Characterization of biofilm producing methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococci from India

Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) cause infectious diseases due to their potential to form biofilm and further colonization in hospital materials. This study evaluated the antibiotic susceptible phenotypes, biofilm-producing ability, and biofilm-associated genes (mecA, icaAD, bap, cna, and fnbA). Biofilm formation was detected through Congo red agar (CRA) method and MTP method. The presence of biofilm and associated genes in MR-CoNS were detected by PCR. A total of 310 (55.95%) isolates produced the biofilm. Among these isolates, Staphylococcus haemolyticus (34.83%), Staphylococcus epidermis (31.93%), Staphylococcus capitis (16.77%), Staphylococcus cohnii (10.96%), and Staphylococcus hominis (5.48%) were identified. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of CoNS isolates indicated resistance to cefoxitin (100%), erythromycin (94.8%), ciprofloxacin (66.7%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (66.7%), gentamicin (66.12%), and clindamycin (62.9%). Resistance rate to mupirocin was 48.5% in S. epidermidis and 38.9% in S. haemolyticus isolates. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. The prevalence rates of icaAD, bap, fnbA, and cna were 18.06%, 12.5%, 47.4%, and 27.4%, respectively. icaAD and bap genes were detected in 18.06% and 12.5% of MR-CoNS isolates. fnbA and cna genes were detected in 47.41% and 27.41% of MRCoNS isolates. icaAD positive strains exhibited a significant increase in the biofilm formation compared with those that lacked icaAD (0.86 (0.42, 1.39) versus 0.36 (0.14, 0.75), respectively; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the majority of MR-CoNS isolates were biofilm producers, and S. capitis, which possessed icaAD genes, ranked as the great biofilm producer than other Staphylococcus. The study’s findings are important to form a strategy to control biofilm formation as an alternative strategy to counter the spread of MR-CoNS in healthcare settings.

The Potency of Wound Healing of Nanogel Containing Mikania Micrantha Leaves Extract in Hyperglycemic Rats

Introduction: Mikania micrantha has been used traditionally for wound dressings and promoted the healing of sores. This is due to the content of alkaloids and terpenoids/steroids compounds. Hyperglycemic is a good medium for bacterial growth and inhibits the wound healing process. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the wound healing of nanogels containing MMLE in hyperglycemic rats, as a model for diabetic wounds. Methods: Mikania micrantha leaves were extracted with the maceration method using ethanol 96% in 5 days. Carbopol 940 was used as the gelling agent. The parameters observed during the physical testing of nanogels were organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and size of the particle. Antibacterial activity was tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Escherichia coli, and wound healing activity in hyperglycemic rats for 14 days observation. Diabetic wound healing was treated with 4 groups (P1, P2, K1, K2). Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Nanogel showed homogeneity, dark green color, transparency, pH 6.1± 0.1, and particle size range in 255-456 nm. Inhibition zone of antibacterial testing i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Escherichia coli was 10.57 ± 0.26 mm; 9.73 ± 0.21 mm; 8.4 ± 0.1 mm. The percentage of diabetic wound healing was in the range of 92.79±3.81% to 94.08 ± 2.33% for 14 days of observation. Conclusion: MMLE nanogels have the potential as a treatment for diabetic wound healing.

Antibacterial Studies of Penicillin G Loaded Carboxylic Cellulose Acetate Nanoparticles

Cellulose acetate nanoparticles (CCA NPs) with mean particles sizes of 97 nm were synthesized via the nanoprecipitation process. The antibacterial properties of these CCA NPs were evaluated against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria, respectively. The CCA NPs exhibited good antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (+), Staphylococcus epidermis (+), Escherichia coli (-), Bacillus cereus (+), and Salmonella typhimurium (-) in range of MIC of 2.5×102 to 5.0×102 µg.mL-1 and MBC of 5.0×102 to 1.0×103 µg.mL-1. Penicillin G (PenG)-loaded CCA NPs demonstrated synergistic antibacterial activities against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. PenG-loaded CCA NPs also exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against the Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) superbug, which is resistant to penicillin G. These promising antibacterial properties suggested that CCA NPs could potentially serve as an alternative potent antimicrobial agent for both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria as well as the superbug MRSA.

