scholarly journals A genomic snapshot of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. e0009755
Author(s):  
Paula Diaz Guevara ◽  
Mailis Maes ◽  
Duy Pham Thanh ◽  
Carolina Duarte ◽  
Edna Catering Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Pulse Field ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽  
Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
First Time

Little is known about the genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) circulating in Latin America. It has been observed that typhoid fever is still endemic in this part of the world; however, a lack of standardized blood culture surveillance across Latin American makes estimating the true disease burden problematic. The Colombian National Health Service established a surveillance system for tracking bacterial pathogens, including S. Typhi, in 2006. Here, we characterized 77 representative Colombian S. Typhi isolates collected between 1997 and 2018 using pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE; the accepted genotyping method in Latin America) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). We found that the main S. Typhi clades circulating in Colombia were clades 2.5 and 3.5. Notably, the sequenced S. Typhi isolates from Colombia were closely related in a global phylogeny. Consequently, these data suggest that these are endemic clades circulating in Colombia. We found that AMR in S. Typhi in Colombia was uncommon, with a small subset of organisms exhibiting mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. This is the first time that S. Typhi isolated from Colombia have been characterized by WGS, and after comparing these data with those generated using PFGE, we conclude that PFGE is unsuitable for tracking S. Typhi clones and mapping transmission. The genetic diversity of pathogens such as S. Typhi is limited in Latin America and should be targeted for future surveillance studies incorporating WGS.

Latin American employment will not recover in 2016

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Typical Feature ◽  
Job Quality ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Wage Earners ◽  
First Time

Subject The outlook for unemployment in Latin America. Significance Unemployment in the region will rise this year for the first time since 2009, according to an October report by the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the International Labour Organization (ILO). There are also signs of deterioration in job quality and that households are beginning to feel the pinch of slower GDP growth. Impacts In Brazil, the number of wage earners fell in absolute terms in the first half of 2015, a trend that is accelerating. In a typical feature of economic slowdowns, the number of women seeking jobs will continue to increase sharply. An already large productivity gap between micro and larger businesses is likely to widen.

scholarly journals Reconocimiento de la titularidad y el ejercicio de los derechos civiles y políticos de los residentes latinoamericanos en España : el derecho al sufragio en elecciones locales

2014 ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Yolanda Carmela Vaccaro Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Dual Nationality ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
Right To Vote ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Los ciudadanos latinoamericanos que residen en España disfrutan de un marco legal diferenciado respecto de lo que atañe a los residentes procedentes de otras zonas en el marco de los lazos históricos y culturales que unen España y Latinoamérica reflejados en la legislación española. España mantiene suscritos convenios de Doble Nacionalidad con la mayor parte de países latinoamericanos. Y, desde 2009, ha suscrito tratados de reciprocidad en materia de sufragio en elecciones locales con diferentes países, la mayor parte de ellos latinoamericanos, tratados que permitieron que en las elecciones locales celebradas en España el 22 de mayo de 2011 los latinoamericanos concernidos pudieran ejercer el derecho al voto activo en España por primera vez sin necesidad de haberse acogido a los mencionados convenios de Doble Nacionalidad. La encuesta «Ciudadanía inmigrante», analizada en este artículo y realizada para la tesis doctoral «Derechos civiles y políticos de los residentes latinoamericanos en España. El derecho de sufragio», de la doctoranda autora de este artículo, da pautas sobre la percepción de los latinoamericanos residentes en España en torno a los derechos civiles y políticos y sobre su comportamiento respecto de los citados comicios de 2011.Latin American citizens residing in Spain enjoy a distinct legal framework compared to other foreign residents. That difference is based on the historical and cultural relations between Spain and Latin America. Spain has agreements on dual nationality with most Latin American countries. Starting in 2009 Spain has signed several reciprocity agreements about the right to vote in local elections with several countries, most of them in Latin America. On May 22, 2011 many Latin American citizens residing in Spain could exercise their right to vote in the Spanish local elections for the first time without having dual citizenship. The «Immigrant Citizenship» survey, analyzed in this article and developed for the doctoral thesis «Civil and Political Rights of Latin American Residents in Spain. The right to vote», provides guidance on the perception of Latin American living in Spain about civil and political rights and their behavior with respect to said elections.

scholarly journals Pistas sobre o pensamento ético-social protestante latino-americano

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Raimundo César Barreto Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Fourth Moment ◽  
Social Thinking ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
American Protestantism ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time

