scholarly journals Impact of different control policies for COVID-19 outbreak on the air transportation industry: A comparison between China, the U.S. and Singapore

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248361
Author(s):  
Fanyu Meng ◽  
Wenwu Gong ◽  
Jun Liang ◽  
Xian Li ◽  
Yiping Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Mobility ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Air Cargo ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Freight Traffic ◽  
The U.S

Many countries have been implementing various control measures with different strictness levels to prevent the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from spreading. With the great reduction in human mobility and daily activities, considerable impacts have been imposed on the global air transportation industry. This study applies a hybrid SARIMA-based intervention model to measure the differences in the impacts of different control measures implemented in China, the U.S. and Singapore on air passenger and air freight traffic. To explore the effect of time span for the measures to be in force, two scenarios are invented, namely a long-term intervention and a short-term intervention, and predictions are made till the end of 2020 for all three countries under both scenarios. As a result, predictive patterns of the selected metrics for the three countries are rather different. China is predicted to have the mildest economic impact on the air transportation industry in this year in terms of air passenger revenue and air cargo traffic, provided that the control measures were prompt and effective. The U.S. would suffer from a far-reaching impact on the industry if the same control measures are maintained. More uncertainties are found for Singapore, as it is strongly associated with international travel demands. Suggestions are made for the three countries and the rest of the world on how to seek a balance between the strictness of control measures and the potential long-term industrial losses.

Afterword

2021 ◽  
pp. 244-248
Author(s):  
Michael J. Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Gay Rights ◽  
Marriage Equality ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Many ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Way

Gay rights and marriage equality have advanced so far in the U.S. in the past decade that it would be all too easy to assume that the struggle is over. The opponents of gay rights, however, remain powerful. Readers can take inspiration from how dramatically attitudes toward gay rights have liberalized in the past two decades and how transformative the liberalization of attitudes has been. We live in a world where political lies often seem to have the upper hand. It is worth remembering that despite the many short term advantages that lies can yield in politics, the truth has some long term advantages as well. The way the marriage equality movement prevailed should be a lesson to anyone who wants to make progressive social change.

scholarly journals the Butterfly Effect: Coronavirus may Redefine the Global Currency Landscape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoshan Liu
Keyword(s):  
National Debt ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
The U.S

In Trump’s political viewpoint, all problems within the U.S. were caused by external problems, such as the rise of China, and thus Trump has rejected globalism and took on the policy of ‘America First’. Trump’s policy inevitably leads to the decoupling between the U.S. and China, and the recent coronavirus outbreak may catalyze the decoupling process. In short term, the U.S. fiscal and monetary rescue plans may expose the national debt and deficit problems, hurting foreign countries’ confidence of the U.S. ability to pay its obligations. In long term, the U.S. has limited ability to stimulate economy without hurting the U.S. dollar’s supremacy; whereas China has a greater ability to coordinate fiscal and monetary policies to stimulate economy. May the decoupling continues, the U.S.-China capital war becomes inevitable and it may redefine the global currency landscape.

scholarly journals The evolving relationship between airline profitability and passenger satisfaction

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
Kent N Gourdin
Keyword(s):  
Airline Industry ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Passenger Satisfaction ◽  
The U.S

This paper examines the ongoing evolution of the U.S. airline industry under deregulation. After losing money for most of the past 35 years, carriers have made structural changes to their business models that have proven to be, at least in the short term, very profitable. After delineating these management actions, the paper examines their impact on passengers. The author utilizes the Service Quality Model to analyze the long-term implications of this new operating paradigm for passenger satisfaction. Based on this analysis the paper goes on to suggest several actions management could take to improve satisfaction. Finally, conclusions are offered and areas for additional research suggested.

scholarly journals Short-Term Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Spanish Small Ruminant Flocks

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Vidaurreta ◽  
Christian de la Fe ◽  
Juan Orengo ◽  
Ángel Gómez-Martín ◽  
Bernardino Benito
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Meat Market

