scholarly journals Pooled prevalence and determinants of modern contraceptive utilization in East Africa: A Multi-country Analysis of recent Demographic and Health Surveys

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247992
Author(s):  
Zemenu Tadesse Tessema ◽  
Achamyeleh Birhanu Teshale ◽  
Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema ◽  
Yigizie Yeshaw ◽  
Misganaw Gebrie Worku
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
East African ◽  
African Region ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Contraceptive Utilization ◽  
Modern Contraceptive Use

Background According to the 2017 estimate, around 214 million reproductive-age women in developing regions who want to avoid pregnancy do not use a modern contraceptive method. Although there are studies done on factors associated with modern contraceptive utilization in individual East African countries, as to our search of the literature, there is limited evidence on the pooled prevalence and determinants of modern contraceptive utilization in the East African region. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence and determinants of modern contraceptive utilization in the East African region. Methods The pooled prevalence of modern contraceptive utilization and the strength of determinants were estimated using STATA version 14. Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Median Odds Ratio (MOR), Proportional Change in Variance (PCV), and deviance were used for model fitness and comparison. The multilevel logistic regression model was fitted to identify determinants of modern contraceptive use in the region. Adjusted Odds Ratio with its 95% Confidence Interval was presented, and variables with a p-value ≤of 0.05 were declared significant determinants of modern contraceptive utilization. Results Overall, about 20.68% (95%CI:-20.46.,20.91)of women used modern contraceptive, ranging from 9.08% in Mozambique to 61.49% in Comoros. In the multilevel logistic regression model; maternal age group 25–34 (AOR: 0.79, 95%CI:0.76,0.82) and 35–49 (AOR:0.49, 95%CI:0.46,0.51). Being married (AOR:0.85, 95%CI:0.82,0.88), mothers with primary education (AOR:1.48, 95%CI:1.43,1.54) and secondary and above education level (AOR:1.60, 95%CI:1.52,1.69), husbands with primary education (AOR:2.43, 95%CI:2.35,2.51) and secondary and above education level (AOR:2.92, 95%CI:2.76,3.05). The mothers who had occupation (AOR:2.11, 95%CI:1.23,1.33), mothers from households with middle wealth index (AOR:1.23, 95%CI:1.19,1.28) and rich wealth index (AOR:1.28, 95%CI:1.23,1.33) were found to be significant determinants of modern contraceptive use. Conclusion We found that modern contraceptive utilization in the 12 East Africa countries was low compared to SDG target 2030(75%). The governmental and non-governmental organizations should scale up their public health programs to the poor and marginalized communities to scale up modern contraceptive utilization uptake in the region. In addition, reforming the health system and reproductive health education through mass media to create awareness of modern contraceptive use benefits are effective strategies to improve modern contraceptive use among East Africa women.

scholarly journals Geographical variation and factor associated with modern contraceptive utilization among Young married women aged between 15-24 years: Spatial and multilevel analysis of EDHS 2016.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kedir Abdu Yesuf ◽  
Ayesheshim Muluneh Kassa ◽  
Eueail Teferi Asrese
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Contraceptive Utilization ◽  
Modern Contraceptive Use ◽  
Spatial Scan ◽  
Low Prevalence

Abstract Introduction: Despite increase in trend of modern contraceptive use in worldwide it was still low in developing country. In Ethiopia modern contraceptive utilization among young married women was low which shows gaps between women reproductive desire to avoid pregnancy and contraceptive behavior. This study showsvaration in modern contraceptive utilization and factor associated with it among young merried age group between 15-24 years in Ethiopia.Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the geographical varation of modern contraceptive utilization and associated factor among young married women aged between 15- 24 year in Ethiopia. Methods:In this study cross-sectional study design was conducted using Ethiopia demographic and health survey 2016 data. The sample size was 2298 young married women aged between 15-24 years.Geographical variation assessed by Spatial analysis using spatial autocorrelation Moran’s I, Gettis-OrdGi* and spatial scan statics to identify significant clusters of modern contraceptive utilization among young married women. Determinant factor for modern contraceptive use were analyzed using a two level-mixed-effects logistic regression model which include both the individual and community level factors.Result: In Ethiopia, prevalence of modern contraceptive utilization among young married women age group between 15-24 years was 36.7 %. Geographical varaition asessed by spatial scan statistics identified primary clusters of modern contraceptive utilization were all zone of Amhara, Addis Ababa and Shewa. In other hand,Gettis-OrdGi* analysisindicated zone 1 of Afar region, Borena zone of Oromia region and all zone of Somalia regions were low prevalencespot region. In this study religion, respondent working status, number of living children, husband desire more children, region, community mas media exposure and community educational level were statically significant variables for modern contraceptive utilization among young married women.Conclusions: There is low prevalence of modern contraceptive utilization among young married women and it was varied across zone of Ethiopia. High and low prevalence spot area, most likely cluster, community and individual level factor associated with modern contraceptive utilization is identified which is important to prioritize family planning strategythat focus particularly for young population segment. Therefore, exerting much effort on all of this area is supreme important as it has significant public health contributions.

