scholarly journals Multiple dimensions of social motivation in adult female degus

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250219
Author(s):  
Navdeep K. Lidhar ◽  
Ayushi Thakur ◽  
Anna-Julia David ◽  
Kaori Takehara-Nishiuchi ◽  
Nathan Insel
Keyword(s):  
Social Motivation ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Clustering Method ◽  
Relationship Formation ◽  
Social Touch ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Pair Bonds ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Vocal Interactions

Many animals become more motivated to interact after a period of isolation. This phenomenon may involve general drives, e.g. for social touch or companionship, as well as drives that are specific to particular peers, and which ultimately serve to reestablish relationships between the individuals. Female degus are known to be affiliative with multiple other individuals, including unrelated and unfamiliar conspecifics, offering an opportunity to study social motivation independent from exclusive pair-bonds or overt, same-sex competition. We attempted to disentangle factors driving peer interaction by examining reunion behavior across several social isolation and separation manipulations. High levels of interaction were observed between adult females who had been separated even without isolation, revealing a drive to re-establish relationships with specific peers. The content of separation-only reunions differed from isolation, with the latter involving more early-session interaction, higher levels of allogrooming before rear-sniffing, and a higher ratio of chitter vocalizations. To assess whether post-isolation behavior was related to stress, we examined reunions following a non-social (footshock) stressor. Like isolation, footshock increased early-session interactions, but did not increase allogrooming before rear-sniffing or chittering, as compared with controls. To test whether separation-only reunion behavior shared qualities with relationship formation, we also examined reunions of new (stranger) dyads. Strangers exhibited higher levels of interaction than cagemates, with particularly high levels of late-session rear-sniffing. Like separation-only reunions, strangers showed more non-chitter vocalizations and lower levels of allogrooming before rear-sniffing. Across experiments, an exploratory clustering method was used to identify vocalizations that differed between conditions. This yielded promising leads for future investigation, including a chaff-type syllable that may have been more common during relationship renewal. Overall, results are consistent with the hypothesis that female degu reunions are supported by both general and peer-stimulus specific drives, expressed through the structure of physical and vocal interactions over time.

scholarly journals Prolonged partner separation erodes nucleus accumbens transcriptional signatures of pair bonding in male prairie voles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie M Sadino ◽  
Xander G Bradeen ◽  
Conor J Kelly ◽  
Deena M Walker ◽  
Zoe R Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Pair Bond ◽  
Pair Bonding ◽  
Partner Preference ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Prairie Voles ◽  
Pair Bonds ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Over Time

The loss of a spouse is often cited as the most traumatic event in a person's life. However, for most people, the severity of grief and its maladaptive effects subside over time via an understudied adaptive process. Like humans, socially monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) form opposite-sex pair bonds, and upon partner separation, show behavioral and neuroendocrine stress phenotypes that diminish over time. Eventually, they can form a new bond, a key indicator of adapting to the loss of their partner. Thus, prairie voles provide an ethologically-relevant model for examining neuromolecular changes that emerge following partner separation for adapting to loss. Here, we test the hypothesis that extended partner separation diminishes pair bond-associated behaviors (partner preference and selective aggression) and causes pair bond transcriptional signatures to erode. Pairs were cohoused for 2 weeks and then either remained paired or were separated for 48hrs or 4wks before collecting fresh nucleus accumbens tissue for RNAseq. In a separate cohort, we assessed partner preference and selective aggression at these time points. Surprisingly, pair bond-associated behaviors persist despite prolonged separation and are similar between same-sex and opposite-sex paired voles. In contrast, we found that opposite-sex pair bonding, as compared with same-sex pairing, led to changes in accumbal transcription that were stably maintained as long as animals remained paired but eroded following prolonged partner separation. Eroded genes are primarily associated with gliogenesis and myelination, suggesting a previously undescribed role for glia in maintaining pair bonds and adapting to partner loss. We further reasoned that relevant neuronal transcriptional changes may have been masked by the prominent transcriptional signals associated with glia. Thus, we pioneered neuron-specific translating ribosomal affinity purification in voles. Neuronally-enriched transcriptional changes revealed dopaminergic-, mitochondrial-, and steroid hormone signaling-associated gene clusters whose expression patterns are sensitive to acute pair bond disruption and loss adaptation. Together, our results suggest that partner separation results in erosion of transcriptomic signatures of pair bonding despite core behavioral features of the bond remaining intact, revealing potential molecular processes central to priming a vole to be able to form a new bond.

