scholarly journals Optimism and pessimism in optimised replay

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. e1009634
Author(s):  
Georgy Antonov ◽  
Christopher Gagne ◽  
Eran Eldar ◽  
Peter Dayan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
Recent Experimental Data ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fitting Model

The replay of task-relevant trajectories is known to contribute to memory consolidation and improved task performance. A wide variety of experimental data show that the content of replayed sequences is highly specific and can be modulated by reward as well as other prominent task variables. However, the rules governing the choice of sequences to be replayed still remain poorly understood. One recent theoretical suggestion is that the prioritization of replay experiences in decision-making problems is based on their effect on the choice of action. We show that this implies that subjects should replay sub-optimal actions that they dysfunctionally choose rather than optimal ones, when, by being forgetful, they experience large amounts of uncertainty in their internal models of the world. We use this to account for recent experimental data demonstrating exactly pessimal replay, fitting model parameters to the individual subjects’ choices.

scholarly journals Optimism and Pessimism in Optimised Replay

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgy K. Antonov ◽  
Christopher Gagne ◽  
Eran Eldar ◽  
Peter Dayan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Recent Experimental Data ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Optimal Outcomes ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTThe replay of task-relevant trajectories is known to contribute to memory consolidation and improved task performance. A wide variety of experimental data show that the content of replayed sequences is highly specific and can be modulated by reward as well as other prominent task variables. However, the rules governing the choice of sequences to be replayed still remain poorly understood. One recent theoretical suggestion is that the prioritization of replay experiences in decision-making problems is based on their effect on the choice of action. We exploit this to address recent experimental data showing in a particular task that human subjects tended to replay sub-optimal outcomes that they later chose to avoid. We show that pessimistic replay is of benefit to forgetful agents experiencing large amounts of uncertainty in their models of the world. Further, we fit our model parameters to the individual subjects’ choices and confirm that their replay choices were appropriate according to the proposed scheme.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional data-tracking simulations of sprinting using a direct collocation optimal control approach

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10975
Author(s):  
Nicos Haralabidis ◽  
Gil Serrancolí ◽  
Steffi Colyer ◽  
Ian Bezodis ◽  
Aki Salo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Contact Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Data Tracking ◽  
The Individual

Biomechanical simulation and modelling approaches have the possibility to make a meaningful impact within applied sports settings, such as sprinting. However, for this to be realised, such approaches must first undergo a thorough quantitative evaluation against experimental data. We developed a musculoskeletal modelling and simulation framework for sprinting, with the objective to evaluate its ability to reproduce experimental kinematics and kinetics data for different sprinting phases. This was achieved by performing a series of data-tracking calibration (individual and simultaneous) and validation simulations, that also featured the generation of dynamically consistent simulated outputs and the determination of foot-ground contact model parameters. The simulated values from the calibration simulations were found to be in close agreement with the corresponding experimental data, particularly for the kinematics (average root mean squared differences (RMSDs) less than 1.0° and 0.2 cm for the rotational and translational kinematics, respectively) and ground reaction force (highest average percentage RMSD of 8.1%). Minimal differences in tracking performance were observed when concurrently determining the foot-ground contact model parameters from each of the individual or simultaneous calibration simulations. The validation simulation yielded results that were comparable (RMSDs less than 1.0° and 0.3 cm for the rotational and translational kinematics, respectively) to those obtained from the calibration simulations. This study demonstrated the suitability of the proposed framework for performing future predictive simulations of sprinting, and gives confidence in its use to assess the cause-effect relationships of technique modification in relation to performance. Furthermore, this is the first study to provide dynamically consistent three-dimensional muscle-driven simulations of sprinting across different phases.

Entrepreneurial Innovative Network and the Design of Socio-Economic Neural Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Olga Tikhomirova
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

This article aims to establish how an idea becomes an innovation and how creativity, collective dynamics, and information are interconnected. The results of the author's study showed that the emergence of innovations is closely connected with collective collaboration, and that it is impossible outside of group dynamics. The process of self-organization and collective decision-making is realized through a synergistic interaction, which then transforms into the so-called “information laser” and serves as a basis for the emergence of innovation. Both individuals, as persons and as separate entrepreneurs, are the elements of the innovation system and the actors of the artificial neural network, socio-economic neural systems (SENS-systems). These systems act through self-organization and corporate collaboration, and the efforts of each element are amplified through the interaction with the other elements. The model of the SENS-systems can explain how the individual idea transforms into innovation and spreads throughout the world.

Culture, Subjectivity, and the Ethics of Patient-Centered Pain Care

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES GIORDANO ◽  
JOAN C. ENGEBRETSON ◽  
ROLAND BENEDIKTER
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Moral Decision ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pain Care

Even the most scientifically reductionist view of the individual reveals that we are complex systems nested within complex systems. These interactions within and among systems are based and depend on numerous variables of our (internal and external) environment(s). If we define ethics as a system of moral decision making, then it becomes clear that these decisions ultimately affect the situation(s) of managing our activities and relationships with others in our environment (in essence, our being in the world). Given that ecology literally means “a study or system of wisdom and reasoning about the interrelation of organisms in their environment or place of inhabitance,” Owen Flanagan's description of ethics as “human ecology” takes on considerable relevance and importance.

