Distribution difference of colostrum-derived B and T cells subsets in gilts and sows

Piglets are highly vulnerable to infections, but colostrum provides them with some protection. The function of colostrum components is unknown, as is if the amount and subsets of leukocytes in colostrum differ between gilts and sows. This study serially characterized leukocyte populations in colostrum for differential leukocyte counts. Differences in humoral and cellular composition of colostrum between 40 gilts and 40 sows (parities orders 3–4) from a commercial herd were examined. Flow cytometry is a useful tool to identify and quantify leukocyte subsets in sow colostrum. Overall, there were no (p ≥ 0.05) parity differences in total macrophages, granulocytes, and T and B cells. However, the sows’ colostrum presented significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) T lymphocyte subsets than gilts, such as central memory CD4+T cells, effector memory CD4+T cells, and central memory CD8+T cells. Among B-lymphocytes, percentages of SWC7+CD5+ cells were significantly higher in sow colostrum than in that of gilts. As expected, IgG concentrations were significantly higher in sows than in gilts. Colostrum from sows had significantly greater mitogenic activity than colostrum from gilts and this fact can be associated with the potential to accelerate the maturation of a newborn’s gastrointestinal tract. Our findings suggest that parity order may be one among other factors influencing the cell population and, consequently, the immune adaptive response in piglets that induces neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to antigens.

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Comparative analysis of cellular immune responses in conventional and SPF Baboons (Papio spp.)

10.1101/455881 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth R Magden ◽

Bharti P. Nehete ◽

Sriram Chitta ◽

Lawrence E. Williams ◽

Joe H Simmons ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Lymphocyte Subsets ◽

Effector Memory ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Phenotypic Differences ◽

Successful Model ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Cellular Immune

AbstractBaboons (papio spp.) have served as a successful model of human disease such as cardiac and respiratory, infectious, diabetes, genetics, immunology, aging, and xenotransplantation. The development of an immunologically defined specific-pathogen free (SPF) baboon model has further advanced research, especially with studies involving the immune system and immunosuppression. In this study, we compare normal immunological changes of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets, and their function in age-matched conventional and SPF baboons. Our results demonstrate that both groups have comparable numbers of different lymphocyte subsets, but there are phenotypic differences in central and effector memory T cells subsets that are more pronounced in the CD4+ T cells. Despite equal proportions of CD3+ T cells among the conventional and SPF baboon groups, PBMC show higher proliferative responses to mitogens PHA and PWM and higher IFN-γ producing cells to Con A and PWM in the conventional group. Plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α were significantly higher in SPF baboons. Exposure of PBMC from conventional baboons to various Toll like ligands (TLR ligands) TLR-3, TLR-4 and TLR-8 show higher IFN-γ producing cells while PBMC from SPF baboons stimulated with TLR-5 and TLR-6 ligand show higher IFN-γ producing cells. These findings suggest that while the lymphocyte subsets in conventional and SPF baboons share many phenotypic and functional similarities, specific differences exist in immune function of lymphocytes which could impact the quality and quantity of innate and adaptive immune responses. These differences should be considered for better experimental outcomes, specifically in studies measuring immunological endpoints.

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Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a heterologous COVID-19 prime-boost vaccination compared with homologous vaccine regimens

10.1101/2021.06.13.21258859 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tina Schmidt ◽

Verena Klemis ◽

David Schub ◽

Janine Mihm ◽

Franziska Hielscher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Expression Profiling ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Cd8 T Cell ◽

Vector Vaccine ◽

Cellular Immune Responses ◽

Specific Igg ◽

Cellular Immune ◽

Polyfunctional T Cells

Heterologous priming with the ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 vector-vaccine followed by boosting with an mRNA-vaccine is currently recommended in Germany, although data on immunogenicity and reactogenicity are not available. Here we show that the heterologous regimen induced spike-specific IgG, neutralizing antibodies, and spike-specific CD4 T-cells, which were significantly more pronounced than after homologous vector boost, and higher or comparable in magnitude to the homologous mRNA regimens. Moreover, spike-specific CD8 T-cell levels after heterologous vaccination were significantly higher than after both homologous regimens. Cytokine expression profiling showed a predominance of polyfunctional T-cells expressing IFNγ, TNFα and IL-2 with subtle differences between regimens. Both recipients of the homologous vector-regimen and the heterologous vector/mRNA-combination were most affected by the priming vector-vaccination, whereas heterologous boosting was well tolerated and comparable to homologous mRNA-boosting. Taken together, heterologous vector-mRNA boosting induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses with acceptable reactogenicity profile. This knowledge will have implications for future vaccine strategies.

