Declines in exercise performance are prevented 24 hours after post-exercise ischemic conditioning in amateur cyclists

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of the glycemic index of post-exercise meals on sleep quality and quantity, and assess whether those changes could affect the next day’s exercise performance. Following a baseline/familiarization phase, 10 recreationally trained male volunteers (23.2 ± 1.8 years) underwent two double-blinded, randomized, counterbalanced crossover trials. In both trials, participants performed sprint interval training (SIT) in the evening. Post-exercise, participants consumed a meal with a high (HGI) or low (LGI) glycemic index. Sleep parameters were assessed by a full night polysomnography (PSG). The following morning, exercise performance was evaluated by the countermovement jump (CMJ) test, a visual reaction time (VRT) test and a 5-km cycling time trial (TT). Total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency were greater in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial (p < 0.05), while sleep onset latency was shortened by four-fold (p < 0.05) and VRT decreased by 8.9% (p < 0.05) in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial. The performance in both 5-km TT and CMJ did not differ between trials. A moderate to strong correlation was found between the difference in TST and the VRT between the two trials (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this is the first study to show that a high glycemic index meal, following a single spring interval training session, can improve both sleep duration and sleep efficiency, while reducing in parallel sleep onset latency. Those improvements in sleep did not affect jumping ability and aerobic endurance performance. In contrast, the visual reaction time performance increased proportionally to sleep improvements.

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Ischemia-Reperfusion Intervention: From Enhancements in Exercise Performance to Accelerates Performance Recovery - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

10.20944/preprints202010.0227.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rhaí André Arriel ◽

Jéssica Ferreira Rodrigues ◽

Hiago Leandro Rodrigues de Souza ◽

Anderson Meireles ◽

Luís Filipi Moutinho Leitão ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Creatine Kinase ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Ischemia Reperfusion ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Ischemic Conditioning ◽

Fitness Level ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Performance Recovery

It has been demonstrated that brief cycles of ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR) applied before exercise can improve performance and, IR intervention, applied immediately after exercise (post-exercise ischemic conditioning – PEIC) exerts a potential ergogenic effect to accelerate recovery. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to identify the effects of PEIC on exercise performance, recovery and the responses of associated physiological parameters, such as creatine kinase, perceived recovery and muscle soreness, over 24 h after its application. From 3281 studies, six involving 106 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Compared to sham (cuff administration with low pressure) and control interventions (no cuff administration), PEIC led to faster performance recovery (p=0.004; ES=-0.49) and lower increase in creatine kinase (p&lt;0.001; ES=-0.71) and muscle soreness (p&lt;0.001; ES=-0.89) over 24 h. The effectiveness of this intervention is more pronounced in subjects with low/moderate fitness level and at least a total time of 10 min of ischemia (e.g. 2 cycles of 5 min) is necessary to promote positive effects.

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Respiratory, Ventilatory, and Cardiovascular Responses to Experimental Anaemia in the Starry Flounder, Platichthys Stellatus

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.82.1.139 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 139-162

Author(s):

CHRIS M. WOOD ◽

B. R. McMAHON ◽

D. G. MCDONALD

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Output ◽

Rainbow Trout ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Cardiovascular Responses ◽

O2 Uptake ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Starry Flounder ◽

Platichthys Stellatus ◽

Blood Ph ◽

The Face

Unrestrained, quiescent starry flounder maintained approximately normal levels of O2 uptake in the face of severe experimental anaemia. At haematocrits above about 5 %, the only major compensation was a reduction in venous O2 tension which lowered venous saturation and thereby kept a constant difference between arterial and venous O2 contents. Below a haematocrit of about 5 %, this difference decreased, and many additional compensations were invoked, including increases in ventilation, expired O2 tension, arterial O2 tension, and cardiac output, and decreases in systemic vascular resistance and blood pH. All changes could be reversed by restoration of haematocrit. Exercise performance and post-exercise changes in blood pH and lactate differed only slightly between anaemic and normal flounder. In wild flounder, anaemia commonly occurs and apparently only causes death at the haematocrit value (about 5 %) below which most major compensations are implemented. The respiratory strategy of the flounder during anaemia is compared with that of the rainbow trout.

