Biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) isolated from community and hospital environments

Abstract Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) cause infectious diseases due to their potential to form biofilm and further colonization in hospital materials. This study evaluated the antibiotic susceptible phenotypes, biofilm-producing ability, and biofilm-associated genes (mecA, icaAD, bap, cna, and fnbA). Biofilm formation was detected through Congo red agar (CRA) method and MTP method. The presence of biofilm and associated genes in MR-CoNS were detected by PCR. A total of 310 (55.95%) isolates produced the biofilm. Among these isolates, Staphylococcus haemolyticus (34.83%), Staphylococcus epidermis (31.93%), Staphylococcus capitis (16.77%), Staphylococcus cohnii (10.96%), and Staphylococcus hominis (5.48%) were identified. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of CoNS isolates indicated resistance to cefoxitin (100%), erythromycin (94.8%), ciprofloxacin (66.7%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (66.7%), gentamicin (66.12%), and clindamycin (62.9%). Resistance rate to mupirocin was 48.5% in S. epidermidis and 38.9% in S. haemolyticus isolates. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. The prevalence rates of icaAD, bap, fnbA, and cna were 18.06%, 12.5%, 47.4%, and 27.4%, respectively. icaAD and bap genes were detected in 18.06% and 12.5% of MR-CoNS isolates. fnbA and cna genes were detected in 47.41% and 27.41% of MRCoNS isolates. icaAD positive strains exhibited a significant increase in the biofilm formation compared with those that lacked icaAD (0.86 (0.42, 1.39) versus 0.36 (0.14, 0.75), respectively; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the majority of MR-CoNS isolates were biofilm producers, and S. capitis, which possessed icaAD genes, ranked as the great biofilm producer than other Staphylococcus. The study’s findings are important to form a strategy to control biofilm formation as an alternative strategy to counter the spread of MR-CoNS in healthcare settings.

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The Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) Analysis and Biofilm Formation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus cohnii Isolated from Clinical Samples in Tehran, Iran

Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery ◽

10.2174/1574891x16666210210101912 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Somaye Delfani ◽

Faranak Rezaei ◽

Setareh Soroush ◽

Pegah Shakib

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Mobile Element ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽

Sccmec Types

Background: Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci is responsible for hospital and community-acquired infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic-resistance patterns, antibiotic-resistance genes, namely, ermA, ermB, ermC, blaZ, msrA, tetK, tetM, mup, and vanA, biofilm formation, and prevalence of different SCCmec types among the Staphylococcus cohniistrains isolated from clinical samples in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In this study,S. cohniiisolates were screened from the clinical samples from March 2012 to February 2013 in Tehran, Iran.Antimicrobial susceptibility test and inducible clindamycin resistance were evaluated by disc diffusion method, andresistance genes were examined using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays. Then, biofilm formation assay was analyzed by Microtiter-plate test to detect the icaA and icaDgenes. The SCCmec and the Arginine Catabolite Mobile Element (ACME) typing were performed using the PCRmethod. Results: FromtwentyS. cohnii, all isolates were resistant to cefoxitin. 95% of the S. cohnii was defined as multidrug resistance (MDR)strains. The ermB, ermC, and vanA genes were not detected in any isolates; however, the blaZ gene had the highest frequency.95% of the S. cohnii isolates produced biofilm. Also, 4 SCCmec types, including V, IV, III+ (C2), VIII+ (AB1), were identified. Therefore, the majority of SCCmec were untypable. Based on the ACME typing, arcA and opp3 genes were positive in 13 (65%) and 1 (5%) isolates, respectively. Conclusion: Due to the high antimicrobial resistance and the spread of untypableSCCmecamong the isolates studied, the control and treatment of methicillin-resistantS. cohnii in hospitals and public health centers is a significant concern.

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VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE AND BIOFILM FORMATION AMONG METHICILLIN RESISTANT COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM CONJUNCTIVITIS

The Medical Journal of Basrah University ◽

10.33762/mjbu.2006.46414 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 28-32

Author(s):

Hadeel T. AL-Hadithi ◽

Khalid I. AL-Mearaj ◽

Mokhtar A. AL-Hammdi

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Vancomycin Resistance ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Methicillin Resistant

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Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles for inhibition of antibacterial resistance and biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococci

Bioorganic Chemistry ◽

10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 89 ◽

pp. 103008 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Govindan Rajivgandhi ◽

Muthuchamy Maruthupandy ◽

Thillaichidambaram Muneeswaran ◽

Muthusamy Anand ◽

Franck Quero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Antibacterial Resistance ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Methicillin Resistant

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Biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical samples in Northern Thailand