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Phenotypic Definition of Effector and Memory T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Mice Chronically Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00368-09 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 618-625 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Marcela I. Henao-Tamayo ◽

Diane J. Ordway ◽

Scott M. Irwin ◽

Shaobin Shang ◽

Crystal Shanley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Memory T Cells ◽

Central Memory ◽

Effector Memory ◽

T Lymphocyte Subsets ◽

Potential Reservoir ◽

Effector Memory Cells ◽

Definition Of

ABSTRACT The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains one of the world's most successful pathogens, a situation that is aggravated by the fact that the existing vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, is not effective in adults. As with any vaccine, the purpose of giving BCG vaccination is to establish a long-lived state of memory immunity, but whether this is successfully completely established is still unclear. It is generally accepted that memory T cells can be divided into central and effector memory populations by function and by phenotype; however, the majority of data supporting this division have been generated using transgenic mouse models or mice that have recovered from acute viral infections. Tuberculosis, on the other hand, represents a persistent, chronic state of immunity in which the presence of memory T cells is far less well defined. We show here that mice vaccinated with BCG or chronically infected with M. tuberculosis establish antigen-specific populations of cells within the lungs that predominantly express a cellular phenotype consistent with their being effector or effector memory cells. In contrast, cells with a central memory phenotype exist in much lower numbers in the lungs but can be found in significantly larger numbers in the spleen, where they may represent a potential reservoir. These data suggest that the effector-to-central-memory T-cell transition may well be minimal in these persisting mycobacterial infections, and they support a novel hypothesis that this may explain the fundamental basis of the failure of the BCG vaccine in humans.

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Comparative Analysis of Cellular Immune Responses in Conventional and SPF Olive Baboons (Papio anubis)

Comparative Medicine ◽

10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000035 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 160-169

Author(s):

Elizabeth R Magden ◽

Bharti P Nehete ◽

Sriram Chitta ◽

Lawrence E Williams ◽

Joe H Simmons ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Lymphocyte Subsets ◽

T Cell Subsets ◽

Pokeweed Mitogen ◽

Effector Memory ◽

Papio Anubis ◽

Phenotypic Differences ◽

Olive Baboons ◽

Cellular Immune

Olive baboons (P. anubis) have provided a useful model of human diseases and conditions, including cardiac, respiratory, and infectious diseases; diabetes; and involving genetics, immunology, aging, and xenotransplantation. The development of a immunologically defined SPF baboons has advanced research further, especially for studies involving the immune system and immunosuppression. In this study, we compare normal immunologic changes of PBMC subsets, and their function in age-matched conventional and SPF baboons. Our results revealed that both groups have comparable numbers of different lymphocyte subsets, but phenotypic differences in central and effector memory T-cell subsets are more pronounced in CD4+ T cells. Despite equal proportions of CD3+ T cells among the conventional and SPF baboons, PBMC from the conventional group showed greater proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen and higher numbers of IFNγ-producing cells after stimulation with concanavalin A or pokeweed mitogen, whereas plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα were significantly higher in SPF baboons. Exposure of PBMC from conventional baboons to various Toll-like (TLR) ligands, including TLR3, TLR4, and TLR8, yielded increased numbers of IFNγ producing cells, whereas PBMC from SPF baboons stimulated with TLR5 or TLR6 ligand had more IFNγ-producing cells. These findings suggest that although lymphocyte subsets share many phenotypic and functional similarities in conventional and SPF baboons, specific differences in the immune function of lymphocytes could differentially influence the quality and quantity of their innate and adaptive immune responses. These differences should be considered in interpreting experimental outcomes, specifically in studies measuring immunologic endpoints.