TWO-LEVEL TUNNELLING MODEL DESCRIPTION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR CuxSn1-x METALLIC GLASSES AT LOW TEMPERATURE

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 2259-2271
Author(s):  
G. M. BHUIYAN ◽  
MD. SHAHJAHAN ◽  
ISSAM ALI ◽  
S. M. MUJIBUR RAHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Metallic Glasses ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Recent Experimental Data ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Scattering Mechanism ◽  
Fitting Procedure ◽  
Theoretical Results

The two level tunnelling model is applied to analyze recent experimental data on low temperature thermal conductivity of Cu x Sn 1-x metallic glasses. An extra scattering mechanism due to Rayleigh is introduced to describe three characteristic regions of conductivity. Model parameters are determined using least-squares fitting procedure. Results derived from the parameters allow one to predict several interesting low temperature properties of metallic glasses in particular the characteristic plateau of conductivity. Theoretical results are also compared and contrasted with those of other metallic and non-metallic systems, and both common and uncommon features that exist between them are discussed.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF CONSIDERATION OF CIVIL CASES WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF JURY IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
S. V. Dyachenko ◽  
Yu. H. Yatsenko
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Civil Proceedings ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

The article examines the features of civil proceedings with the participation of jurors in Ukraine. It is determined that jurors all over the world are persons who, in cases specified by law, may be involved in the administration of justice and resolve criminal, civil and other cases. It is established that Until 2017 (until the relevant amendments to the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine, which essentially became the basis for a new version of the codified act) in Ukraine there was both an institute of jurors and an institute of lay judges. Therefore, it was after the relevant changes were made that lay judges were replaced by jurors, although if we compare the mechanism of their functioning, only the name has changed. It is concluded that the importance of the participation of jurors in these categories of cases is traditionally associated with the provision of additional guarantees of respect for the rights of the individual in making appropriate decisions, given their exceptional importance for the legal status of the person. In fact, the participation of jurors is designed to enrich the court with life experience and values of society, which significantly affects the authority of the judiciary. It is established that today there are some arguments about the inexpediency of jurors in civil proceedings, so most of them are unprofessional, in particular the inability to properly assess the evidence provided by the court, as well as emotionality in decision-making. Such factors are considered more favorable for the accused, which is confirmed by the high level of acquittals with the participation of jurors in world practice. In any case, the jury trial is treated as more humane and gives the accused a better chance of proving his innocence.

scholarly journals Flexible and efficient simulation-based inference for models of decision-making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Boelts ◽  
Jan-Matthis Lueckmann ◽  
Richard Gao ◽  
Jakob H. Macke
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Inference Methods

Identifying parameters of computational models that capture experimental data is a central task in cognitive neuroscience. Bayesian statistical inference aims to not only find a single configuration of best-fitting parameters, but to recover all model parameters that are consistent with the data and prior knowledge. Statistical inference methods usually require the ability to evaluate the likelihood of the model—however, for many models of interest in cognitive neuroscience, the associated likelihoods cannot be computed efficiently. Simulation-based inference (SBI) offers a solution to this problem by only requiring access to simulations produced by the model. Here, we provide an efficient SBI method for models of decision-making. Our approach, Mixed Neural Likelihood Estimation (MNLE), trains neural density estimators on model simulations to emulate the simulator. The likelihoods of the emulator can then be used to perform Bayesian parameter inference on experimental data using standard approximate inference methods like Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling. While most neural likelihood estimation methods target continuous data, MNLE works with mixed data types, as typically obtained in decision-making experiments (e.g., binary decisions and associated continuous reaction times). We demonstrate MNLE on the classical drift-diffusion model (DDM) and compare its performance to a recently proposed method for SBI on DDMs, called likelihood approximation networks (LAN, Fengler et al. 2021). We show that MNLE is substantially more efficient than LANs, requiring up to six orders of magnitudes fewer model simulations to achieve comparable likelihood accuracy and evaluation time while providing the same level of flexibility. We include an implementation of our algorithm in the user-friendly open source package sbi.

