scholarly journals Knowledge and beliefs about the use/abuse of oral contraceptive pills among males: A mixed-method explanatory sequential study in community pharmacy settings

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251302
Author(s):  
Muna Barakat ◽  
Raja’a Al-Qudah ◽  
Amal Akour ◽  
Mona Abu-Asal ◽  
Samar Thiab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Sequential Study ◽  
Knowledge And Beliefs ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Depth Interviews

Background Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are considered one of the most important birth control methods globally. However, these pills were designed for female administration rather than males. This study was designed to investigate patterns of OCPs use and abuse among Jordanian males, according to the community pharmacists’ observations. Method A mixed-method explanatory sequential study was conducted using an online self-administered survey, followed by semi-structured in-depth interviews for registered pharmacists, assistant pharmacists and pharmacy interns. The interviews were utilized using a conceptual framework. Inductive thematic analysis and descriptive/regression analyses were completed using Nvivo and SPSS, respectively. Results A total of 158 questionnaire responses and 22 interviews were included in our analysis. Around half (48.4%) of the questionnaire responses confirmed that males could use OCPs for hair growth enhancement, muscle gain and acne treatment 12.7%, 31.7% and 4.4%, respectively. Through the interviews, the participating pharmacists highlighted that males use OCPs mostly for bodybuilding purposes, according to recommendations by their coaches at the gym. The most abused OCPs containing estrogen (Ethinyl estradiol) and progestins (Drospirenone or Levonorgestrel). Conclusion This study provided insight into unexpected uses of OCPs by males in Jordan. Community pharmacists have a crucial role in the management of OCPs use and abuse. However, restricted regulations and monitoring must be released and implemented on the community to limit such practices.

scholarly journals The Use/Abuse of Oral Contraceptive Pills Among Males: A Mixed-Method Explanatory Sequential Study Over Jordanian Community Pharmacists

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muna M. Barakat ◽  
Raja’a A. Al-Qudah ◽  
Amal Akour ◽  
Mona Abu-Asal ◽  
Samar Thiab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Sequential Study ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Inductive Thematic Analysis

AbstractBackgroundOral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are considered one of the most important birth control methods in the world. However, these pills were designed for female administration rather than males. This study was designed to investigate patterns of OCPs use and abuse among Jordanian males, according to the community pharmacists’ observations.MethodA mixed-method explanatory sequential study was conducted using an online self - administered survey and semi-structured in-depth interviews for community pharmacists. The interviews were utilized using a conceptual framework. Inductive thematic analysis and descriptive/regression analyses were completed using Nvivo and SPSS, respectively.ResultsA total of 158 questionnaire responses and 22 interviews were included in our analysis. Around half (48.4%) of the questionnaire responses confirmed that males could use OCPs for hair growth enhancement, muscle gain and acne treatment 12.7%, 31.7% and 4.4%, respectively. Through the interviews, the majority of the pharmacists highlighted that most of the males use OCPs for bodybuilding purposes, according to recommendations by their coaches at the gym. The most abused OCPs containing estrogen (Ethinyl estradiol) and progestins (Drospirenone or Levonorgestrel).ConclusionThis study provided insight into unexpected uses of OCPs by males in Jordan. Community pharmacists have a crucial role in the management of OCPs use and abuse, However, restricted regulations and monitoring must be released and implemented on the community to limit such practices.

scholarly journals Extended-Cycle Oral Contraceptive Pills with 10 μG Ethinyl Estradiol Pills in Place of Placebo Pills

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita L Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Unscheduled Bleeding ◽  
Birth Control Pills ◽  
Extended Cycle ◽  
Stimulation Of

The elimination of monthly withdrawal bleeding with use of extended-cycle (84 pills) monophasic birth-control pills has modernized oral contraceptives. The use of ethinyl estradiol 10 μg pills in place of the seven placebo pills addresses the problems posed by 21/7 formulations of low-dose birth-control pills, which allow early stimulation of ovarian follicles, and of the early 84/7 formulations, which had higher rates of unscheduled bleeding and spotting.

scholarly journals Efficacy and Safety of Ultra Low Dose Oral Contraceptive Pills in Rural Indian Women - A Prospective, Open Label Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 618-622
Author(s):  
Sheela Raghavendra Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Combined Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Dose Oral ◽  
Dose Oral Contraceptive

