scholarly journals Stable isotope analysis of human bone from Ganj Dareh, Iran, ca. 10,100 calBP

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247569
Author(s):  
Deborah C. Merrett ◽  
Christina Cheung ◽  
Christopher Meiklejohn ◽  
Michael P. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sulfur Isotope ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Zagros Mountains ◽  
Isotopic Compositions ◽  
Significant Difference

We report here on stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope values from bone collagen of human (n = 20) and faunal (n = 11) remains from the Early Neolithic site of Ganj Dareh, Iran, dating to ca. 10,100 cal. BP. Our focus explores how isotope values of human bone vary by age and sex, and evaluates dietary practices at this site. It also provides a baseline for future studies of subsistence in the early Holocene Central Zagros Mountains, from the site with the first evidence for human ovicaprid management in the Near East. Human remains include individuals of all age groups for dietary reconstruction, as well two Ottoman intrusive burials for temporal and cultural comparison. All analyzed individuals exhibited δ13C and δ15N values consistent with a diet based heavily on C3 terrestrial sources. There is no statistically significant difference between the isotopic compositions of the two sexes, though males appear to show larger variations compared to females. Interesting patterns in the isotopic compositions of the subadults suggested weaning children may be fed with supplements with distinctive δ13C values. Significant difference in sulfur isotope values between humans and fauna could be the earliest evidence of transhumance and could identify one older adult male as a possible transhumant shepherd. Both Ottoman individuals had distinctively different δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S values compared to the Neolithic individuals. This is the first large scale analysis of human stable isotopes from the eastern end of the early Holocene Fertile Crescent. It provides a baseline for future intersite exploration of stable isotopes and insight into the lifeways, health, and processes of neolithisation associated with the origins of goat domestication at Ganj Dareh and the surrounding Central Zagros.

Abstract 529: A Modern Large-scale Analysis of Heart Transplantation in Elderly Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Suryapalam ◽  
Mohammed Kashem ◽  
Val Rakita ◽  
Yoshiya Toyoda
Keyword(s):  
Heart Transplantation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Survival Outcome ◽  
Outcome Analysis ◽  
Survival Outcomes ◽  
Ischemic Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Squared

Introduction: As the prevalence of heart failure increases among older patients, the potential role of heart transplant (HTx) in this demographic demands further investigation. Survival outcome analysis of the elderly has primarily been analyzed in single-center studies, and the few long term studies performed have included a timeframe to the 1980s, introducing substantial variance from much poorer survival outcomes. We investigated the 5 to 10 year survival outcomes of more modern heart transplantation patients by analyzing the UNOS database. Methods: Heart transplantation data for 32,337 patients (2000-2014) was divided into three different age groups- <60, 60-69, and ≥70 years old. Gender, ethnicity, height, weight, BMI, ICU stay, ischemic time, length of stay (LOS), and creatinine level were evaluated for significance using Chi-Squared and H-Tests as appropriate (p<0.05). Survival outcome was assessed using a Kaplan-Meier Curve and log-rank tests. Results: 23,267 were <60, 8,459 were 60-69, and 611 were ≥70, with mean ages of 38±0.1, 64±0.0, and 72±0.1 respectively. The distribution of gender, ethnicity, ischemic time, BMI, height, and weight was significantly different between the cohorts, with p=0.000 for all. Survival analysis indicated complete pairwise significance at 10 years post-HTx, with overall significance of p=0.000. At 5 years post-HTx, only 60-69 vs ≥70 did not have pairwise significance in survival. Conclusion: Contrary to prior studies, results indicate a statistically significant difference in survival the older and younger cohorts. This difference is especially prominent at the 10 th year post-transplant, but can be seen even at the 5 th year.

Study of Vitamin D Deficiency in Adolescent Females (10-18 years old) In Cairo

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R M Botros ◽  
Y M Eid ◽  
B M Mostafa ◽  
Y H E Elmeligy
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Deficient Group

Abstract Background Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem among Egyptian females across all age groups, for whom contributing factors include inadequate sun exposure possibly related to cultural/social factors, and insufficient dietary calcium, wearing a sunscreen reduces vitamin D synthesis in the skin by more than 95%. Not only environmental factors, such as sun exposure and nutrition, but also genetic and possibly also epigenetic factors are determinants of serum 25(OH) D. Aim We sought to determine the frequency of occurrence of vit D deficiency in Egyptian adolescent females aged 10-18 years in Cairo. Methods Study was conducted on 90 healthy adult females aged (10-18) years and classified them into: Sufficient group: with vitamin D level &gt;30ng/ml, (40%) of participants. Mild deficient group: with vitamin D level between 21-29ng/ml (14.44%) of participants. Moderate deficient group: with vitamin D level between 10-20ng/ml (11.11%) of participants. Severe deficient group: with vitamin D level &lt;10ng/ml (34.44%) of participants. Results Our study showed a high prevalence of low vitamin D level among healthy adolescent females aged (10-18) years old. There were a significant difference On comparing vitamin D status groups as regard vitamin D rich food intake, duration of sun exposure and height for age (p &lt; 0.001), (p &lt; 0.001) and (p = 0.012) respectively. There were significant difference on comparing vit D status groups with s.Ca, PTH and Alk.Ph (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency became endemic in Egypt. Large-scale studies are needed to properly evaluate the size of the problem.