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Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/mRNA vaccination

Nature Medicine ◽

10.1038/s41591-021-01464-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tina Schmidt ◽

Verena Klemis ◽

David Schub ◽

Janine Mihm ◽

Franziska Hielscher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Healthy Adult ◽

Vector Vaccine ◽

Cellular Immune Responses ◽

Specific Igg ◽

Cellular Immune ◽

Rna Vaccine

AbstractHeterologous priming with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vector vaccine followed by boosting with a messenger RNA vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) is currently recommended in Germany, although data on immunogenicity and reactogenicity are not available. In this observational study we show that, in healthy adult individuals (n = 96), the heterologous vaccine regimen induced spike-specific IgG, neutralizing antibodies and spike-specific CD4 T cells, the levels of which which were significantly higher than after homologous vector vaccine boost (n = 55) and higher or comparable in magnitude to homologous mRNA vaccine regimens (n = 62). Moreover, spike-specific CD8 T cell levels after heterologous vaccination were significantly higher than after both homologous regimens. Spike-specific T cells were predominantly polyfunctional with largely overlapping cytokine-producing phenotypes in all three regimens. Recipients of both the homologous vector regimen and the heterologous vector/mRNA combination reported greater reactogenicity following the priming vector vaccination, whereas heterologous boosting was well tolerated and comparable to homologous mRNA boosting. Taken together, heterologous vector/mRNA boosting induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses with acceptable reactogenicity profiles.

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MIP-1α and MIP-1β differentially mediate mucosal and systemic adaptive immunity

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2002-07-2305 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 101 (3) ◽

pp. 807-814 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

James W. Lillard ◽

Udai P. Singh ◽

Prosper N. Boyaka ◽

Shailesh Singh ◽

Dennis D. Taub ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Cd8 T Cells ◽

Host Cells ◽

Secretory Iga ◽

Specific Cell ◽

Cellular Immune Responses ◽

Cc Chemokines ◽

Cellular Immune

AbstractMacrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and MIP-1β are distinct but highly homologous CC chemokines produced by a variety of host cells in response to various external stimuli and share affinity for CCR5. To better elucidate the role of these CC chemokines in adaptive immunity, we have characterized the affects of MIP-1α and MIP-1β on cellular and humoral immune responses. MIP-1α stimulated strong antigen (Ag)–specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM responses, while MIP-1β promoted lower IgG and IgM but higher serum IgA and IgE antibody (Ab) responses. MIP-1α elevated Ag-specific IgG1 and IgG2b followed by IgG2a and IgG3 subclass responses, while MIP-1β only stimulated IgG1 and IgG2b subclasses. Correspondingly, MIP-1β produced higher titers of Ag-specific mucosal secretory IgA Ab levels when compared with MIP-1α. Splenic T cells from MIP-1α– or MIP-1β–treated mice displayed higher Ag-specific Th1 (interferon-γ [IFN-γ]) as well as selective Th2 (interleukin-5 [IL-5] and IL-6) cytokine responses than did T cells from control groups. Interestingly, mucosally derived T cells from MIP-1β–treated mice displayed higher levels of IL-4 and IL-6 compared with MIP-1α–treated mice. However, MIP-1α effectively enhanced Ag-specific cell-mediated immune responses. In correlation with their selective effects on humoral and cellular immune responses, these chemokines also differentially attract CD4+ versus CD8+ T cells and modulate CD40, CD80, and CD86 expressed by B220+ cells as well as CD28, 4-1BB, and gp39 expression by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Taken together, these studies suggest that these CC chemokines differentially enhance mucosal and serum humoral as well as cellular immune responses.

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A single immunization with a rhabdovirus-based vector expressing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) S protein results in the production of high levels of SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibodies

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.80844-0 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 86 (5) ◽

pp. 1435-1440 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Milosz Faber ◽

Elaine W. Lamirande ◽

Anjeanette Roberts ◽

Amy B. Rice ◽

Hilary Koprowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Protein S ◽

S Protein ◽

Cellular Immune Responses ◽

Glycoprotein G ◽

Cellular Immune ◽

Animal Reservoirs ◽

S Genes

Foreign viral proteins expressed by rabies virus (RV) have been shown to induce potent humoral and cellular immune responses in immunized animals. In addition, highly attenuated and, therefore, very safe RV-based vectors have been constructed. Here, an RV-based vaccine vehicle was utilized as a novel vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). For this approach, the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (N) or envelope spike protein (S) genes were cloned between the RV glycoprotein G and polymerase L genes. Recombinant vectors expressing SARS-CoV N or S protein were recovered and their immunogenicity was studied in mice. A single inoculation with the RV-based vaccine expressing SARS-CoV S protein induced a strong SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibody response. The ability of the RV-SARS-CoV S vector to confer immunity after a single inoculation makes this live vaccine a promising candidate for eradication of SARS-CoV in animal reservoirs, thereby reducing the risk of transmitting the infection to humans.