scholarly journals WHICH ASPECTS OF HEALTH PREDICT LATE-LIFE SOCIAL INTEGRATION OVER TIME?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S618-S619
Author(s):  
Masahiro Toyama ◽  
Masahiro Toyama ◽  
Heather R Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Objective Health ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Associations between late-life social integration and health have been found to be reciprocal. The present study focuses on the direction of health predicting social integration as it is not yet fully understood how different aspects of health may affect social integration. Using two-wave data from a community-based sample (N = 413, mean age 80 at baseline), the present study investigates whether depressive symptoms, chronic health conditions, functional limitations, and self-rated health independently predicted multiple dimensions of social integration over two years. The results of multiple regression and path analyses indicated that self-rated health was the most consistent predictor for social integration over time as the other health measures predicted no or fewer dimensions of social integration. Subjective perception of health appeared to have greater implications for social integration over time than more objective health symptoms/conditions. These findings highlight the important role of subjective health for maintaining late-life social integration.

scholarly journals The Influence of Romantic Rejection on Change in Ideal Standards, Ideal Flexibility, and Self-Perceived Mate Value

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolyn Charlot ◽  
Rhonda Nicole Balzarini ◽  
Lorne Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Formation Processes ◽  
Mate Value ◽  
Relationship Formation ◽  
Partner Characteristics ◽  
Ideal Standards ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Ideal

Research has shown that ideal romantic standards predict future partner characteristics and influence existing relationships, but how standards develop and change among single individuals has yet to be explored. Using the Ideal Standards Model, the present study sought to determine whether repeated experiences of romantic rejection and acceptance over time influence ideal standards, ideal flexibility, and self-perceived mate value (N = 208). Per expectations, results suggest repeated experiences of rejection result in decreases in ideal standards and self-perceived mate value and increases in ideal flexibility, though no effects emerged for acceptance. Given the predictive nature of ideal standards and the influence rejection has on such, findings from this study contribute to a greater understanding of relationship formation processes. OSF: osf.io/qy93h/

Paternal Relationships With Sons and Daughters

2021 ◽  
pp. 331-354
Author(s):  
Lambrianos Nikiforidis
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Traditional Family ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
The Family ◽  
The One ◽  
Parental Bias ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines paternal relationships with sons and daughters. Identity drives investment (and parental investment in particular), because people invest in that which aligns with their identity. And biological sex drives identity. These two ideas combined imply that a parent-offspring match in biological sex can influence parental favoritism in a systematic manner, an idea supported by recent empirical studies. This parental bias of concordant-sex favoritism can have broad implications, outside the context of the traditional family structure. In single parent or same-sex parent households, the consequences of this bias can be even stronger, because there would not be an opposite-direction bias from the other parent to even things out. This favoritism could have even broader ramifications, entirely outside the context of the family. On the one hand, whenever social norms dictate that men should control a family’s financial decisions, then sons may systematically receive more resources than daughters. This asymmetry in investment would then result in ever-increasing advantages that persist over time. On the other hand, if women are a family’s primary shoppers, this can manifest in subtle but chronic favoritism for daughters.

Family Provision in New Zealand and Australia

2020 ◽  
pp. 450-476
Author(s):  
Nicola Peart ◽  
Prue Vines
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Reproductive Techniques ◽  
The Common ◽  
Over Time

New Zealand and Australia are named in that order in the title because New Zealand was the first to develop the discretionary family provision jurisdiction, in 1900, that now applies in New Zealand, Australia, and much of the common law world. This allows courts to make awards to family members from the estate of the deceased. Originally benefitting only the surviving spouse and children, family provision has extended the rules of eligibility in line with changes in the meaning of ‘family’. So as well as spouses, claims can also, in many of the Australasian jurisdictions, be made by civil partners, cohabitants, and same-sex partners. Most jurisdictions have also broadened the class of eligible children to include grandchildren and stepchildren who were being maintained by the deceased as well as children born of new reproductive techniques. Both New Zealand and Australia have significant indigenous populations and their eligibility to claim family provision is modified to accord with their customary law. Over time, the courts have adopted a much broader view of a deceased’s ‘moral duty’ to his or her family, particularly in regard to claims by adult children. The size of awards has increased correspondingly. The chapter discusses this development, as well as the increasing relevance of Indigenous customary law and how the courts deal with disentitling conduct. In view of the greatly expanded scope of family provision in New Zealand and Australia, testamentary freedom may be only an illusion in these jurisdictions.