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Ketones for Post-exercise Recovery: Potential Applications and Mechanisms

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2020.613648 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Latt Shahril Mansor ◽

Geoffrey Hubert Woo

Keyword(s):

Exercise Performance ◽

Exercise Physiology ◽

Exercise Recovery ◽

Cumulative Impact ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Recovery Potential ◽

Metabolic States ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Post Exercise Recovery

Ketogenic diet has been introduced in therapeutic areas for more than a century, but the role of ketones in exercise performance has only been explored in the past decade. One of the main reasons that allows the investigation of the role of ketones in exercise performance is the emergence of exogenous ketones, allowing athletes to achieve the state of ketosis acutely, and independent of their metabolic states. While there are mixed results showing either exogenous ketones improve exercise performance or no effect, the mechanisms of action are still being heavily researched. Moreover, these early data from exercise physiology studies suggested that exogenous ketones may play a more prominent role in post-exercise recovery, leading to a more pronounced cumulative impact over subsequent exercise performance. This review will look at existing evidence on the role of ketones in recovery and attempt to identify the current best practices and potential mechanisms that drive improved recovery.

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Adaptations to Post-exercise Cold Water Immersion: Friend, Foe, or Futile?

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living ◽

10.3389/fspor.2021.714148 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed Ihsan ◽

Chris R. Abbiss ◽

Robert Allan

Keyword(s):

Exercise Performance ◽

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Post Exercise Recovery

In the last decade, cold water immersion (CWI) has emerged as one of the most popular post-exercise recovery strategies utilized amongst athletes during training and competition. Following earlier research on the effects of CWI on the recovery of exercise performance and associated mechanisms, the recent focus has been on how CWI might influence adaptations to exercise. This line of enquiry stems from classical work demonstrating improved endurance and mitochondrial development in rodents exposed to repeated cold exposures. Moreover, there was strong rationale that CWI might enhance adaptations to exercise, given the discovery, and central role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in both cold- and exercise-induced oxidative adaptations. Research on adaptations to post-exercise CWI have generally indicated a mode-dependant effect, where resistance training adaptations were diminished, whilst aerobic exercise performance seems unaffected but demonstrates premise for enhancement. However, the general suitability of CWI as a recovery modality has been the focus of considerable debate, primarily given the dampening effect on hypertrophy gains. In this mini-review, we highlight the key mechanisms surrounding CWI and endurance exercise adaptations, reiterating the potential for CWI to enhance endurance performance, with support from classical and contemporary works. This review also discusses the implications and insights (with regards to endurance and strength adaptations) gathered from recent studies examining the longer-term effects of CWI on training performance and recovery. Lastly, a periodized approach to recovery is proposed, where the use of CWI may be incorporated during competition or intensified training, whilst strategically avoiding periods following training focused on improving muscle strength or hypertrophy.

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Dose Response of a Novel Exogenous Ketone Supplement on Physiological, Perceptual, and Performance Parameters

10.21203/rs.3.rs-41030/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Philip Prins ◽

Dominic P. D’Agostino ◽

Christopher Q. Rogers ◽

Dana L. Ault ◽

Gary L. Welton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Ketone Bodies ◽