Journal of Global Infectious Diseases ◽

10.4103/jgid.jgid_118_18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 112 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sutthirat Sitthisak ◽

Thawatchai Kitti ◽

Rathanin Seng ◽

Rapee Thummeepak ◽

Chalermchai Boonlao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Northern Thailand ◽

Methicillin Resistant

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R-Thanatin Inhibits Growth and Biofilm Formation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidisIn VivoandIn Vitro

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00504-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 57 (10) ◽

pp. 5045-5052 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Zheng Hou ◽

Fei Da ◽

Baohui Liu ◽

Xiaoyan Xue ◽

Xiuli Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Drug Candidate ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Content Type

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus epidermidisis one of the most frequent causes of device-associated infections, because it is known to cause biofilms that grow on catheters or other surgical implants. The persistent increasing resistance ofS. epidermidisand other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) has driven the need for newer antibacterial agents with innovative therapeutic strategies. Thanatin is reported to display potent antibiotic activities, especially against extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producingEscherichia coli. The present study aimed to investigate whether a shorter derivative peptide (R-thanatin) could be used as a novel antibacterial agent. We found that R-thanatin was highly potentin vitroagainst coagulase-negative staphylococci, such asS. epidermidis,S. haemolyticus, andS. hominis, and inhibited biofilm formation at subinhibitory concentrations. Properties of little toxicity to human red blood cells (hRBCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, a low incidence of resistance, and relatively high stability in plasma were confirmed. Excellentin vivoprotective effects were also observed using a methicillin-resistantS. epidermidis(MRSE)-induced urinary tract infection rat model. Electron microscopy and confocal laser-scanning microscopy analyses suggested that R-thanatin disturbed cell division of MRSE severely, which might be the reason for inhibition of MRSE growth. These findings indicate that R-thanatin is active against the growth and biofilm formation of MRSEin vitroandin vivo. R-thanatin might be considered as a specific drug candidate for treating CoNS infections.

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Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Children in the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era

Infectious Disease Reports ◽

10.3390/idr13010022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 191-204

Author(s):

Nicholas T. K. D. Dayie ◽

Deborah N. K. Sekoh ◽

Fleischer C. N. Kotey ◽

Beverly Egyir ◽

Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Sickle Cell Disease ◽

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Sickle Cell ◽

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽

Cell Disease ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Methicillin Resistant

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal carriage epidemiology in relation to other nasopharyngeal bacterial colonizers among sickle cell disease (SCD) children about five years into pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 (PCV-13) introduction in Ghana. The study involved bacteriological culture of nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from 202 SCD children recruited from the Princess Marie Louise Children’s Hospital. S. aureus isolates were identified using standard methods and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Cefoxitin-resistant S. aureus isolates were screened for carriage of the mecA, pvl, and tsst-1 genes using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The carriage prevalence of S. aureus was 57.9% (n = 117), and that of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was 3.5% (n = 7). Carriage of the mecA, pvl, and tsst-1 genes were respectively demonstrated in 20.0% (n = 7), 85.7% (n = 30), and 11.4% (n = 4) of the cefoxitin-resistant S. aureus isolates. PCV-13 vaccination (OR = 0.356, p = 0.004) and colonization with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (OR = 0.044, p < 0.0001) each protected against S. aureus carriage. However, none of these and other features of the participants emerged as a determinant of MRSA carriage. The following antimicrobial resistance rates were observed in MRSA compared to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus: clindamycin (28.6% vs. 4.3%), erythromycin (42.9% vs. 19.1%), tetracycline (100% vs. 42.6%), teicoplanin (14.3% vs. 2.6%), penicillin (100% vs. 99.1%), amoxiclav (28.6% vs. 3.5%), linezolid (14.3% vs. 0.0%), ciprofloxacin (42.9% vs. 13.9%), and gentamicin (42.9% vs. 13.0%). The proportion of S. aureus isolates that were multidrug resistant was 37.7% (n = 46). It is concluded that S. aureus was the predominant colonizer of the nasopharynx of the SCD children, warranting the continuous monitoring of this risk group for invasive S. aureus infections.

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Virulence Factors in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10020170 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 170

Author(s):

Angela França ◽

Vânia Gaio ◽

Nathalie Lopes ◽

Luís D. R. Melo

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Healthcare Associated ◽

Major Pathogens

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have emerged as major pathogens in healthcare-associated facilities, being S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and, more recently, S. lugdunensis, the most clinically relevant species. Despite being less virulent than the well-studied pathogen S. aureus, the number of CoNS strains sequenced is constantly increasing and, with that, the number of virulence factors identified in those strains. In this regard, biofilm formation is considered the most important. Besides virulence factors, the presence of several antibiotic-resistance genes identified in CoNS is worrisome and makes treatment very challenging. In this review, we analyzed the different aspects involved in CoNS virulence and their impact on health and food.

