Noninvasive Blood Glucose Assay by Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy of the Human Inner Lip

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 875-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Marbach ◽  
Th. Koschinsky ◽  
F. A. Gries ◽  
H. M. Heise
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Multivariate Calibration ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Near-infrared (NIR) spectra of the human inner lip were obtained by using a special optimized accessory for diffuse reflectance measurements. The partial-least squares (PLS) multivariate calibration algorithm was applied for linear regression of the spectral data between 9000 and 5500 cm−1 (Λ = 1.1–1.8 μm) against blood glucose concentrations determined by a standard clinical enzymatic method. Calibration experiments with a single person were carried out under varying conditions, as well as with a population of 133 different patients, with capillary and venous blood glucose concentration values provided. A genuine correlation between the blood glucose concentrations and the NIR-spectra can be proven. A time lag of about 10 min for the glucose concentration in the spectroscopically probed tissue volume vs. the capillary concentration can be estimated. Mean-square prediction errors obtained by cross-validation were in the range of 45 to 55 mg/dL. An analysis of different variance factors showed that the major contribution to the average prediction uncertainty was due to the reduced measurement reproducibility, i.e., variations in lip position and contact pressure. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using diffuse reflectance NIR-spectroscopy for the noninvasive measurement of blood glucose.

scholarly journals Noninvasive Prediction of Glucose by Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1651-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F Malin ◽  
Timothy L Ruchti ◽  
Thomas B Blank ◽  
Suresh N Thennadil ◽  
Stephen L Monfre
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Abstract Background: Self-monitoring of blood glucose by diabetics is crucial in the reduction of complications related to diabetes. Current monitoring techniques are invasive and painful, and discourage regular use. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the use of near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance over the 1050–2450 nm wavelength range for noninvasive monitoring of blood glucose. Methods: Two approaches were used to develop calibration models for predicting the concentration of blood glucose. In the first approach, seven diabetic subjects were studied over a 35-day period with random collection of NIR spectra. Corresponding blood samples were collected for analyte analysis during the collection of each NIR spectrum. The second approach involved three nondiabetic subjects and the use of oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) over multiple days to cause fluctuations in blood glucose concentrations. Twenty NIR spectra were collected over the 3.5-h test, with 16 corresponding blood specimens taken for analyte analysis. Results: Statistically valid calibration models were developed on three of the seven diabetic subjects. The mean standard error of prediction through cross-validation was 1.41 mmol/L (25 mg/dL). The results from the OGTT testing of three nondiabetic subjects yielded a mean standard error of calibration of 1.1 mmol/L (20 mg/dL). Validation of the calibration model with an independent test set produced a mean standard error of prediction equivalent to 1.03 mmol/L (19 mg/dL). Conclusions: These data provide preliminary evidence and allow cautious optimism that NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using the 1050–2450 nm wavelength range can be used to predict blood glucose concentrations noninvasively. Substantial research is still required to validate whether this technology is a viable tool for long-term home diagnostic use by diabetics.

Accuracy and precision assessment of a new blood glucose monitoring system

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Nong Ji ◽  
Li-Xin Guo ◽  
Li-Bin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Glucose Testing ◽  
Blood Tests ◽  
Accuracy And Precision

AbstractBlood glucose self-monitoring by individuals with diabetes is essential in controlling blood glucose levels. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) introduced new standards for blood glucose monitoring systems (BGMS) in 2013 (ISO 15197: 2013). The CONTOUR PLUSThis study evaluated the accuracy and precision of CONTOUR PLUS BGMS in quantitative glucose testing of capillary and venous whole blood samples obtained from 363 patients at three different hospitals.Results of fingertip and venous blood glucose measurements by the CONTOUR PLUS system were compared with laboratory reference values to determine accuracy. Accuracy was 98.1% (96.06%–99.22%) for fingertip blood tests and 98.1% (96.02%–99.21%) for venous blood tests. Precision was evaluated across a wide range of blood glucose values (5.1–17.2 mmol/L), testing three blood samples repeatedly 15 times with the CONTOUR PLUS blood glucose meter using test strips from three lots. All within-lot results met ISO criteria (i.e., SD<0.42 mmol/L for blood glucose concentration <5.55 mmol/L; CV<7.5% for blood glucose concentration ≥5.55 mmol/L). Between-lot variations were 1.5% for low blood glucose concentration, 2.4% for normal and 3.4% for high.Accuracy of both fingertip and venous blood glucose measurements by the CONTOUR PLUS system was >95%, confirming that the system meets ISO 15197: 2013 requirements.