Time Trial ◽

Gaseous Exchange ◽

Double Blind ◽

Post Exercise ◽

And Performance

Abstract Background: Interest into the health, disease, and performance impact of exogenous ketone bodies has rapidly expanded due to their multifaceted physiological and signaling properties but limiting our understanding is the isolated analyses of individual types and dose/dosing protocols. Methods: Thirteen recreational male distance runners (24.8±9.6y, 72.5±8.3kg, VO2max 60.1±5.4ml/kg/min) participated in this randomized, double-blind, crossover design study. The first two sessions consisted of a 5-km running time trial (TT) familiarization and a VO2max test. During subsequent trials, subjects were randomly assigned to one (KS1:22.1g) or two (KS2:44.2g) doses of beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) or flavor matched placebo (PLA). Blood R-βHB, glucose, and lactate concentrations were measured at baseline (0-min), post-supplement (30 & 60mins), post-exercise (+0min, +15mins). Time, HR, RPE, affect, RER, VO2, VCO2, and VE were measured during exercise. Cognitive performance was evaluated prior to and post-exercise. Results: KS significantly increased R-βHB, with more potent and prolonged elevations in KS2, illustrating an administrative and dosing effect. R-βHB was significantly decreased in KS1 compared to KS2 illustrating a dosing and exercise interaction effect. Blood glucose elevated post-exercise but was unchanged across groups. Blood lactate significantly increased post-exercise but was augmented by KS administration. Gaseous exchange, respiration, heart rate, affect, RPE, and exercise performance was unaltered with KS administration. However, clear responders and none-responders were indicated. KS2 significantly augmented cognitive function in pre-exercise conditions, while exercise increased cognitive performance for KS1 and PLA to pre-exercise KS2 levels. Conclusion: Novel βHB+MCT formulation had a dosing effect on R-βHB and cognitive performance, an administrative response on blood lactate, while not influencing gaseous exchange, respiration, heart rate, affect, RPE, and exercise performance.

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Does electrical stimulation enhance post-exercise performance recovery?

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-011-2117-7 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 111 (10) ◽

pp. 2501-2507 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Nicolas Babault ◽

Carole Cometti ◽

Nicola A. Maffiuletti ◽

Gaëlle Deley

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Performance Recovery

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Clinical and scientific recommendations for the use of photobiomodulation therapy in exercise performance enhancement and post-exercise recovery: current evidence and future directions

Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy ◽

10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.12.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 71-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior ◽

Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão Lopes-Martins ◽

Jan Magnus Bjordal

Keyword(s):

Exercise Performance ◽

Performance Enhancement ◽

Photobiomodulation Therapy ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Exercise Recovery ◽

Future Directions ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Post Exercise Recovery

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Postexercise Glycogen Recovery and Exercise Performance is Not Significantly Different Between Fast Food and Sport Supplements

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0230 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 448-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Michael J. Cramer ◽

Charles L. Dumke ◽

Walter S. Hailes ◽

John S. Cuddy ◽

Brent C. Ruby

Keyword(s):

Exercise Performance ◽

Fast Food ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Time Trial ◽

Past Research ◽

Glycogen Depletion ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Sport Supplements ◽

Experimental Trials

A variety of dietary choices are marketed to enhance glycogen recovery after physical activity. Past research informs recommendations regarding the timing, dose, and nutrient compositions to facilitate glycogen recovery. This study examined the effects of isoenergetic sport supplements (SS) vs. fast food (FF) on glycogen recovery and exercise performance. Eleven males completed two experimental trials in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Each trial included a 90-min glycogen depletion ride followed by a 4-hr recovery period. Absolute amounts of macronutrients (1.54 ± 0.27 g·kg-1 carbohydrate, 0.24 ± 0.04 g·kg fat-1, and 0.18 ± 0.03g·kg protein-1) as either SS or FF were provided at 0 and 2 hr. Muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis at 0 and 4 hr post exercise. Blood samples were analyzed at 0, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, and 240 min post exercise for insulin and glucose, with blood lipids analyzed at 0 and 240 min. A 20k time-trial (TT) was completed following the final muscle biopsy. There were no differences in the blood glucose and insulin responses. Similarly, rates of glycogen recovery were not different across the diets (6.9 ± 1.7 and 7.9 ± 2.4 mmol·kg wet weight- 1·hr-1 for SS and FF, respectively). There was also no difference across the diets for TT performance (34.1 ± 1.8 and 34.3 ± 1.7 min for SS and FF, respectively. These data indicate that short-term food options to initiate glycogen resynthesis can include dietary options not typically marketed as sports nutrition products such as fast food menu items.

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