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In Vitro activity of a Novel Benzoquinolizine Antibiotic, Levonadifloxacin (WCK 771) against Blood Stream Gram-Positive Isolates from a Tertiary Care Hospital

Journal of Laboratory Physicians ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1720944 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (03) ◽

pp. 230-232

Author(s):

Dhruv Mamtora ◽

Sanjith Saseedharan ◽

Ritika Rampal ◽

Prashant Joshi ◽

Pallavi Bhalekar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Tolerability Profile ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Methicillin Resistant

Abstract Background Blood stream infections (BSIs) due to Gram-positive pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are associated with high mortality ranging from 10 to 60%. The current anti-MRSA agents have limitations with regards to safety and tolerability profile which limits their prolonged usage. Levonadifloxacin and its oral prodrug alalevonadifloxacin, a novel benzoquinolizine antibiotic, have recently been approved for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections including diabetic foot infections and concurrent bacteremia in India. Methods The present study assessed the potency of levonadifloxacin, a novel benzoquinolizine antibiotic, against Gram-positive blood stream clinical isolates (n = 31) collected from January to June 2019 at a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India. The susceptibility of isolates to antibacterial agents was defined following the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute interpretive criteria (M100 E29). Results High prevalence of MRSA (62.5%), quinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (QRSA) (87.5%), and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) (82.35%) were observed among bacteremic isolates. Levonadifloxacin demonstrated potent activity against MRSA, QRSA, and MR-CoNS strains with significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration MIC50/90 values of 0.5/1 mg/L as compared with levofloxacin (8/32 mg/L) and moxifloxacin (2/8 mg/L). Conclusion Potent bactericidal activity coupled with low MICs support usage of levonadifloxacin for the management of BSIs caused by multidrug resistant Gram-positive bacteria.

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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection of Diabetic Foot Ulcers at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Accra, Ghana

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10080937 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 937

Author(s):

Ramzy B. Anafo ◽

Yacoba Atiase ◽

Nicholas T. K. D. Dayie ◽

Fleischer C. N. Kotey ◽

Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Foot Ulcer ◽

Foot Ulcers ◽

Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Mrsa Infection

Aim: This study investigated the spectrum of bacteria infecting the ulcers of individuals with diabetes at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana, focusing on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), with respect to their prevalence, factors predisposing to their infection of the ulcers, and antimicrobial resistance patterns. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at The Ulcer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, involving 100 diabetic foot ulcer patients. The ulcer of each study participant was swabbed and cultured bacteriologically, following standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done for all S. aureus isolated, using the Kirby-Bauer method. Results: In total, 96% of the participants had their ulcers infected—32.3% (n = 31) of these had their ulcers infected with one bacterium, 47.9% (n = 46) with two bacteria, 18.8% (n = 18) with three bacteria, and 1.0% (n = 1) with four bacteria. The prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA were 19% and 6%, respectively. The distribution of the other bacteria was as follows: coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (54%), Escherichia coli (24%), Pseudomonas spp. (19%), Citrobacter koseri and Morganella morgana (12% each), Klebsiella oxytoca (11%), Proteus vulgaris (8%), Enterococcus spp. (6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5%), Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter spp. (4%), Klebsiella spp. (2%), and Streptococcus spp. (1%). The resistance rates of S. aureus decreased across penicillin (100%, n = 19), tetracycline (47.4%, n = 9), cotrimoxazole (42.1%, n = 8), cefoxitin (31.6%, n = 6), erythromycin and clindamycin (26.3% each, n = 5), norfloxacin and gentamicin (15.8% each, n = 3), rifampicin (10.5%, n = 2), linezolid (5.3%, n = 1), and fusidic acid (0.0%, n = 0). The proportion of multidrug resistance was 47.4% (n = 9). Except for foot ulcer infection with coagulase-negative Staphylococci, which was protective of S. aureus infection of the ulcers (OR = 0.029, p = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.004–0.231), no predictor of S. aureus, MRSA, or polymicrobial ulcer infection was identified. Conclusions: The prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA infection of the diabetic foot ulcers were high, but lower than those of the predominant infector, coagulase-negative Staphylococci and the next highest infecting agent, E. coli. Diabetic foot ulcers’ infection with coagulase-negative Staphylococci protected against their infection with S. aureus. The prevalence of multidrug resistance was high, highlighting the need to further intensify antimicrobial stewardship programmes.

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