Effect of low blood glucose on plasma CRF, ACTH, and cortisol during prolonged physical exercise

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1807-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Tabata ◽  
F. Ogita ◽  
M. Miyachi ◽  
H. Shibayama
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Bicycle Exercise ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Prolonged Physical Exercise ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Exercise In Humans

The effects of low blood glucose concentration during low-intensity prolonged physical exercise on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis were investigated in healthy young men. In experiment 1, six subjects who had fasted for 14 h performed bicycle exercise at 50% of their maximal O2 uptake until exhaustion. At the end of the exercise, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol increased significantly. However, this hormonal response was totally abolished when the same subjects exercised at the same intensity while blood glucose concentrations were maintained at the preexercise level. In experiment 2, in addition to ACTH and cortisol, the possible changes in plasma concentration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) were investigated during exercise of the same intensity performed by six subjects. As suggested by a previous study (Tabata et al. Clin. Physiol. Oxf. 4: 299–307, 1984), when the blood glucose concentrations decreased to less than 3.3 mM, plasma concentrations of CRF, ACTH, and cortisol showed a significant increase. At exhaustion, further increases were observed in plasma CRF, ACTH, and cortisol concentrations. These results demonstrate that decreases in blood glucose concentration trigger the pituitary-adrenocortical axis to enhance secretion of ACTH and cortisol during low-intensity prolonged exercise in humans. The data also might suggest that this activation is due to increased concentration of CRF, which was shown to increase when blood glucose concentration decreased to a critical level of 3.3 mM.

scholarly journals Effects of cholecystokinin on appetite and pyloric motility during physiological hyperglycemia

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (1) ◽  
pp. G98-G104 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Rayner ◽  
H. S. Park ◽  
S. M. Doran ◽  
I. M. Chapman ◽  
M. Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Pyloric Motility ◽  
Food Consumed

Recent studies suggest that the interaction between small intestinal nutrient stimulation and the blood glucose concentration is important in the regulation of gastric motility and appetite. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on antropyloric motility and appetite are influenced by changes in the blood glucose concentration within the normal postprandial range. Seven healthy volunteers were studied on 4 separate days. A catheter incorporating a sleeve sensor was positioned across the pylorus, and the blood glucose was stabilized at either 4 mmol/l (2 days) or 8 mmol/l (2 days). After the desired blood glucose had been maintained for 90 min, an intravenous infusion of either CCK-8 (2 ng ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1) or saline (control) was given for 60 min. Thirty minutes after the infusion began, the catheter was removed and subjects drank 400 ml of water with guar gum before being offered a buffet meal. The amount of food consumed (kcal) was quantified. The order of the studies was randomized and single-blinded. There were fewer antral waves at a blood glucose of 8 than at 4 mmol/l during the 90-min period before the infusions ( P < 0.05) and during the first 30 min of CCK-8 or saline infusion ( P = 0.07). CCK-8 suppressed antral waves ( P < 0.05), stimulated isolated pyloric pressure waves (IPPWs) ( P < 0.01), and increased basal pyloric pressure ( P < 0.005) compared with control. During administration of CCK-8, basal pyloric pressure ( P < 0.01), but not the number of IPPWs, was greater at a blood glucose of 8 mmol/l than at 4 mmol/l. CCK-8 suppressed the energy intake at the buffet meal ( P < 0.01), with no significant difference between the two blood glucose concentrations. We conclude that the acute effect of exogenous CCK-8 on basal pyloric pressure, but not appetite, is modulated by physiological changes in the blood glucose concentration.

Physiological changes in blood glucose affect appetite and pyloric motility during intraduodenal lipid infusion

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (4) ◽  
pp. G797-G804 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Andrews ◽  
C. K. Rayner ◽  
S. Doran ◽  
G. S. Hebbard ◽  
M. Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Lipid Infusion ◽  
Visual Analog Scales ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Pyloric Motility