BACKGROUND Combined oral contraceptive pills are the most effective temporary contraception methods and are used by approximately 60 - 80 million eligible women throughout the world. It is the oestrogen component of the combined oral contraceptive (COC) which is responsible for the undesirable and serious side effects such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). So, there has been a constant effort to reduce the amount of ethinyl estradiol (EE) while maintaining its contraceptive efficacy. This study was aimed at studying the safety and efficacy of ultralow dose combined oral contraceptive (containing 15 mcg EE + 60 mcg gestodene) in rural Indian women. METHODS The study was done at Rama Medical College, Mandhana, Kanpur, among 70 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The patients were given ULDOCP and followed up for 6 months. The patients followed the regime of one tablet of ULDOCP daily from day 1 to day 24 of the menstrual cycle with 4 days pill free period before starting the next pack. RESULTS Seventy patients completed the study till 3 months and fifty patients completed the study till 6 months. Break through bleeding (BTB) was the only prominent side effect which was reduced in subsequent cycles and our patients tolerated this well. No pregnancy resulted. The ULDCOP was very well accepted by those women who were counselled about possible side effects and their harmless nature before starting the study. It was found that the users were satisfied with the use of ULDOCP. All side effects were significantly lower after 2 months of use and there were no serious side effects. CONCLUSIONS The 24 / 4 ULDOCP regimen seems to be a safe and effective contraceptive method for use in rural population after properly counselling them. The reduced pill free interval of 4 days offered additional advantages. KEYWORDS Ultra-Low Dose Oral Contraceptive Pills (ULDOCP), Ethinyl Estradiol (EE), Safe Contraception, Gestodene, BTB (Break Through Bleeding)

Endothelial function across an oral contraceptive cycle in women using levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (6) ◽  
pp. H2874-H2880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britta N. Torgrimson ◽  
Jessica R. Meendering ◽  
Paul F. Kaplan ◽  
Christopher T. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Placebo Phase

Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are a popular contraception method. Currently, lower-dose ethinyl estradiol formulations are most commonly prescribed, although they have been linked to increased arterial vascular risk. The aim of this study was to investigate endothelial function in healthy young women using lower-dose ethinyl estradiol OCPs. We examined flow-mediated, endothelium-dependent and nitroglycerin-mediated, endothelium-independent vasodilation of the brachial artery, comparing two doses of ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel OCPs in 15 healthy young women on two study days: once during the active phase and once during the placebo phase of an OCP cycle. Group low dose (LD) ( n = 7) active pills contained 150 μg levonorgestrel/30 μg ethinyl estradiol versus Group very low dose (VLD) ( n = 8) with 100 μg levonorgestrel/20 μg ethinyl estradiol. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was lower during the active phase in Group VLD (5.33 ± 1.77% vs. 7.23 ± 2.60%; P = 0.024). This phase difference was not observed in Group LD (8.00 ± 0.970% vs. 7.61 ± 1.07%; P = 0.647). Endothelium-independent vasodilation did not differ between phases in either group. Finally, we measured endothelium-dependent vasodilation in two additional women who received 10 μg of unopposed ethinyl estradiol. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was increased by unopposed ethinyl estradiol compared with the placebo phase (10.88 ± 2.34% vs. 6.97 ± 1.83%). These results suggest that levonorgestrel may antagonize the activity of ethinyl estradiol. Thus both the progestin type and estradiol dose need to be considered when assessing arterial vascular risk of OCP use in women.

scholarly journals Unilateral Erythema Nodosum following Norethindrone Acetate, Ethinyl Estradiol, and Ferrous Fumarate Combination Therapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Michelle S. Min ◽  
Rob Fischer ◽  
John B. Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Erythema Nodosum ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Ferrous Fumarate ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Secondary Causes ◽  
Norethindrone Acetate

Erythema nodosum is a septal panniculitis that typically presents as symmetric, tender nodules on the anterior aspects of bilateral lower extremities. Nearly half of cases are due to secondary causes, with oral contraceptive pills being the leading pharmaceutical cause. However, to our knowledge, there has yet to be a published association with norethindrone acetate, ethinyl estradiol, and ferrous fumarate. We report our experience with a 30-year-old woman who developed unilateral tender nodules within a month of starting 1 mg norethindrone acetate and 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol daily. Of note, she had previously taken oral contraceptives with the same estrogen agent but different progesterone, without problems. We conclude that systemically triggered erythema nodosum can present with lesions localized to one extremity. When a patient presents with tender, firm nodules, clinicians should consider the possibility of erythema nodosum and its triggers, such as oral contraceptives. Additionally, should a patient on hormonal therapy develop erythema nodosum, changing the progesterone agent may allow the patient to continue similar therapy without developing symptoms.

scholarly journals Unforeseen uses of oral contraceptive pills: Exploratory study in Jordanian community pharmacies

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244373
Author(s):  
Muna Barakat ◽  
Raja’a Al-Qudah ◽  
Amal Akour ◽  
Najem Al-Qudah ◽  
Yahya H. Dallal Bashi
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Improper Use