Sexual Identity Development and Synthesis among LGB-Identified and LGB Dis-Identified Persons

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Yarhouse ◽  
Erica S. N. Tan ◽  
Lisa M. Pawlowski
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Identity Development ◽  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Multiple Outcomes ◽  
Sexual Identity Development ◽  
Religiously Affiliated ◽  
Sex Attraction ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Identity Synthesis

What are the key milestone events that facilitate sexual identity among persons who experience same-sex attraction? Do those milestone events lead to one outcome, or are multiple outcomes possible with respect to how sexual identity develops and synthesizes over time? This initial pilot study compared 14 religiously-affiliated persons who integrated their experiences of same-sex attraction into a lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) identity synthesis, with 14 religiously-affiliated persons who dis-identified with a LGB-affirming ideology and pursued an alternative identity synthesis. We identified influences that facilitated an individual identifying with LGB-affirming ideologies and the individuals/subcultures that embrace such ideologies, and influences that facilitated an individual dis-identifying with LGB-affirming ideologies and the individuals/subcultures that embrace such ideologies.

How the 2017 same-sex marriage postal survey and the 2017 Queensland state election underscore the ‘two Queenslands’ thesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Niels Kraaier
Keyword(s):  
Postal Survey ◽  
The State ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
The South ◽  
Same Sex Marriage ◽  
Cultural Form ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Over Time

AbstractBased on an analysis of the 2017 same-sex marriage postal survey results and the results of the 2017 Queensland state election, this paper observes that residents of the south-east corner of the state appear to adopt feminine values as opposed to the masculinity for which Queensland is known. The results underscore the ‘two Queenslands’ thesis, which posits that the single geographic state of Queensland has cleaved over time into two entities quite distinct in their economic, political, social and cultural form. Moreover, they add fuel to the debate about secession. As residents of the south-east continue to develop their own identity, the desire for a state of South-East Queensland could at some point become a realistic scenario.

Social Distance Perceptions of Elementary School Children in Age-Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Classroom Settings

1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence W. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Grouping Practices ◽  
Differential Development ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Intergroup Behavior ◽  
Age And Sex

Social distance ratings of the same 87 8-, 9-, and 10-yr.-old children in both age-heterogeneous and age-homogeneous classrooms were examined. Cross-age/same-age and cross-sex/same-sex ratings as well as differences between age-heterogeneous and -homogeneous settings were examined utilizing a complex within-subjects analysis of variance design. Children's social distance indices were significantly differentiated by their age, their sex, and the age and sex of the children who rated them. Cross-age and cross-sex ratings were significantly greater than same-age/sex ratings. Older children had the least while younger children had the greatest mean social distance scores. Ratings by same-age peers in age-heterogeneous settings were significantly lower than in age-homogeneous settings. The data are explained using Tajfel's (1982) and Reykowski's (1982) theories concerning differential intergroup behavior and social motivation. Social distance patterns are discussed and related to differential development of social competence of boys and girls. The effects of multi-age grouping practices upon children's perceptions of social distance are discussed with regard to the development of healthy classroom climates.

Do Social Functioning Problems of Premature Children Persist Between 7 and 11 Years of Age?

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Line Nadeau ◽  
Eva Oslejskova ◽  
Réjean Tessier
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
The Social ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Reputation Effects ◽  
Over Time

A number of studies report that from the first years of life, preterm children have more difficulty self-regulating and communicating in their social group. If these children show signs of difficulty adjusting socially, the question then is whether or not these problems continue and persist over time. The objective is to observe the combined effects of birth status and the passage of time on the resolution/persistence of the social problems. At age 7, the social adjustment of 96 extremely preterm (EP) children was assessed in a school setting, and 82 (85%) were followed at 11 years, and matched with three healthy term peers of the same sex and socioeconomic status (SES) recruited in the same classroom. A total of 375 children have been “casted” by their classmates in social roles through a sociometric interview at 7 and 11 years. The findings indicate a customary stability in term children but persistent or even increasing problems of victimization in EP children and a decrease of aggressiveness over time in the EP boys subgroup. Moreover, we found persistent social isolation problems in the subgroup of EP girls at 7 and 11 years. It can be concluded that prematurity is associated with a process of social marginalization that results from both the children’s very limitations and the resultant reputation effects. At these ages, any discrepancy is quickly judged as a weakness that children do not want to be associated with. Furthermore, the passage of time confirms this and reinforces the marginalization process.

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