scholarly journals LAS VARIABLES SOCIO EMOCIONALES Y LOS INTERESES PROFESIONALES PARA LA ORIENTACIÓN ACADÉMICA

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Heriberto Rodríguez-Mateo ◽  
Aida Alejandra Pazos Nogales ◽  
José Carlos Rodríguez-Trueba
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Professional Orientation ◽  
Total Satisfaction ◽  
Professional Interest ◽  
The World ◽  
Initial Hypothesis ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Abstract.EMOTIONAL PARTNER VARIABLES AND PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS FOR ACADEMIC ORIENTATIONProfessional interest can be understood as the inclination of the individual towards certain activities related to a profession. Fogliatto, Pérez, Olaz and Parodi (2003) define the professional interest as the patterns of tastes, indifference and aversions with respect to activities related to careers and occupations, being their valuation important because it allows to predict the total satisfaction that a person will experience in the performance Of an office. Professional interest is relevant to the professional orientation process because it acts as a reinforcer in the individual’s vocational behavior (Lobato, 2002). It is clear that academic decision-making is influenced by variables such as the professional interests of the individual and their way of thinking when facing reality and seeing the world and life (socio-emotional variables). The mental models (Hernández-Guanir, 2002, 2010), as an example of socio-emotional variables, are defined as habitual and peculiar strategies that each person shows in the way of channeling, reacting or interpreting situations of reality (Hernández-Guanir, 1991, 1997 and 2002, 2010). The objective of this research is twofold: on the one hand, to analyze the professional interests and socio-affective variables of a sample of ESO students, and on the other hand, to check if there is a relationship between the socio-emotional variables and the professional interests of the students Facing the academic orientation. For the investigation the test molds and the CIPSA test of professional interests were applied a sample of 200 students of the four courses of the stage of Compulsory Secondary Education of three different centers. The results indicate, among other things, which are the most chosen professional interests and most rejected by these students, and it is possible to observe relations between frames, dimensions and molds with professional interest factors, which confirms the initial hypothesis of interaction between Way of seeing the world and the life and professional interests of students. The models of hyper-analysis, attribution strategies and emotional dissociation can predict, through a multiple linear regression model, the number of choices made by students.Keywords: Academic and professional orientation, decision making process, professional interests, mental molds, Compulsory Secondary Education.Resumen.El interés profesional puede entenderse como la inclinación del individuo hacia ciertas actividades relacionadas con una profesión. Fogliatto, Pérez, Olaz y Parodi (2003) definen el interés profesional como los patrones de gustos, indiferencias y aversiones respecto a actividades relacionadas con carreras y ocupaciones, siendo su valoración importante porque permite prever el total de satisfacción que una persona experimentará en el desempeño de un oficio. El interés profesional es relevante para el proceso de orientación profesional porque actúa como reforzante en la conducta vocacional del individuo (Lobato, 2002). Es evidente que la toma de decisiones académicas se ve influida por variables tales como los intereses profesionales del individuo y su forma de pensar a la hora de enfrentarse a la realidad y ver el mundo y la vida (variables socio emocionales). Los moldes mentales (Hernández-Guanir, 2002, 2010), como ejemplo de variables socioemocionales, se definen como estrategias habituales y peculiares que cada persona muestra en el modo de encauzar, de reaccionar o de interpretar situaciones de la realidad (Hernández-Guanir, 1991, 1997 y 2002, 2010). El objetivo de esta investigación es doble: por una parte, analizar los intereses profesionales y las variables socio-afectivas de una muestra de estudiantes de la ESO, y de otro lado, comprobar si existe relación entre las variables socioemocionales y los intereses profesionales del alumnado de cara a la orientación académica. Para la investigación se aplicó el test moldes y el test CIPSA de intereses profesionales una muestra de 200 estudiantes de los cuatro cursos de la etapa de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de tres centros diferentes. Los resultados indican, entre otras cosas, cuáles son los intereses profesionales más elegidos y más rechazados por estos estudiantes, y se pueden observar relaciones entre encuadres, dimensiones y moldes con los factores de intereses profesionales, lo que confirma la hipótesis inicial de interacción entre la forma de ver el mundo y la vida y los intereses profesionales de los estudiantes. Los moldes de hiperanálisis, atribución estrategias y de disociación emocional pueden predecir, a través de un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple, el número de elecciones realizadas por el alumnado.Palabras clave: Orientación académica y profesional, proceso de toma de decisiones, intereses profesionales, moldes mentales, Educación Secundaria Obligatoria.

Medical Diagnosis from a Clinician’s Point of View

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
F. T. De Dombal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
The World

This paper discusses medical diagnosis from the clinicians point of view. The aim of the paper is to identify areas where computer science and information science may be of help to the practising clinician. Collection of data, analysis, and decision-making are discussed in turn. Finally, some specific recommendations are made for further joint research on the basis of experience around the world to date.

New walls to keep the bad out: populism and the totalitarian psyche

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
Coline Covington
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
Group Solidarity ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Psychological Understanding ◽  
Psychic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cold War

The Berlin Wall came down on 9 November 1989 and marked the end of the Cold War. As old antagonisms thawed a new landscape emerged of unification and tolerance. Censorship was no longer the principal means of ensuring group solidarity. The crumbling bricks brought not only freedom of movement but freedom of thought. Now, nearly thirty years later, globalisation has created a new balance of power, disrupting borders and economies across the world. The groups that thought they were in power no longer have much of a say and are anxious about their future. As protest grows, we are beginning to see that the old antagonisms have not disappeared but are, in fact, resurfacing. This article will start by looking at the dissembling of a marriage in which the wall that had peacefully maintained coexistence disintegrates and leads to a psychic development that uncannily mirrors that of populism today. The individual vignette leads to a broader psychological understanding of the totalitarian dynamic that underlies populism and threatens once again to imprison us within its walls.

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