We evaluated the effects of varying blood glucose concentration within the normal postprandial range and its interaction with small intestinal nutrients on antropyloric motility and appetite. Eight healthy males (19–40 yr) underwent paired studies, with a blood glucose level of 5 or 8 mmol/l. Manometry and visual analog scales were used to assess motility and appetite, during fasting and intraduodenal lipid infusion (1.5 kcal/min). In the fasting state, antral waves were suppressed at 8 mmol/l compared with 5 mmol/l ( P = 0.018). However, pyloric motility was no different between the two blood glucose concentrations. Hunger was no different at 5 mmol/l compared with 8 mmol/l, but fullness was greater at 8 mmol/l ( P = 0.01). During intraduodenal lipid infusion, antral waves were suppressed ( P < 0.035) and isolated pyloric pressure waves (IPPWs) were stimulated ( P < 0.02) compared with during the fasting state, with no difference between blood glucose concentrations, although the temporal patterning of IPPWs varied between blood glucose concentrations. The amplitude of IPPWs was greater at 5 mmol/l compared with 8 mmol/l ( P < 0.001), and hunger decreased at 8 mmol/l compared with 5 mmol/l ( P = 0.02). We conclude that “physiological” hyperglycemia modifies gastric motor and sensory function and that synergy exists between blood glucose concentration and small intestinal nutrients in modulating gastric motility and appetite.

scholarly journals Noodles Made from High Amylose Wheat Flour Attenuate Postprandial Glycaemia in Healthy Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2171
Author(s):  
Kim Ang ◽  
Carla Bourgy ◽  
Haelee Fenton ◽  
Ahmed Regina ◽  
Marcus Newberry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Lower Blood Glucose ◽  
Postprandial Glycaemia ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
High Amylose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Previous research has not considered the effect of high amylose wheat noodles on postprandial glycaemia. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of consumption of high amylose noodles on postprandial glycaemia over 2-h periods by monitoring changes in blood glucose concentration and calculating the total area under the blood glucose concentration curve. Twelve healthy young adults were recruited to a repeated measure randomised, single-blinded crossover trial to compare the effect of consuming noodles (180 g) containing 15%, 20% and 45% amylose on postprandial glycaemia. Fasting blood glucose concentrations were taken via finger-prick blood samples. Postprandial blood glucose concentrations were taken at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. Subjects consuming high amylose noodles made with flour containing 45% amylose had significantly lower blood glucose concentration at 15, 30 and 45 min (5.5 ± 0.11, 6.1 ± 0.11 and 5.6 ± 0.11 mmol/L; p = 0.01) compared to subjects consuming low amylose noodles with 15% amylose (5.8 ± 0.12, 6.6 ± 0.12 and 5.9 ± 0.12 mmol/L). The total area under the blood glucose concentration curve after consumption of high amylose noodles with 45% amylose was 640.4 ± 9.49 mmol/L/min, 3.4% lower than consumption of low amylose noodles with 15% amylose (662.9 ± 9.49 mmol/L/min), p = 0.021. Noodles made from high amylose wheat flour attenuate postprandial glycaemia in healthy young adults, as characterised by the significantly lower blood glucose concentration and a 3.4% reduction in glycaemic response.

The effect of premixed insulin to blood glucose concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arina D. Puspitasari ◽  
Hayu Kusuma ◽  
Dinda M.N. Ratri ◽  
Cahyo Wibisono ◽  
Budi Suprapti
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Premixed Insulin ◽  
Acting Insulin ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

AbstractBackgroundOne of the therapies used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) disease is combination insulin which consists of rapid-acting insulin and intermediate-acting insulin (premixed). This study aimed to examine the profile of premixed insulin related to blood glucose concentration and to identify the drug interactions due to the combination of premixed insulin with other drugs taken by T2DM patients.MethodsThis study was a prospective observational study with cross-sectional data that were analyzed descriptively. The respondents invited were T2DM patients with or without complication or comorbid disease who received premixed insulin with or without a combination of oral antidiabetic therapy in the Outpatient Unit of Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya. The research instruments used are data sheet, patient medical record, and fasting and postprandial blood glucose concentration.ResultsA total of 118 patients received premixed insulin therapy, but only 80 patients were included in the inclusion criteria. Based on types of insulin, the combination of 30% aspart and 70% protamine aspart was used by 91.25% T2DM patients, and a combination of 25% insulin lispro and 75% protamine lispro was used by 8.75% T2DM patients. There were 30.3% of patients who could achieve the target of 80–130 mg/dL in fasting blood glucose concentrations, and 35.1% of patients achieved the target of ≤180 mg/dL in postprandial blood glucose concentration. Drug interactions may occur in patients who use premixed insulin with glimepiride, lisinopril, fenofibrate, candesartan, irbesartan, and gemfibrozil.ConclusionsIn this study, premixed insulin have not reached the target of fasting and postprandial blood glucose concentrations in most patients.