The human pandemic COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in China in 2019 and has rapidly spread around the world, leading to extreme control measures such as population confinement and industry activity closure. Although small ruminants are not sanitary affected by this virus, the short-term economic impact derived by COVID-19 on Spanish flocks is estimated in this study, using data provided by producers and two major slaughterhouses. Milk prices of dairy goat flocks suffered a substantial drop in April 2020, close to 4.5 cts EUR/liter compared to the previous month. In contrast, the monthly milk prices in sheep remained almost stable during this period, and even increases of more than EUR 6 cts were reported in comparison with the previous year. Nevertheless, economical differences are reported by areas where producers could receive a higher income, close to EUR 0.3 per liter of milk. Global data provided by feedlots affecting 2750 Spanish flocks evidenced a lamb price drop ranging from 16.8% to 26.9% after the pandemic arrival; in line with the data directly reported by a limited sample of producers (ranging from 11.0% to 23.7%). The goat kid meat market also suffered a reduction in prices per kg, near 12.5%; although, for some flocks, losses reached up to 40%. In the same line, 2 slaughterhouses reported a sudden sacrifice drop around 27% for lambs and goat kids sacrifices in April, in contrast with the usual sacrifice figures from the beginning of 2020. Moreover, our study showed a temporary and unexpected retention of lambs and goat kids at farms due to a reduction in animals slaughtered during this period. In conclusion, data evidenced a considerable negative economic impact on Spanish small ruminant flocks, throughout the first 60 days after COVID-19’s pandemic declaration. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term economic consequences, in order to establish contingency plans and avoid the collapse of small ruminant industries when a crisis of these characteristics occurs.

Modelling the effectiveness of vaccination in controlling bovine tuberculosis in wild boar

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy G. Anderson ◽  
Christian Gortázar ◽  
Joaquin Vicente ◽  
Michael R. Hutchings ◽  
Piran C. L. White
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Western Spain

Context Bovine tuberculosis is a persistent disease of livestock in many parts of the world, especially where wildlife hosts co-exist with livestock. In south-western Spain, despite the widespread implementation of test-and-cull strategies for cattle, the herd prevalence in areas with high wild boar densities remains stable. The control of M. bovis infection in wild boar is likely to be essential for effective disease control in livestock. Methods We developed an individual-based model to evaluate whether vaccinating wild boar piglets with oral bait would be an effective strategy to reduce the prevalence of M. bovis infection in wild boar populations. Specifically, we quantified the proportion of piglets requiring vaccination and the number of years the vaccination programme would need to continue to eradicate bTB from wild boar within 25 years, comparing ‘managed’ populations on hunting estates where supplementary food is provided, with ‘unmanaged’, free-living populations. Successful vaccination was defined as the proportion of piglets that were delivered the vaccine and were effectively protected from infection. Key results Longer-term (25-year) vaccination strategies were more successful than short-term (5-year) strategies at either eradicating M. bovis or reducing it to below 90% of its original prevalence. M. bovis infection could be eradicated under a 25-year vaccination strategy if 80% of piglets were vaccinated in a managed population or 70% of piglets were vaccinated in an unmanaged population. In contrast, 5-year strategies in which 80% of piglets were vaccinated reduced the prevalence of M. bovis only by 27% or 8% in the managed and unmanaged populations, respectively. Conclusions The results of our simulation model, coupled with the promising results of initial vaccine and oral bait-uptake trials in wild boar indicated that vaccination could be an effective strategy to reduce the prevalence of M. bovis infection in wild boar if used in conjunction with other disease-control measures. Implications The vaccination of piglets over a long-term period has the potential to make an important contribution to the eradication of M. bovis infection from wild boar reservoirs in southern Spain.

scholarly journals Short-Term and Long-Term Feedstock Bio Jet Fuel for Green Environment of Air Transport in Climate Change Awareness