Interrelationships between the structural, spectroscopic, and antibacterial properties of nanoscale (< 50 nm) cerium oxides

Bone healing is a complex process, and if not managed successfully, it can lead to non-union, metal-work failure, bacterial infections, physical and psychological patient impairment. Due to the growing urgency to minimise antibiotic dependency, alternative treatment strategies, including the use of nanoparticles, have attracted significant attention. In the present study, cerium oxide nanoparticles (Ce4+, Ce3+) have been selected due to their unique antibacterial redox capability. We found the processing routes affected the agglomeration tendency, particle size distribution, antibacterial potential, and ratio of Ce3+:Ce4+ valence states of the cerium oxide nanoparticles. The antibacterial efficacy of the nanoparticles in the concentration range of 50–200 µg/ml is demonstrated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by determining the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Cerium oxide nanoparticles containing a more significant amount of Ce3+ ions, i.e., FRNP, exhibited 8.5 ± 1.2%, 10.5 ± 4.4%, and 13.8 ± 5.8% increased antibacterial efficacy compared with nanoparticles consisting mainly of Ce4+ ions, i.e., nanoparticles calcined at 815 °C.

THE FORMULATION OF PEEL-OFF MASK FROM THE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF BILIMBI LEAVES (Averrhoa blimbi L.) AS ANTI-ACNE TREATMENT

This research aims to formulate and assess the efficacy of the peel-off mask as an anti-acne of ethanol extract from bilimbi leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). The method used was an experiment, evaluating the extract through the inhibition test of Staphylococcus epidermis bacteria with the paper disk diffusion method. The peel-off mask formulation added the extract with a concentration of 7% (F1), 9% (F2), 11% (F3), and without using extract (F0). The Peel-off mask preparation testing includes the detection of scents, colours, irritation checks, and the determination of peel-off anti-acne mask efficacy. This study was carried out at Akafarma of Banda Aceh and the Chemistry laboratory of FKIP Unsyiah. The findings of the inhibition zone for Staphylococcus epidermis bacteria at extract concentrations of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% were 15 mm, 12 mm, 11 mm and 10 mm, respectively. The four peel-off mask formulas were gel, homogeneous, brown, with the distinctive scent of bilimbi leaves, and did not irritate the volunteers’ skin. The average decline in acne before and after using the mask for any formula (F0, FI, FII, and FIII) was 19.64%, 22.63%, 28.75% and 50%, respectively. The peel-off mask of ethanol extract of bilimbi leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) is effective as an anti-acne treatment.

Review: Modification of Nanocellulose as Conjugate of Infection-Causing Antibacterial Hydrogel

Infection is the process of entering and reproducing microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that cause tissue injury. Some of the common types of bacteria that play a role in wound infection are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus epidermis. The antibacterial able to inhibit bacterial growth by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis, increasing the permeability of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, and interfering with the normal bacterial protein synthesis. The aim of this review article is to conduct a study of nanocellulose as an antibacterial hydrogel conjugate. The method used is to summarize information from various recent journals related to nanocellulose, nanocellulose modification, nanocellulose-based hydrogels, and their application as antibacterial. Some journals from primary sources such as the PMC system (PubMed Central), National Library of Medicine (NIH), Science Direct, Elsevier, Nature, ACS Chemical Society, and several other sources. Nanocellulose consists of β-1, 4-glucose, and there are three hydroxyls active at the C2, C3, and C6 positions of the pyranose attachment. Nanocellulose can respond by the reaction of oxidation, esterification, or etherification, by adding a new functional group. Nanocellulose can become nanocellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (NFC), and nanocellulose bacteria (BNC). Nanocellulose formulated in the form of hydrogels and combined with antibiotics will increase the effectiveness in reducing the risk of infection that is resistant to antibiotics.