Background The use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) as a birth control method is very common worldwide. OCPs have many other labeled non-contraceptive indications, and as a result there is an associated risk of improper use, as with any other medications. This study was designed to assess the unforeseen improper uses of OCPs observed by community pharmacists in Jordan. Method A cross-sectional study design was conducted using a self-administered survey. A convenience sample (n = 380) of Jordanian community pharmacists, were recruited through social media resources. The survey included multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were completed using SPSS. Results More than half of the recruited pharmacists (55.3%) were female, and the mean age of the participants was 32.58 ± 9.94. The majority of the pharmacists (85%) had good knowledge about the non-contraceptive indications of OCPs. About 53% of them confirmed their exposure to cases of the improper use of OCPs. About 67.5% of the pharmacists who confirmed exposure to such cases, reported the topical use of OCPs for the enhancement of hair growth. Around 15% of those pharmacists stated that OCPs were used to give negative results for addictive drug screening tests. In the event that the pharmacists suspected improper use, more than 90% suggested they would refrain from dispensing the pills. Conclusion This study has spotlighted many unforeseen uses of OCPs in Jordan and highlighted the need for restricted national regulations on the monitoring of OCP prescription/selling patterns in Jordan by policymakers. Moreover, there is a need for the establishment of national educational programs for the Jordanian community regarding the safe proper use of OCPs.

scholarly journals The Effect of Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills on Beclin-1 and LC3B Transcript Levels in Ovarian Endometrioma

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Wanwisa Waiyaput ◽  
Ongarj Bovornsakulvong ◽  
Srithean Lertvikool ◽  
Areepan Sophonsritsuk
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Combined Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Endometriotic Cyst

Background. Autophagy is likely altered in patients with endometriosis. Ovarian steroid hormones seem to affect this changing of the autophagic process. Objective. To study the effect of combined oral contraceptive (COC) pills on the expression of autophagic-related gene BECN1 and LC3B in the ectopic and eutopic endometria of patients with endometriosis. Material and Methods. The present quasiexperimental study recruited 36 women (18–45 years old) with endometrioma and nonendometrioma who were scheduled for surgery. Patients with endometrioma were randomly assigned to either a no-treatment group ( n = 12 ) or a COC group ( n = 12 ). The COC group was prescribed a daily oral pill composed of 3 mg drospirenone and 0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol for 6 weeks before surgery. The control group ( n = 12 ) was composed of women without endometrioma. Ectopic endometriotic and endometrium tissues were collected from the no-treatment and COC groups, whereas the only endometrium was collected from the control group. These tissues were used for real-time PCR to measure the expression of the BECN1 and LC3B genes. Results. The baseline demographic data were not different among the three groups. The BECN1 gene expression in endometrium tissue in the COC group was significantly less than that in the no-treatment and control groups ( P = 0.011 and 0.029, respectively). No significant difference of endometriotic cyst BECN1 and LC3B gene expression was found between COC and no treatment. Conclusions. Oral COC pills for 6 weeks continuously before surgery decreased the eutopic endometrial expression (mRNA) of the BECN1 gene compared to those from healthy normal women and nontreated patients with an endometriotic cyst. The change in the expression of autophagy-related genes was more distinct in eutopic than ectopic endometria. This trial is registered with TCTR20170720002. Registered and enrolled the first patient on 20 July 2017.

Study the Relationship Between Estrogen Hormone and Calcium in Normal Females Before and After Menopause in Baghdad / Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameerah Mustafa ◽  
Asal Tawfeeq ◽  
Hadeel Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Age Range

This study involved the collection of (90) samples of women serum which included (30) serum samples collected from women before menopause (reproductive women) in the age range of (22-43) years and were considered as (group A- control). While, (group B) included (30) serum samples collected from women using oral contraceptive pills between the ages of (22-43) years old. Whereas, another (30) serum samples were collected from women after menopause between the ages of (43-54) years and were considered as (group C). All of the collected serum samples were subjected to a number of serological and chemical tests for the measurement of (E2, HDL, LDL and Ca). Then, the obtained data were statistical analyzed and results showed a significant decrease (p˂ 0.05) in (E2 ,Ca and HDL) levels in menopausal women compared to that of the normal healthy controls. While, there were non-significant decrease (p> 0.05) in (E2, Ca and HDL) levels in women taking oral contraceptive when compared to the normal healthy controls. On the other hand, a significant increase (p˂ 0.05) was recorded in LDL level in menopausal women compared to that of the normal healthy controls whereas, no-significant increase (p˃ 0.05) in the LDL level in women taking oral contraceptives when compared to the control women.

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