scholarly journals Feasibility and accuracy of a novel saliva sampling method for large-scale SARS-CoV-2 screening in children < 12 years of age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hoch ◽  
Sebastian Vogel ◽  
Ute Eberle ◽  
Laura Kolberg ◽  
Valerie Gruenthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Home Setting ◽  
Clinical Sensitivity ◽  
Self Testing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oropharyngeal Swab

Objectives Children have been disproportionately affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Novel test strategies are urgently needed to ensure safe operation of schools and childcare institutions and to avoid prolonged closures. Methods A weekly SARS-CoV-2 sentinel study in primary schools, kindergartens and childcare facilities over a 12 week period was conducted. In total, 3123 concurrent oropharyngeal and saliva samples were processed for SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR testing in both children (n=2104) and staff (n=1019). Saliva sampling was optimised, and a novel sampling system was introduced and assessed for feasibility, the Salivette system. Results For children across all age groups a mean of 1,18 ml saliva could be obtained with this easy-to-handle system. Using 1293 concurrent oropharyngeal swabs from children, staff and participants of a positive control cohort as reference, the Salivette testing method could be assigned an overall specificity of 99.8% and sensititity of 95.1%. Of note clinical sensitivity defined as detection of positive cases with an oropharyngeal-swab derived Ct value < 33, was 100%. Comparative analysis of Ct values derived from saliva vs. oropharyngeal swabs demonstrated a significant difference (mean difference 4.23 (95% CI 2.48 to 6.00). Conclusions The Salivette system is an easy-to-use, safe and feasible collection method for saliva sampling and subsequent SARS-CoV-2 testing in children aged 3 years and above. In view of the excellent sensitivity and specificity documented in our study, this novel testing approach is a very reliable and much more pleasant alternative to oropharyngeal swab based testing, particularly in children and for self-testing in the home setting.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMMUTER CYCLING PREVALENCE IN POLAND AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Piątkowska ◽  
Elżbieta Biernat
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Republic

The study aims to analyses the prevalence of the Polish adult population in cycling in terms of their socio-demographic characteristics. This can make an important contribution to the dissemination of this environmentally, socially and economically sustainable form of physical activity, and in building national recommendations. The study was based on the representative data from the Ministry of Sport and Tourism of the Republic of Poland from five large-scale surveys in years 2014-2018. The sample comprised 7,347 Poles aged 15-69. In each survey long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used. The independence tests and non-parametric test were applied to search for statistically significant difference between the studied variables. In order to capture relationships between commuter cycling prevalence and a set of explanatory variables, a predictive model was built. The prevalence of the Polish adult population in commuting by bicycle systematically increases (in 2014 ̶ 16.3%; in 2015 ̶ 17.4%; in 2016 – 21.5%; in 2017 ̶ 19.9%; in 2018 ̶ 29.8%). The average energy expenditure of this effort is also increasing. Poles most often cycle 1-3 times a week (17.7% once a week; 23% ̶ twice a week; 18.2% ̶ 3 times a week). There are no statistical differences in this regard, neither by the number of cycling days nor by the gender. Hierarchically, the most important factor in determining whether someone does or does not commute by bike, is age. People who are the most probable to cycle are those aged 15-29 (30%), and among them, people living in villages (35%), with primary education (42.6%). In the 30-59 age group, 20.6% are active. They are usually from the countryside (24.3%), mostly women (27%). Among people aged 60 or more, 14.2% cycle. Most often they are men (17.3%). National recommendations should be developed for individual age groups. Educational and motivational programs (scope depending on age), practical classes increasing the self-confidence of bicycle traffic participants and activities improving the bicycle infrastructure (including the implementation of intermodal transport) are necessary.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Justice and Solidarity on Sustainability in China: A Case Study in Nanjing, Yangtze River Delta

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4296
Author(s):  
Mei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Intergenerational Justice ◽  
Sustainability Issue ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Personal Level

The aim of this paper is to examine systematically the intergenerational justice and solidarity on sustainability in China, which is fundamental for achieving social/cultural change, whereas this is threatened by environmental unsustainability. A questionnaire survey with a sample size of 752 was carried out in Nanjing, Yangtze River Delta, China, with different age groups, and in the meantime, a series of qualitative studies was carried out through in-depth interviews and focus groups. It is shown that: with increasing age, people are more concerned about general and large-scale sustainability issue, whereas for smaller scale and immediate sustainability issues, there is no clear tendency with increasing age; older generations are more concerned about the causes of climate changes; in terms of responsibility for environmental problems, there are statistically-significant view changes with increasing age; for priority considerations in sustainability, among age groups, at the personal level, there is generally no statistically-significant difference, whereas at the public level, there are some statistically-significant differences; for preserving the future, there is generally no statistically-significant difference among age groups. Overall, there are considerable differences in intergenerational justice on sustainability, although there are still indications of solidarity among generations.