scholarly journals Impact of exposure to mass media on utilization modern contraceptive among adolescent married women in Ethiopia: evidence from Ethiopia demographic health survey 2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 434
Author(s):  
Kedir Abdu Yesuf ◽  
Atrsaw Dessie Liyew ◽  
Amare Kassie Bezabih
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Media Impact ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Contraceptive Utilization ◽  
Modern Contraceptive Use ◽  
Media Message

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> More than one billion of world population was adolescent age group. Adolescents are high risk of unwanted pregnancy related to pregnancy is preventable. This complication can be prevented by use of family planning method. One of the challenges to use family planning was lack of information about contraceptive. This study was investigated mass media impact on use of modern contraceptive among adolescent in Ethiopia, 2016 E. C.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This study conducted based on EDHS (Ethiopia demographic health survey) 2016 data which was cross-sectional study design. Sample size for this study was 588 adolescent married women that completed interview in EDHS 2016. Mass media impact on modern contraceptive use were analyzed using propensity score matching. Recursive biprobit probit model was used to determine factor associated with mass media exposure on modern contraceptive utilization.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> In Ethiopia about 31.8% of adolescent married women currently used modern contraceptive. Expose to family planning message had 16.8%, 13.2%, 17% and 21.9% point higher modern contraceptive use than unexposed to mass media message. In this study significant factor affected modern contraceptive use included residence, wealth index, radio message, exposed to TV message, magazine message and exposure to mass media message family planning.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study shows magnitude of contraceptive utilization was low and it might be due to lack of information about family planning. Therefore, policy maker and concerned body should consider dissemination family of planning information by mass media.</p>

scholarly journals MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG WOMEN IN ZAMBIA: A DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jully M Chilambwe ◽  
Tyson Chipokoso ◽  
Melvin Mwansa ◽  
Mowa Zambwe
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Modern Contraceptives ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Modern Contraceptive Use

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the modern contraceptive use by women of childbearing age in Zambia. METHODS: The study was retrospective descriptive observational design. Secondary data of 13,683 women aged 15 - 49 who participated in the ZDHS 2018 were analysed. Data were extracted using a data extraction tool and analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. Since the ZDHS 2018 used numeric data, the study was quantitative research. The study examined the association between demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and modern contraceptive use using Pearson, Chi-Square and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: In Zambia, the most used type of modern contraception were injectables (52%). Female condom is the most known type of modern contraceptives (55%). The significant factors associated with the use of modern contraceptives were age group 25-29 and 45-49 (AOR=1.41 95% CI=1.05, 1.90) and (AOR=0.41, 95% CI 0.28, 0.62), respectively. Being married and widowed (AOR=2.18, 95% CI 1.75, 2.71), and (AOR=0.50, 95% CI 0.31, 0.78), respectively. The likelihood utilization varied across the gradient of parity, educational attainment, and wealth. Educated and wealthy women were more likely to use modern methods compared to women with no education and in the poor category, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study established that factors such as age, marital status, the number of living children (parity), religion, and education level and wealth index remain significant issues in determining modern contraceptive use among childbearing women aged 15 to 49 in Zambia. Therefore, concerted efforts are required to increase use of modern methods of contraception by addressing these determinants.

scholarly journals Bivariate Multilevel Modeling of Modern Contraceptive Use and Knowledge of HIV/AIDS Prevention of Women in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Bekele ◽  
Essey Kebede
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Contraceptive Method ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Modern Contraceptive Method ◽  
Modern Contraceptive Use ◽  
Women's Knowledge ◽  
Women’S Knowledge