2012 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 572-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazariah Mohd Noh ◽  
Nurul Ain Md Zulkifly
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Air transportation and manageable cost is the key to determine the smooth running of the airlines. Today, the trend is changing with the environment generally and sustainability standards specifically. Responsibility towards environmental issues, in conjunction with safety and security, remains an essential promise for the aviation industry, even in the face of the economic downturn. IATA’s vision is for carbon-neutral growth on the way to a zero-emission future. This is being implemented through IATA’s four-pillar strategy: investing in technology, flying planes effectively, building efficient infrastructure and using positive economic measures (technology, operations, infrastructure and economic instruments). This paper will focus in the projection on biofuel as an alternative energy compromise reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in overview through short-term and long-term feedstock biomass. As environmental concerns are becoming clearer in general transportation systems, air transportation generates for its presence which must be considered in strategic planning development for the bio jet fuel to be implemented in near future in air transport operations for tenable greener skies.

scholarly journals Targeting Malaria Hotspots to Reduce Transmission Incidence in Senegal

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Kankoé Sallah ◽  
Roch Giorgi ◽  
El-Hadj Ba ◽  
Martine Piarroux ◽  
Renaud Piarroux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transmission Season ◽  
Additional Control ◽  
The Impact

In central Senegal, malaria incidence declined in response to scaling-up of control measures from 2000 to 2010 and has since remained stable, making elimination unlikely in the short term. Additional control measures are needed to reduce transmission. We simulated chemoprophylaxis interventions targeting malaria hotspots using a metapopulation mathematical model, based on a differential-equation framework and incorporating human mobility. The model was fitted to weekly malaria incidence from 45 villages. Three approaches for selecting intervention targets were compared: (a) villages with malaria cases during the low transmission season of the previous year; (b) villages with highest incidence during the high transmission season of the previous year; (c) villages with highest connectivity with adjacent populations. Our results showed that intervention strategies targeting hotspots would be effective in reducing malaria incidence in both targeted and untargeted areas. Regardless of the intervention strategy used, pre-elimination (1–5 cases per 1000 per year) would not be reached without simultaneously increasing vector control by more than 10%. A cornerstone of malaria control and elimination is the effective targeting of strategic locations. Mathematical tools help to identify those locations and estimate the impact in silico.

scholarly journals Occupational Exposure Estimate of Benzene and the Effectiveness of Control Measure in Gabon’s Gasoline Storage and Distribution Facility

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Francis Obame Nguema ◽  
Akihiro Tokai ◽  
Ibnu Susanto Joyosemito ◽  
Naoya Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Short Term ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Exposure Estimate ◽  
Benzene Concentration ◽  
Vapor Emissions

The processing of petroleum products in gasoline storage and distribution facility for loading operation, has caused the generation of vapor emissions sources. Benzene is one of those vapor emissions that workers are likely to be exposed at high exposure level during conducting out specific tasks such as loading gasoline to various petroleum storage transport modes. This results in many problems on human health such as cancer and non-cancer diseases. However, the estimate of benzene exposure to indicate the control measures has not been fully explored in previous researches. In this study, the occupational exposure estimate of benzene in Gabon’s gasoline storage and distribution facility was investigated by using a quantitative and predictive exposure inhalation model; to estimate benzene concentration before and after applying control measures. The results indicate that the benzene concentrations varied between 9.46 mg/m³ and 187 mg/m³ for short term and has the value of 187 mg/m³ for long term. The implementation of control measures including using vapor recovery system, chemical filter mask and improving worker’s behavior might contribute to significantly reduce benzene concentration to the range of 4.52 – 29.08 mg/m³ for short term and down to 4.55 mg/m³ for long term. This almost meets the Agency Governmental Industrial Hygienists standard, in which occupational exposure limit for short term and long term exposure is 8.1 mg/m³ and 3.16 mg/m³, respectively.

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