scholarly journals Nutritional Status among Children Receiving Ashwagandhadhi Churna with milk in Residential Homes, Tamil Nadu, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-211
Author(s):  
Sangeeta Sharma ◽  
Deepa Jagan ◽  
Niraimathi K ◽  
Sridhar Sukumar ◽  
Mohan Ramachandran
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Residential Homes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
Record Review ◽  
Height For Age

Background: Children of residential homes (RH) have a high rate of health problems including malnutrition. Ayurveda has several drugs to alleviate malnutrition, Ashwagandhadhi being one of the most commonly used drug. This study evaluated the changes in nutritional status of children in RH consuming Ashwagandhadhi churna (AC) for 1-3 years. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive record review study of children consuming AC regularly for 1-3 years of two RH of Tamilnadu during 2018-2019. The children of age 6-9 and 10-13 years received a dosage of 2 and 4g of AC respectively in milk once a day. Socio-demographic details, anthropometric measurements and clinical details were assessed. Data at three time points with an interval of three months were extracted and analysed using Friedman’s tests. Important observations and Results: Out of 289 children, 173, who had complete details of three assessments, were included for analysis. Irrespective of the years of consumption of AC, at the first assessment, 61.6% were stunted or severely stunted; 71.2% underweight or severely underweight. Significant improvement in height-for-age and weight-for-age were observed in children consuming AC for 1 and 2 years. BMI did not show significant difference in 3 years of consumption. Males of 10 to 13 years having 1 and 2 years of consumption and females of both age groups having 2 years of consumption showed difference in BMI. Conclusion: Approximately three in ten children were malnourished in RH. Consumption of AC over a period of time improved the nutritional status of these children. Further large scale trials could prove the efficacy of AC in alleviating malnutrition.

scholarly journals Detection and genetic characterization of Giardia duodenalis in pigs from large-scale farms in Xinjiang, China

Parasite ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Bo Jing ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Chunyan Xu ◽  
Dongfang Li ◽  
Jinming Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ssu Rrna ◽  
Ssu Rrna Gene ◽  
Zoonotic Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weaning Piglets ◽  
Pcr Targeting

To study the presence of Giardia duodenalis in Xinjiang, northwest China, we collected 801 fecal specimens from seven large-scale pig farms and screened them using PCR targeting the SSU rRNA gene. Twenty-one (2.6%) of the specimens from five farms were G. duodenalis-positive, with a significant difference in prevalence among different farms (0–8.7%) (p < 0.01). Giardia duodenalis prevalence was highest in fattening pigs (5.4%, 7/129), followed by sows (3.2%, 7/222), post-weaning piglets (1.8%, 5/281), and pre-weaning piglets (1.2%, 2/169), but there was no significant difference in prevalence among the age groups (p > 0.05). Sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene revealed that the 21 G. duodenalis strains belonged to three assemblages: A (n = 2), B (n = 16), and E (n = 3). Assemblage B was the predominant assemblage and was widely distributed in all G. duodenalis-positive farms and age groups. All G. duodenalis-positive specimens were further assayed at the β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes, and two tpi, four gdh, and two bg sequences were identified. These data indicate that pigs may be a zoonotic risk and can potentially spread G. duodenalis infection from animals to humans.

Immigrant Youth in Germany

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Frankenberg ◽  
Katharina Kupper ◽  
Ruth Wagner ◽  
Stephan Bongard
Keyword(s):  
School System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Problems ◽  
Sociocultural Adaptation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
German School ◽  
Transcultural Adaptation

This paper reviews research on young migrants in Germany. Particular attention is given to the question of how Germany’s history of migration, immigration policies, and public attitude toward migrants influence the transcultural adaptation of children and adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds. We combine past research with the results of new empirical studies in order to shed light on migrants’ psychological and sociocultural adaptation. Studies comparing young migrants and their German peers in terms of psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and mental health outcome suggest higher rates of emotional and behavioral problems among migrants of most age groups. With regard to adolescent populations between the ages of 14 and 17 years, however, the existence of differences between migrants and natives appears to be less clear. Research has also yielded inconsistent findings regarding the time trajectory of transcultural adaptation among adolescents. The coincidence of acculturation and age-related change is discussed as a possible source of these inconsistencies. Further, we provide an overview of risk and protective factors such as conflicting role expectations and ethnic discrimination, which may cause heightened vulnerability to adverse adaptation outcomes in some groups. Large-scale studies have repeatedly shown migrants of all age groups to be less successful within the German school system, indicating poor sociocultural adaptation. Possible explanations, such as the idiosyncrasies of the German school system, are presented. Our own studies contribute to the understanding of young migrants’ adaptation process by showing that it is their orientation to German culture, rather than the acculturation strategy of integration, that leads to the most positive psychological and sociocultural outcomes. The paper concludes by discussing implications for future cross-cultural research on young migrants and by suggesting recommendations for multicultural policies.

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