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Enhanced Infiltration of Central Memory T Cells to the Lung Tissue during Allergic Lung Inflammation

International Archives of Allergy and Immunology ◽

10.1159/000518835 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Mashael Alabed ◽

Asma Sultana Shaik ◽

Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari ◽

Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari ◽

Shirin Hafezi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Lung Tissue ◽

Lung Inflammation ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Memory T Cells ◽

Central Memory ◽

Effector Memory ◽

Differential Distribution ◽

Allergic Lung Inflammation

Memory T cells play a central role in regulating inflammatory responses during asthma. However, tissue distribution of effector memory (TEM) and central memory (TCM) T-cell subtypes, their differentiation, and their contribution to the persistence of lung tissue inflammation during asthma are not well understood. Interestingly, an increase in survival and persistence of memory T cells was reported in asthmatic lungs, which may suggest a shift toward the more persistent TCM phenotype. In this report, we investigated the differential distribution of memory T-cell subtypes during allergic lung inflammation and the mechanism regulating that. Using an OVA-sensitized asthma mouse model, we observed a significant increase in the frequency of TCM cells in inflamed lungs compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, adoptive transfer techniques confirmed substantial infiltration of TCM cells to lung tissues during allergic airway inflammation. Expression levels of TCM homing receptors, CD34 and GlyCAM-1, were also significantly upregulated in the lung tissues of OVA-sensitized mice, which may facilitate the increased TCM infiltration into inflamed lungs. Moreover, a substantial increase in the relative expression of TCM profile-associated genes (EOMES, BCL-6, ID3, TCF-7, BCL-2, BIM, and BMI-1) was noted for TEM cells during lung inflammation, suggesting a shift for TEM into the TCM state. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an increased infiltration of TCM cells into inflamed lung tissues and to suggest differentiation of TEM to TCM cells in these tissues. Therapeutic interference at TCM infiltration or differentiations could constitute an alternative treatment approach for lung inflammation.

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Assessment of the Percentages of T-lymphocyte Subsets in the Peripheral Blood of Mediterranean Spotted Fever Patients

Trakia Journal of Sciences ◽

10.15547/tjs.2020.02.004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 111-119

Author(s):

Iv. Baltadzhiev ◽

P. Pavlov

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Disease Severity ◽

T Lymphocyte ◽

Lymphocyte Subsets ◽

Spotted Fever ◽

Healing Process ◽

Cell Subset ◽

Rickettsia Conorii ◽

Mediterranean Spotted Fever ◽

T Lymphocyte Subsets

Purpose: Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) is a rickettsial disease. The aim was to evaluate the host immunе response to Rickettsia conorii. Material and methods: 62 patients were assigned into three groups: with mild, moderate or severe clinical forms of MSF. Controls were 32 healthy individuals. The diagnosis of MSF was confirmed by the indirect immunofluorescence assay. Immunophenotyping was performed using Epics XL-MCL Coulter. Results: The percentage of immune competent (CD3+) cells decreased, whereas that of helper/inducer (CD3+CD4+) and suppressor/cytotoxic (CD3+CD8+) did not change compared to controls. All three T-cell subset percentages did not parallel the disease severity. Naïve T-cells (CD4+CD45RA+) showed reduced levels, whereas activated memory (CD4+CD45RO+) T-cells did not change significantly. The percentage of activated (CD3+HLA-DR+) T-cells increased regardless of the disease severity, till the rise of stimulatory molecules (CD38+total) matched the disease severity forms. The percentage of costimulatory CD28-molecules corresponded to the disease severity as their levels increased significantly in mild forms and showed an evident downward trend towards the severe ones. Conclusion: Reduced T-lymphocyte subsets are likely related to trans-migration into perivascular inflammatory foci. The increased percentage of T-lymphocytes armed with stimulatory molecules probably reflects the mobilization of cell-mediated immune response in the healing process.

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