Development of non-invasive blood glucose regression based on near-infrared spectroscopy combined with a deep learning method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuyu Wang ◽  
Linhua Zhou ◽  
Tianqing Liu ◽  
Kewei Huan ◽  
Xiaoning Jia
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Abstract Extracting micro-scale spectral features from dynamic blood glucose concentrations is extremely difficult when using non-invasive measurement methods. This work proposes a new machine-learning method based on near-infrared spectroscopy, deep belief network (DBN), and support vector machine (SVR), to improve the prediction accuracy. First, the standard oral glucose tolerance test is used to collect near-infrared spectroscopy and actual blood glucose concentration values for specific wavelengths (1200, 1300, 1350, 1450, 1600, 1610, and 1650 nm), and the blood glucose concentrations is within a clinical range of 70mg/dL~220mg/dL. Second, based on the DBN model, high-dimensional deep features of the non-invasive blood glucose spectrum are extracted. These are used to establish a support vector regression (SVR) model and to quantitatively analyze the influence of spectral sample size and corresponding feature dimensions (i.e., DBN network structure) on the prediction accuracy. Finally, based on data from six volunteers, a comparative analysis of the SVR prediction accuracy is performed both before and after using high-dimensional deep features. For volunteer 1, when the DBN-based high-dimensional deep features were used, the root mean square error (RMSE) of support vector regression (SVR) was reduced by 71.67%, the correlation coefficient (R2) and the P value of Clark grid analysis (P) were increased by 13.99% and 6.28%, respectively. Moreover, we have similar results when the proposed method was carried out on the data of other volunteers. The results show that the presented algorithm can play an important role in dynamic non-invasive blood glucose concentration prediction and can effectively improve the accuracy of the SVR model. Further, by applying the algorithm to six independent sets of data, this research also illustrates the high-precision regression and generalization capabilities of the DBN-SVR algorithm.

CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTRAL DATA USING SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION FOR BLOOD GLUCOSE DETECTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (05) ◽  
pp. 1850027
Author(s):  
S. Vasanthadev Suryakala ◽  
Shanthi Prince
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Singular Value Decomposition ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Singular Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
Value Decomposition

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects the production or usage of insulin by the body. Diabetes prevails in the body as a long-term condition which causes several other disorders if left unnoticed. Proper control of Diabetes needs continuous monitoring. The current measurement technique is invasive in nature and requires the withdrawal of blood from the body. Periodic quantification of blood glucose leads to pain and discomfort for the subject. This paper presents a non-invasive glucose measuring system using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). This work attempts to determine the blood glucose value from the diffuse reflected spectra in the NIR region. The study is executed with the spectral signatures of 33 diabetic subjects collected non-invasively using diffuse reflectance spectrometer from a diabetic centre. Blood glucose level of the same subjects are also recorded using the clinical method. The spectral information is subjected to standard normal variate (SNV) preprocessing method to remove baseline drift and then dimension reduction using singular value decomposition (SVD) is applied to the preprocessed data. The extracted singular values when compared with the clinically measured blood glucose is found to have a proportional relationship. The proposed study using singular value decomposition paves us the way for estimating the blood glucose value non-invasively with the obtained set of clinical blood glucose and the corresponding singular value table as a standard reference set.

scholarly journals Noninvasive Monitoring of Blood Glucose Using Color-Coded Photoplethysmographic Images of the Illuminated Fingertip Within the Visible and Near-Infrared Range: Opportunities and Questions

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1169-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Vahlsing ◽  
Sven Delbeck ◽  
Steffen Leonhardt ◽  
H. Michael Heise
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Molecular Spectroscopy ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Noninvasive Monitoring ◽  
Infrared Range ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Spectral Signatures ◽  
Near Infrared Range

Noninvasive blood glucose assays have been promised for many years and various molecular spectroscopy-based methods of skin are candidates for achieving this goal. Due to the small spectral signatures of the glucose used for direct physical detection, moreover hidden among a largely variable background, broad spectral intervals are usually required to provide the mandatory analytical selectivity, but no such device has so far reached the accuracy that is required for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). A recently presented device as described in this journal, based on photoplethysmographic fingertip images for measuring glucose in a nonspecific indirect manner, is especially evaluated for providing reliable blood glucose concentration predictions.

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