scholarly journals Methodological considerations in the assessment of direct and indirect costs of back pain: A systematic scoping review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251406
Author(s):  
Dawit T. Zemedikun ◽  
Jesse Kigozi ◽  
Gwenllian Wynne-Jones ◽  
Alessandra Guariglia ◽  
Tracy Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Reported Data

Background Back pain is a common and costly health problem worldwide. There is yet a lack of consistent methodologies to estimate the economic burden of back pain to society. Objective To systematically evaluate the methodologies used in the published cost of illness (COI) literature for estimating the direct and indirect costs attributed to back pain, and to present a summary of the estimated cost burden. Methods Six electronic databases were searched to identify COI studies of back pain published in English up to February 2021. A total of 1,588 abstracts were screened, and 55 full-text studies were subsequently reviewed. After applying the inclusion criteria, 45 studies pertaining to the direct and indirect costs of back pain were analysed. Results The studies reported data on 15 industrialised countries. The national cost estimates of back pain in 2015 USD ranged from $259 million ($29.1 per capita) in Sweden to $71.6 billion ($868.4 per capita) in Germany. There was high heterogeneity among the studies in terms of the methodologies used for analysis and the resulting costs reported. Most of the studies assessed costs from a societal perspective (n = 29). The magnitude and accuracy of the reported costs were influenced by the case definition of back pain, the source of data used, the cost components included and the analysis method. Among the studies that provided both direct and indirect cost estimates (n = 15), indirect costs resulting from lost or reduced work productivity far outweighed the direct costs. Conclusion Back pain imposes substantial economic burden on society. This review demonstrated that existing published COI studies of back pain used heterogeneous approaches reflecting a lack of consensus on methodology. A standardised methodological approach is required to increase credibility of the findings of COI studies and improve comparison of estimates across studies.

scholarly journals Mapping evidence on the distribution of the costs associated with cancer of prostate, cervix, and female breast in the sub-Saharan Africa: protocol for a scoping review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cebisile Ngcamphalala ◽  
Ellinor Ostensson ◽  
Mbuzeleni Hlongwa ◽  
Themba G. Ginindza
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Female Breast ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background Despite the well-documented information on cancer prevention and management, among noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), globally, cancer continues to be the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality with devastating economic consequences. The burden is disproportionately more among developing countries and the extent of evidence available on the economic consequences (direct and indirect costs) of cancer remains unknown in low-income countries particularly in the sub-Saharan region. Understanding the costs of illness is important to inform decision-making on setting up health care policies and informing economic evaluation of interventions. This study aims to map evidence on the distribution of the economic burden (direct and indirect costs) associated with prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of three predominant cancers: prostate, cervix, and female breast in the sub-Saharan Africa. Methods This scoping review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), and will be conducted following Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. We will search PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINHAL (via EBSCOhost platform), Science Direct, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Africa-Wide Information, Google Scholar, and WHO Library. We will perform hand-searching of the reference lists of included studies and other relevant documents. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. We will include primary studies from all study designs reporting costs associated with prevention, diagnosis and treatment of prostate, cervical, and breast cancers in the sub-Saharan region. Data analysis will involve quantitative (e.g., frequencies) and qualitative (e.g., thematic analysis) methods. A narrative summary of findings will be presented. Discussion This review will map the extent of information available on the economic burden (direct and indirect costs) of prostate, cervical, and breast cancers in the sub-Saharan region. Further guidance for future research in the subject area will be discussed. Systematic review registration Open Science Framework

scholarly journals Economic Burden Associated with Head Louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) Infestation in Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba SALIMI ◽  
Abedin SAGHAFIPOUR ◽  
Hadi HAMIDI PARSA ◽  
Majid KHOSRAVI
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Head Louse ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Head Lice ◽  
Louse Infestation ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Head Louse Infestation ◽  
Care System

Background: The head louse infestation is a public health issue in the world especially, affecting most people who live in camps, school-aged children and their families. Head lice treatment has economic ramifications that often under calculated. The aim of this study was evaluation of economic burden associated with head louse infestation in Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 500,002 infestations were diagnosed among suspected head lice infested people who referred to health care system in all provinces of Iran during 2017. Direct and indirect costs related to paid by patients and government systems were extracted by referring to accounting documents and interviews with patients and experts and were recorded in researcher-made forms. Microsoft Excel 2010 software was used for economic burden calculation. Results: The incidence rate of head lice infestation in Iran was 500,002/79,926,270 (625.5 per 100,000 populations). Economic burden of head lice in the country was calculated at 5,790,143$. Direct and indirect costs, governmental cost, out of pocket and total costs of head lice were included 3.14$, 2.84$, 5.98$, 5.60$ and 11.58$ per case respectively. Conclusion: The direct and indirect costs associated with treatment of infestations were relatively high. Therefore, the creation of medical facilities such as availability of diagnostic and treatment strategies can be effective in the control of infestation. The adoption of infestation prevention methods, such as health education to people at risk of infestation, reduces the incidence of head lice and imposition of related treatment costs on governmental health care system and head lice cases.