Abstract Background: Ethiopia is one of the most populous countries in Africa and has the highest number of new HIV infections. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to demonstrate the joint predictors and association between modern contraceptive use and knowledge of HIV prevention in women aged 15-49 across clusters in Ethiopia.Methods: This study considered a weighted sample of 10,223 married women aged 15-49 years, extracted from the 2016 EDHS data. The bivariate multilevel logistics regression model was used in this study.Results: In Ethiopia, 64.75%, 54.58% of the women didn’t use the modern contraceptive method and didn’t know about HIV prevention, respectively. A positive relationship between the use of modern contraceptives and knowledge of HIV prevention of women across the clusters was found, which implies that modern contraceptive use has positive implications on women's knowledge of HIV prevention techniques across the clusters.Conclusions: Predictor visiting a health facility, wealth index, media exposure, religion, place of residence, and the contextual region are statistically related with the use of modern contraceptive use and knowledge of HIV prevention of women across the clusters. Those women who use the modern contraceptive method have more likelihood of knowing about HIV prevention. The study result confirmed that modern contraceptive use has a spillover effect on women's knowledge of HIV prevention across the clusters. Therefore, the integration of the two programs with taking into account their joint predictors was an advantage in terms of clinical benefit, cost, and for seeking care individuals in the communities. The integration of two programs with due consideration of community-specific was recommended.

scholarly journals Pooled prevalence and determinants of skilled birth attendant delivery in East Africa countries: a multilevel analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zemenu Tadesse Tessema ◽  
Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Skilled Birth Attendant ◽  
Skilled Birth Attendance ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Birth Attendance ◽  
Pooled Prevalence

Abstract Introduction Skilled health professional assisted delivery is an effective strategy to reduce maternal and newborn mortality. Skilled assistant delivery can prevent about 16–33% of maternal and newborn mortality. Despite the commitments of the government to assure home free delivery, majority of the births in Sub-Saharan Africa are attended by traditional birth attendants. As to our search of the literature, there is limited evidence on the prevalence and determinants of skilled delivery in East African countries. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence and determinants of skilled birth attendant delivery in East Africa Countries. Methods Pooled analysis was done based on Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in the 12 East African countries from 2008 to 2017. A total weighted sample of 141,483 women who gave birth during the study period was included in the study. The pooled prevalence of skilled birth attendance was estimated using STATA version 14. Intra-class Correlation Coefficient, Median Odds Ratio, Proportional Change in Variance, and deviance were used for model fitness and comparison. The multilevel multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify determinants of skilled birth attendance in the region. Adjusted Odds Ratio with its 95% Confidence Interval was used to declare significant determinants of skilled birth attendants. Results The pooled prevalence of skilled birth attendant in East African countries were 67.18% (95% CI:66.98, 67.38) with highest skilled birth attendant in Rwanda (90.68%) and the lowest skilled birth attendant in Tanzania (11.91%). In the Multilevel multivariable logistic regression model; age 15–24 (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.14, 95%CI:1.09, 1.18), age 25–49(AOR = 1.16, 95%CI:1.10,1.23), primary women education (AOR = 1.57, 95%CI:1.51,1.63), secondary and above women education (AOR = 2.85, 95%CI:1.73,3.01), primary husband education (AOR = 1.11, 95%CI = 1.07,1.15), secondary and above husband education (AOR = 1.46, 95%CI = 1.40,1.53), middle wealth index (AOR = 1.43, 95%CI = 1.38,1.49),rich wealth index (AOR = 2.38, 95%CI = 2.28,2.48), had ANC visit (AOR = 1.68, 95%CI = 1.62,1.73),multiple gestation (AOR = 2.06, 95%CI = 1.90,2.25), parity 2–4(AOR = 0.65, 95%CI = 0.61,0.69), parity 5 + (AOR = 0.44, 95%CI = 0.41,0.47), accessing health care not big problem (AOR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.28,1.36), residence (AOR = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.41,0.45) and being Burundi resident (AOR = 0.77, 95%CI = 0.70,0.85) were significantly associated with skilled assisted delivery. Conclusion Skilled birth attendance at birth in the East Africa countries was low. Maternal age, women and husband education, wealth index, antenatal care visit, multiple gestations, parity, accessing health care, residence, and living countries were major determinants of skilled attendant delivery. Strategies to increase the accessibility and availability of healthcare services, and financial support that targets mothers from poor households and rural residents to use health services will be beneficial. Health education targeting mothers and their partner with no education are vital to increasing their awareness about the importance of skilled birth attendance at birth.