This article argues that in order to think about a Latin American Protestant social ethic one needs to understand the ethos in which it emerges. Such an ethos forms in the context of the development of Protestant social thought in Latin America. This article revisits some important moments and movements for the formation of this Protestant social thinking in the region in the course of the 20th century. Five moments are highlighted. Firstly, the awareness of Latin American Protestantism is identified as the starting point for the formation of a Protestant ethos in the continent. In a second moment, the search for autonomy of Latin American Protestantism stands out. Next, the moment is discussed when, in rupture with a reformist and socialist social vision, Protestant sectors for the first time embraced a more radical project. The fourth moment presents a brief evangelical response in the context of integral mission. Finally, the current challenges in a context marked by indigeneity and pentecostality are briefly addressed.Propõe-se que para pensar uma ética social protestante latino-americana precisa-se entender o ethos no qual ela emerge. Tal ethos se forma no contexto do desenvolvimento do pensamento social protestante na América Latina. Esse artigo revisita alguns momentos e movimentos importantes para a formação desse pensar social protestante na região no decorrer do seculo XX. Cinco momentos são destacados.  Primeiramente, identifica-se a tomada de consciência do protestantismo latino-americano como ponto de partida para a formação de um ethos protestante no continente. Num segundo momento, destaca-se a busca por autonomia do protestantismo latino-americano. Em seguida, discute-se o momento quando, em ruptura com uma visão social reformista e desenvolvimentista, setores protestantes abraçaram pela primeira vez um projeto mais radical. O quarto momento apresenta uma breve resposta evangélica no contexto da missão integral. Por fim, aborda-se brevemente os desafios atuais num contexto marcado pela  indigeneidade e pentecostalidade.

scholarly journals Two Decades of Aníbal Quijano’s Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism and Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-222
Author(s):  
José Guadalupe Gandarilla Salgado ◽  
María Haydeé García-Bravo ◽  
Daniele Benzi
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Interdisciplinary Perspective ◽  
Global Power ◽  
First Time

Abstract Aníbal Quijano has been one of the most astute and purposeful Latin American social theorists of the second half of the 20th century. His pioneering essays on the ‘Coloniality of Power’ not only inspired the project of Modernity/Coloniality/Decoloniality, but have also influenced countless intellectuals and activists who were not necessarily involved in the so-called ‘Decolonial Turn.’ While Quijano has not left behind a text in which all of the characteristics of his theory on ‘Coloniality’ are systematised, it can be argued that the lengthy essay ‘Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism and Latin America,’ published for the first time twenty years ago, was intended to provide such an overview of his thought. The purpose of this forum is to critically debate the legacy of the Peruvian sociologist during a period which Quijano himself later described as the ‘Root Crisis of the Coloniality of Global Power.’ In the first section, José Gandarilla presents the Latin American antecedents and precursors of the use of the term ‘Coloniality.’ Next, Haydeé García reflects on the interdisciplinary perspective in Aníbal Quijano, the weight of totality, and its historical articulations. Finally, Daniele Benzi opens up and addresses some queries regarding ‘colonial/modern and Eurocentered capitalism,’ from the perspective of macro-historical sociology.

scholarly journals Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Possesses a Unique Repertoire of Fimbrial Gene Sequences

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 2894-2901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy M. Townsend ◽  
Naomi E. Kramer ◽  
Robert Edwards ◽  
Stephen Baker ◽  
Nancy Hamlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Reference Collection ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi differs from nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes by its strict host adaptation to humans and higher primates. Since fimbriae have been implicated in host adaptation, we investigated whether the serotype Typhi genome contains fimbrial operons which are unique to this pathogen or restricted to typhoidal Salmonella serotypes. This study established for the first time the total number of fimbrial operons present in an individual Salmonella serotype. The serotype Typhi CT18 genome, which has been sequenced by the Typhi Sequencing Group at the Sanger Centre, contained a type IV fimbrial operon, an orthologue of the agf operon, and 12 putative fimbrial operons of the chaperone-usher assembly class. In addition tosef, fim, saf, and tcf, which had been described previously in serotype Typhi, we identified eight new putative chaperone-usher-dependent fimbrial operons, which were termedbcf, sta, stb, ste, std, stc, stg, and sth. Hybridization analysis performed with 16 strains ofSalmonella reference collection C and 22 strains ofSalmonella reference collection B showed that all eight putative fimbrial operons of serotype Typhi were also present in a number of nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes. Thus, a simple correlation between host range and the presence of a single fimbrial operon seems at present unlikely. However, the serotype Typhi genome differed from that of all other Salmonella serotypes investigated in that it contained a unique combination of putative fimbrial operons.

The Obama Administration and Latin America: A "New Partnership for the Americas"

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1850189
Author(s):  
Raul Moncarz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
President Obama ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Obama Administration ◽  
Fidel Castro ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time ◽  
The U.S