Anti-Microbial Activities of Turmeric and Ginger on Bacterial Isolates of Normal Skin Flora

The antimicrobial activity of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) and Curcuma longa (Turmeric) was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. Different bacterial genera (Staphylococcus Epidermis and Bacillus Sp) which were isolated from the human skin were used as the test isolates. Ginger and turmeric extracted in two different solvents, ethanol and water. Different concentrations of the extracts were prepared and directly applied against bacterial genera to reveal their antimicrobial activity. Ethanol extracts of ginger and turmeric showed greater inhibitory effect against selected Staphylococcus epidermis and Bacillus sp followed by the water extract which had the least inhibitory property. Among the two extracts, ethanol extract of ginger made higher zone of inhibition than turmeric. The overuse of this herbs should be discouraged as they could reduce the microflora of the skin thereby exposing the skin to colonization by pathogens.

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS GEL KOMBINASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN LIDAH BUAYA (Aloe vera) DAN DAUN KEMANGI (Ocinum sanctum L.) SEBAGAI ANTI JERAWAT TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus epidermidis

Jerawat merupakan penyakit kulit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri antara lain yaitu bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis. Lidah buaya (Aloe vera) dan daun kemangi (Ocinum sanctum L.) mengandung saponin, flavonoid, dan tanin yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri sehingga memiliki daya antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat efektivitas dari kombinasi ekstrak lidah buaya (Aloe vera) dan daun kemangi (Ocinum sanctum L.) dalam bentuk sediaan gel terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus epidermis. Metode yang digunakan dalam ekstraksi adalah maserasi menggunakan etanol 96% dengan nilai rendemen yang didapat pada lidah buaya sebesar 22,32% dan pada daun kemangi sebesar 22,70%. Uji antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi cakram. Perbandingan ekstrak (lidah buaya : daun kemangi) dan daya hambat ekstrak terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus epidermis berturut-turut adalah 1:1, 16,82 mm; 1:2, 15,22 mm; 2:1, 14,59 mm; 1:0, 14,75 mm; 0:1, 15,21 mm. Analisis data kombinasi ekstrak menggunakan one way ANOVA menunjukan adanya perbedaan bermakna antar setiap kelompok perlakuan P>0,05. Selanjutnya uji sediaan gel dari kombinasi ekstrak 1:1, kontrol positif dan basis sediaan gel menghasilkan zona hambatberturut-turut sebesar 20,05 mm; 31,37 mm; 9,17 mm. Analisis data gel kombinasi menggunakan one way ANOVA hasil menunjukan tidak adanya perbedaan bermakna antar setiap kelompok perlakuan P<0,05. Sediaan gel dengan kombinasi ekstrak lidah buaya dan daun kemangi (1:1) memiliki efektivitas terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus epidermis penyebab jerawat

Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Bivalent Freeze and Furnace Dried Nanoscale Cerium Oxide

Bone healing is a complex process, and if not managed, can lead to bacterial infections, non-union and compromised healing of bone. The broad overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Due to the growing urgency to minimise the dependency on antibiotic drugs, alternative treatment strategies, including the use of nanoparticles, have attracted significant attention. Bivalent cerium oxide nanoparticles (Ce4+ and Ce3+) synthesised via a hydroxide mediated approach were calcined at 280, 385 and 815 ˚C identified using the Simultaneous Thermal Analysis technique. The resulting nanoparticles were characterised using X-ray Powder Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. The antibacterial potential of cerium oxide nanoparticles corresponds to the particle size and the presence of oxygen vacancies in the fluorite crystal structure. The antibacterial efficacy of nanoparticles was characterised at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 µg/ml and tested against the following strains, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by determining the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The calcination temperature was found to affect the agglomeration tendency, particle size distribution and the ratio of Ce3+:Ce4+ oxidation states. The hydroxide mediated approach yielded spherical nanoparticles of ceria with particles size ranging from 4 nm to 53 nm. The freeze-dried bivalent nanoparticles exhibited 18.5 ± 1.2%, 10.5 ± 4.4%, and 13.8 ± 5.8% increased antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermis, respectively compared to nanoparticles consisting solely of Ce4+ ions, i.e. nanoparticles calcined at 815 ˚C.