scholarly journals Modern Contraceptive Use and Influencing Factors in Amhara Regional State: Further Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey Data 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Melash Belachew Asresie ◽  
Gedefaw Abeje Fekadu ◽  
Gizachew Work Dagnew ◽  
Yared Mulu Gelaw
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Reproductive Age Women ◽  
Regional State ◽  
Modern Contraceptive Use

Background. Ethiopia is one of the Sub-Saharan African countries with a high unmet need for contraceptives. Contraception is a good indicator of the extent to which couples have access to reproductive health services. A study on contraceptives can provide overall direction by helping to identify the obstacles in society and weaknesses in services that need to be overcome. However, little is known in Amhara region context. Therefore, this analysis was aimed to assess modern contraceptive use and influencing factors in the Amhara regional state of Ethiopia. Methods. We used secondary data analysis of the regional representative sample of women aged 15–49 years from the 2016 Ethiopian Demography and Health Survey (EDHS). A total of 2207 married reproductive-age women (15–49 years) selected using a two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique were included in this analysis. Both descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed using STATA V.14. A 95% confidence interval was used to declare statistical significance. Results. Modern contraceptive use among married reproductive-age women was 51.3% (95% CI: 47.0–55.6). Being from households with rich wealth index (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1–2.5), a secondary or higher level of education (AOR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4–6.2), and desire to space (AOR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.9–3.7) or want no more child (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.6–3.5) were found positively associated with modern contraceptive use. On the other hand, modern contraceptive use was negatively associated with women aged 35–49 years (AOR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5–0.9). Conclusion. Modern contraceptive use was relatively high in the Amhara region. The odds of modern contraceptive use were higher among women with secondary or more educational levels. Women from households with rich wealth index and those who want to delay or avoid pregnancy had also more odds of using modern contraceptives. Therefore, strengthening women’s and community education could improve modern contraceptive use. Moreover, more emphasis should be given for income generation activities.

scholarly journals Rural-urban Correlates of Modern Contraceptives Utilization Among Adolescents in Zambia: a National Cross-sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quraish Sserwanja ◽  
Milton W. Musaba ◽  
Linet M. Mutisya ◽  
David Mukunya
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Modern Contraceptives ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Contraceptive Utilization ◽  
Modern Contraceptive Use ◽  
Context Specific

Abstract Background: Modern contraceptive use among adolescents is low despite the adverse effects of adolescent pregnancies and births. Understanding the predictors of modern contraceptive use in different settings is key to design effective context-specific interventions. We aimed to determine factors associated with modern contraceptives use among adolescents in rural and urban settings of Zambia. Methods: We analyzed data from 2018 Zambia demographic and health survey (ZDHS) focusing on adolescent girls aged 15–19 years. We conducted multilevel logistic regression using SPSS version 25 to examine rural-urban variations in factors associated with modern contraceptive utilization.Results: Overall, 12.0% (360/3000, 95% CI: 10.9-13.2) of adolescents in Zambia were using modern contraceptives. Use of modern contraceptives was higher in rural areas at 13.7% (230/1677, 95% CI: 12.1-15.3) compared to 9.8% (130/1323, 95% CI: 8.3-11.6) in urban areas. In the rural areas, having a child (aOR = 13.46; 95% CI 8.28 to 21.90), marriage (aOR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.25 to 3.08), older age (being 19 years) (aOR = 3.97; 95% CI 1.51 to 10.1) and belonging to the richest wealth quintile (aOR = 3.01; 95% CI 1.06 to 8.58) were positively associated with contraceptive utilization. In the urban areas, older age (being 19 years) (aOR = 4.80; 95% CI 1.55 to 14.84) and having a child (aOR = 18.52; 95% CI 9.50 to 36.14) were the only factors positively associated with modern contraceptive utilization.Conclusions: Having shown that some factors (age and having a child) were associated with modern contraceptive use in both rural and urban areas while some were only significant in rural areas (province, marital status and wealth index), indicates that the urban-rural differences in modern contraceptives use are both due to differences in the levels and nature or type of determinants. Therefore, interventions aiming to increase contraceptive utilization should be context specific.