Every new U.S. administration brings renewed hope and vigor to the World regarding unrealized dreams and aspirations as well as unfinished and not realized agendas. The U.S. has not neglected Latin America, even according to some the region has probably benefited from U.S. involvement in the Middle East and Afghanistan. A New Partnership for the Americas is the name that the Obama group used during the election campaign. The common thread is a preference to develop cooperation through converging national interests as articulated by the U.S. and Latin American Caribbean governments. The U.S. and Cuban government officials are talking for the first time in years raising hopes for a thaw in long-icy relations. President Obama has granted Cuban-Americans the right to travel freely to Cuba and to send remittances there, and to give U.S. telecommunications companies the right to pursue business there represents a first step in trying for better relations. If the new Obama administration thought that a change in the rhetoric and tone would make the likes of Castro, Chavez and others see things the U.S. way, a new lesson was learned in that sometimes countries disagree simply because their goals are mutually exclusive. A year after Barack Obama became U.S. president, pledging "a new beginning" in relations with Cuba and wining praise from Fidel Castro, bitter rhetoric is once more flying between the two states. At the outset it has to be recognized that the U.S. government actually understands what is happening in Latin America. The U.S. policy is highly sophisticated and often seems more drastic on its understanding of what is happening than some or most of its critics. Looking at some people's history of the hemisphere it is remarkable and transformative that for the first time in many years, the U.S. does not seem to care much what happens in Latin America. In an interconnected world, power does not need to be a zero sum game, and nations need not fear the success of another. Cultivating spheres of cooperation--not competing spheres of influence--will lead to progress in the Caribbean and Latin America. Engagement meaning expanded cooperation with and the need to broaden policy efforts with the group of leftists rules countries such as Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Uruguay, Peru and Venezuela beyond the previous administration focus on regional economic integration through competitive liberalization.

scholarly journals Linear plasmids and their replication

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunjukta Ahsan ◽  
Md Shahidul Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linear Plasmid ◽  
Covalent Attachment ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Replication Machinery ◽  
Linear Plasmids ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽  
First Time

It is still a common belief that plasmids are circular. However, linear plasmids have been reported to exist more than a decade ago. Two types of linear plasmids are known. One type contains covalently closed ends and are commonly found in Borrelia, the causative agent of tick fever. The other type is characterized by the covalent attachment of proteins at the 5' ends and exists in a number of bacterial genera including Streptomyces, Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium and Planobispora. Recently, a linear plasmid in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi of the Enterobacteriaceae family have been reported for the first time. This paper reviews various postulated mechanisms of replication of linear plasmids and focuses on the components of the replication machinery of linear plasmids studied to date. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v2i1.15200 Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.2(1) 2012: 1-5

Global Partnering Opportunities and Challenges of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis in Latin America: A Report from the GRAPPA 2010 Annual Meeting

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUIS R. ESPINOZA ◽  
SERGIO M.A. TOLOZA ◽  
RAFAEL VALLE-ONATE ◽  
PHILIP J. MEASE
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Western World ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pan American ◽  
Conclusive Data ◽  
Biologic Basis

Documenting the disease burden of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in Central and South America is difficult. The most conclusive data have come from the Iberoamerican Registry of Spondyloarthritis (RESPONDIA), which registered patients with a diagnosis of spondyloarthritis in a multinational, multicenter (Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, Spain, and Portugal) cross-sectional study conducted between 2006 and 2007. Compared with elsewhere in the Western world, patients with PsA from RESPONDIA were older at study visit, at onset of symptoms, and at diagnosis of spondyloarthritis (SpA); had longer mean disease duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis; and were more likely to have dactylitis, nail involvement, enthesitis, and peripheral arthritis in lower and upper extremities. It is critical to understand the biologic basis, estimate the disease burden, and determine the clinical treatment of PsA in Latin America. The Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and PsA (GRAPPA) has an increasing number of members from this region. In a coordinated effort, GRAPPA, the Latin American Psoriasis and PsA Society (LAPPAS), and the Pan American League of Associations for Rheumatology (PANLAR) are supporting clinician researchers with educational initiatives in Latin America to understand these conditions.

scholarly journals Conservation and Use of Latin American Maize Diversity: Pillar of Nutrition Security and Cultural Heritage of Humanity

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Filippo Guzzon ◽  
Luis Walquer Arandia Rios ◽  
Galo Mario Caviedes Cepeda ◽  
Marcia Céspedes Polo ◽  
Alexander Chavez Cabrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Maize Diversity ◽  
Maize Landraces

Latin America is the center of domestication and diversity of maize, the second most cultivated crop worldwide. In this region, maize landraces are fundamental for food security, livelihoods, and culture. Nevertheless, genetic erosion (i.e., the loss of genetic diversity and variation in a crop) threatens the continued cultivation and in situ conservation of landrace diversity that is crucial to climate change adaptation and diverse uses of maize. We provide an overview of maize diversity in Latin America before discussing factors associated with persistence of large in situ maize diversity, causes for maize landrace abandonment by farmers, and strategies to enhance the cultivation of landraces. Among other factors, maize diversity is linked with: (1) small-holder farming, (2) the production of traditional food products, (3) traditional cropping systems, (4) cultivation in marginal areas, and (5) retention of control over the production system by the farmers. On the other hand, genetic erosion is associated with substitution of landraces with hybrid varieties or cash crops, and partial (off-farm labor) or complete migration to urban areas. Continued cultivation, and therefore on-farm conservation of genetic diversity held in maize landraces, can be encouraged by creating or strengthening market opportunities that make the cultivation of landraces and open pollinated varieties (OPVs) more profitable for farmers, supporting breeding programs that prioritize improvement of landraces and their special traits, and increasing the access to quality germplasm of landraces and landrace-derived OPVs.

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