). The plan of the expedition in January 2020 included additional items, namely, the study of the functioning of the antique market in Mali (the “path” of things from villages to cities, which is important for attributing works of traditional art). The geography of our research was significantly expanded to the regions of Sikasso and Koulikoro in Mali, as well as to the city of Bobo-Dioulasso and its surroundings in Burkina Faso, which is related to the study of migrations to the Bandiagara Highlands. In addition, the plan of the expedition included organization of a photo exhibition in the Museum of the village of Endé and some educational projects. Unfortunately, after the mass murder in March 2019 in the village of Ogossogou-Pel, where more than one hundred and seventy people were killed, events in the Dogon Country began to develop in the worst-case scenario: The incessant provocations after that revived the old feud between the Pel (Fulbe) pastoralists and the Dogon farmers. So far, this hostility and mutual distrust has not yet developed into a full-scale ethnic conflict, but, unfortunately, such a development now seems quite likely.

Slavery and Ransom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Law

This chapter explores captives’ fates after their capture, all along the Ottoman land and maritime frontiers, arguing that this was largely determined by individuals’ value for ransom or sale. First this was a matter of localized customary law; then it became a matter of inter-imperial rules, the “Law of Ransom.” The chapter discusses the nature of slavery in the Ottoman Empire, emphasizing the role of elite households, and the varying prices for captives based on their individual characteristics. It shows that the Ottoman state participated in ransoming, buying, exploiting, and sometimes selling both female and male captives. The state particularly needed young men to row on its galleys, but this changed in the late eighteenth century as the fleet moved from oars to sails. The chapter then turns to ransom, showing that a captive’s ability to be ransomed, and value, depended on a variety of individualized factors.

‘To Mount or Not to Mount?’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandita Sahai
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The State ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Royal Courts

This chapter examines documentary culture in eighteenth-century Rajasthan through an exploration of the legal archive—the Sanad Parwana Bahis—of the kingdom of Jodhpur. More particularly, it studies the petitions that were written in the course of a series of protracted disputes during which the ceremonial and ritual claims made by low-caste Sunars were contested by upper castes. The increasing importance of the written record in the administration and courts both caused, and was an outcome of a nascent “literate mentality” that existed even amongst those social groups like the Sunars who were not traditionally associated with scribal work. What is particularly telling is the shift from oral testimonies to written evidence as verifiable and authentic, both in the royal courts and in lower assemblies like caste councils. The pervasive culture of record keeping, and the significance of writing both for the state and its subjects at this time allows us to interrogate any easy bifurcation between the modern and the premodern.

Rousseau, Bodin, and the Medieval Corporatist Origins of Popular Sovereignty

2021 ◽  
pp. 009059172098545
Author(s):  
Dan Edelstein
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Dual Identity ◽  
Jean Bodin ◽  
Classic Argument

This essay reconsiders Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s debt to Jean Bodin, on the basis of Daniel Lee’s recent revision of Bodin as a theorist of popular sovereignty. It argues that Rousseau took a key feature of his own theory of democratic sovereignty from Bodin—namely, the dual identity of political members as both citizens and subjects of the state. It further makes the case that this dual identity originates in medieval corporatist law, which Bodin was summarizing. Finally, it demonstrates the lasting impact of corporatist law in eighteenth-century France, highlighting Rousseau’s direct borrowings from the corporatist language and logic of contemporary commercial societies. In this regard, the article revisits and updates Otto von Gierke’s classic argument about the origins of the state in corporatist thought.

A Russian Mystic Faces the Age of Rationalism and Revolution: Thought and Activity of Ivan Vladimirovich Lopukhin

1967 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-188
Author(s):  
Alexander Lipski
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Western Influence ◽  
The World ◽  
Extreme Degree ◽  
State Of Mind

It is generally accepted that even though rationalism was predominant during the eighteenth century, a significant mystical trend was simultaneously present. Thus it was not only the Age of Voltaire, Diderot, and Holbach, but also the Age of St. Martin, Eckartshausen and Madame Guyon. With increased Western influence on Russia, it was natural that Russia too would be affected by these contrary currents. The reforms of Peter the Great, animated by a utilitarian spirit, had brought about a secularization of Russian culture. Father Florovsky aptly summed up the state of mind of the Russian nobility as a result of the Petrine Revolution: “The consciousness of these new people had been extroverted to an extreme degree.” Some of the “new people,” indifferent to their previous Weltanschauung, Orthodoxy, adopted the philosophy of the Enlightenment, “Volter'ianstvo” (Voltairism). But “Volter'ianstvo” with its cult of reason and belief in a remote creator of the “world machine,“ did not permanently satisfy those with deeper religious longings. While conventional Orthodoxy, with its emphasis on external rites, could not fill the spiritual vacuum, Western mysticism, entering Russia chiefly through freemasonry, provided a satisfactory alternative to “Volter'ianstvo.”

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN MEDIA SOSIAL FACEBOOK DALAM PERKEMBANGAN UMKM GULO PUAN DI DESA BANGSAL KECAMATAN PAMPANGAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Anggi Julianti ◽  
Fadilla Fadilla ◽  
Moh. Faizal
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
The Village

Small Microcus Business (UMKM) is a small business activity but is able to provide a major effect for the economy in Indonesia. That is to expand employment, play a role in the process of equity and increase in community revenue, and encourage the realization of national stability. But to realize it is necessary to be able to compete globally, by utilizing technological developments at this time not to be left behind with the development of the age. Utilization of social media especially Facebook as a promotional tool to make it easy for marketing UMKM Gulo Puan in the village of Bangsal District of District Objective is one of the strategies that are currently used. With easy access, wide tissues, fast working methods and also costs that will be able to provide positive and profitable impacts for MSME. The results of this study show that the use and use of social media as a promotional tool can increase the competitiveness of UMKM-UMKM Gulo Puan in the village of Bangsal District District in January aspects of increased sales than compared to using social media. But when revisited still many non-MSMEs that have not used and utilize social media for marketing online caused by various things.

Le armi dotte e la Rivoluzione francese: riformismo, elitismo e meritocrazia

2012 ◽  
pp. 41-63
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Cuccoli
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Services ◽  
The State ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
State Corporation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
École Polytechnique ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Revolution

The article focuses on the evolution of the military technical corps in France between the mid-Eighteenth century and the Restoration, and proposes for them the notion of "State corporation". This phase - an intermediate one between the corps de métier and the corps d'État - was attained first by the engineers and the artillery. These corps selected their officers by competitive examination, which functioned both as an intellectual filter and a social one. The distinction generated by this filter - nurtured by an elitist approach based on meritocracy was not overridden by the Revolution. On the contrary, it was further consecrated by the creation of the École polytechnique, which soon became controlled by the military technical corps. The "State corporation" model was then extended through the École polytechnique to the geographical engineers and the civil public services. The institutional conflicts among the technical corps during the National Constituent Assembly and those between them and the École polytechnique (1794-1799) are analyzed along these interpretative lines. While the former show their corporative resistance of geographical engineers in the name of equality, the latter bring out their corporative resistance to external education of candidates.

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