scholarly journals Modern contraceptive utilization and its associated factors among married women in Senegal: a multilevel analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Betregiorgis Zegeye ◽  
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽  
Dina Idriss-Wheeler ◽  
Comfort Z. Olorunsaiye ◽  
Nicholas Kofi Adjei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Modern Contraceptives ◽  
Contraceptive Utilization ◽  
Modern Contraceptive Use

Abstract Background Utilization of modern contraceptives is still low in low-and middle-income countries, although fertility and population growth rates are high. In Senegal, modern contraceptive utilization is low, with few studies focusing on its associated factors. This study examined modern contraceptive use and its associated factors among married women in Senegal. Methods Data from the 2017 Continuous Demographic and Health Survey (C-DHS) on 11,394 married women was analysed. We examined the associations between the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of women and their partners and modern contraceptive use using multilevel logistic regression models. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Results The utilization of modern contraceptives among married women was 26.3%. Individual level factors associated with modern contraceptive use were women’s age (45–49 years-aOR = 0.44, 0.30–0.63), women’s educational level (higher-aOR = 1.88, 1.28–2.76) husband’s educational level (higher-aOR = 1.43, 1.10–1.85)), number of living children (5 or more children-aOR = 33.14, 19.20–57.22), ideal number of children (2 children-aOR = 1.95, 1.13–3.35), desire to have more children (wants no more-aOR = 2.46, 2.06–2.94), ethnicity (Diola-aOR = 0.70, 0.50–0.99), media exposure (yes-aOR = 1.44, 1.16–1.79)), wealth index (richer-aOR = 1.31, 1.03–1.67) and decision making power of women (decision making two-aOR = 1.20, 1.02–1.41). Whereas, region (Matam-aOR = 0.35, 0.23–0.53), place of residence (rural-aOR = 0.76, 0.63–0.93), community literacy level (high-aOR = 1.31, 1.01–1.71) and community knowledge level of modern contraceptives (high-aOR = 1.37, 1.13–1.67) were found as significant community level factors. Conclusions The findings indicate that both individual and community level factors are significantly associated with modern contraceptive use among married women in Senegal. Interventions should focus on enhancing literacy levels of women, their husbands and communities. Furthermore, strengthening awareness and attitude towards family planning should be given priority, especially in rural areas and regions with low resources.

scholarly journals Prevalence and dynamics of clinically significant bacterial contaminants in herbal medicines sold in East Africa from 2000 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Walusansa ◽  
Savina Asiimwe ◽  
Hussein. M. Kafeero ◽  
Iramiot. J. Stanley ◽  
Jamilu. E. Ssenku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
East African ◽  
African Region ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Public Health Protection

Abstract Background Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of mortality and morbidity around the world, and those caused by bacteria are common in the East African region. In this region, trade and consumption of herbal medicine has been expanding in the recent decades. Herbal medicines may be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria; however, there is limited information due to fragmented studies in East Africa. In this meta-analysis, we critically analyzed original research related to the incidence of pathogenic bacterial contaminants of HM in the East African region since 2000. The aim was to create a comprehensive understanding of the extent and dynamics of bacterial contamination in HM, to guide future research and concerted public health protection in the region. Methodology The study was conducted according to the standards of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. We searched and evaluated published articles from eleven electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, HerbMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Scifinder Scholar, Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, EMBASE, Biological Abstracts and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau Abstracts). Prevalences of different bacterial species, Cochran’s Q test, and the I2 statistic for heterogeneity were evaluated using a software called MedCalcs. Random and fixed effects models were used to determine the pooled prevalence of clinically significant bacteria from studies which were included in this meta-analysis. The potential sources of heterogeneity were examined through sensitivity analysis, sub-group analysis, and meta-regression at 95% level of significance. Results Fourteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Overall, the studies were highly heterogeneous (I2 = 98.48%) and there was no evidence of publication bias. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent contaminant. Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were the most frequently reported primary pathogens with pooled prevalence of 10.4% and 6.3%, respectively. Our findings are in tandem with recent systematic reviews conducted in Europe and Asia, but are in discrepancy with the reviews recently conducted in southern Africa. Conclusion and recommendations The East African herbal medicine industry poses considerable health risks to communities through dissemination of clinically significant bacteria. Presence of enteric bacterial contaminants indicates possible fecal pollution of herbal medicine region-wide. Adequate research pertaining to microbial safety of herbal medicine in the East African countries remains highly desired. The latter will enable establishment of strong, region-wide herbal safety mechanisms in order to support comprehensive public health protection in East Africa.

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