Economic burden of medication-overuse headache in Iran: direct and indirect costs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansoureh Togha ◽  
Fatemeh Nadjafi-Semnani ◽  
Fahimeh Martami ◽  
Zahra Mohammadshirazi ◽  
Niusha Vahidpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Medication Overuse ◽  
Medication Overuse Headache ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs

scholarly journals Economic Burden of Osteoporosis in the World: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Rashki kemmak ◽  
Aziz Rezapour ◽  
Reza Jahangiri ◽  
Shima Nikjoo ◽  
Hiro Farabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Health Care Planning ◽  
Skeletal Disease ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World

Abstract Background Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that is associated with a reduction in bone mass and microstructures and deterioration of bone tissue. It is also associated with an increased risk of fracture that is the most important complication of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis and consequent fractures not only have a major impact on the health and quality of life, but also impose a significant economic burden on the health system of countries. Objective Since the population of many countries around the world is aging, the incidence of fractures due to osteoporosis is increasing too. The knowledge about costs and economic aspects of osteoporosis plays an important role in making policies and planning measures for the prevention and management of this disease, hence, this study systematically investigated the available evidence on the costs associated with osteoporosis worldwide. Methods Considering language, year of publication, and the research question, electronic searches were conducted in multiple databases and different sources. After selecting articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, the data were extracted and the results were summarized. To prevent bias, the whole procedure was performed by three researchers. Results Of a total of 1989 papers, 28 papers were included in the study on the basis of inclusion criteria. Among the selected studies, 13 papers reported direct and indirect costs. Based on the data extracted from the mentioned studies, the mean age of people with osteoporotic fractures was 50 years, with the highest costs associated with hip fractures. Conclusion There is a paucity of studies investigating the burden of osteoporosis in the world. The available studies indicate a lack of standardization in the methodological approach of assessing the economic burden of this disease. It is necessary to highlight the importance of studies on osteoporosis to inform policymakers and enhance health care planning.

scholarly journals The economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Krueger ◽  
VK Noonan ◽  
LM Trenaman ◽  
P Joshi ◽  
CS Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Initial Hospitalization

Introduction The purpose of this study is to estimate the current lifetime economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) in Canada from a societal perspective, including both direct and indirect costs, using an incidence-based approach. Methods Available resource use and cost information for complete/incomplete tetraplegia and paraplegia was applied to the estimated annual incidence of tSCI, by severity, in Canada. Results The estimated lifetime economic burden per individual with tSCI ranges from $1.5 million for incomplete paraplegia to $3.0 million for complete tetraplegia. The annual economic burden associated with 1389 new persons with tSCI surviving their initial hospitalization is estimated at $2.67 billion. Conclusion While the number of injuries per year in Canada is relatively small, the annual economic burden is substantial.

scholarly journals Economic burden of Huntington’s disease in Peru

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Silva-Paredes ◽  
Rosa M. Urbanos-Garrido ◽  
Miguel Inca-Martinez ◽  
Danielle Rabinowitz ◽  
Mario R. Cornejo-Olivas
Keyword(s):  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs

Abstract Background Huntington’s disease (HD) is a devastating and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that leads to progressive disability, and over time to total dependence. The economic impact of HD on patients living in developing countries like Peru is still unknown. This study aims to estimate the economic burden by estimating direct and indirect costs of Huntington’s disease in Peru, as well as the proportion of direct costs borne by patients and their families. Methods Disease-cost cross-sectional study where 97 participants and their primary caregivers were interviewed using a common questionnaire. Prevalence and human capital approaches were used to estimate direct and indirect costs, respectively. Results The average annual cost of HD reached USD 8120 per patient in 2015. Direct non-healthcare costs represented 78.3% of total cost, indirect costs 14.4% and direct healthcare costs the remaining 7.3%. The mean cost of HD increased with the degree of patient dependency: from USD 6572 for Barthel 4 & 5 (slight dependency and total independency, respectively) to USD 23,251 for Barthel 1 (total dependency). Direct costs were primarily financed by patients and their families. Conclusions The estimated annual cost of HD for Peruvian society reached USD 1.2 million in 2015. The cost impact of HD on patients and their families is very high, becoming catastrophic for most dependent patients, and thus making it essential to prioritize full coverage by the State.

Indirect costs attributed to headache: A nation-wide survey of an active working population

Cephalalgia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 033310242110437
Author(s):  
Raquel Gil-Gouveia ◽  
Raquel Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Headache Disorder ◽  
Point Prevalence ◽  
Work Loss ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Nation Wide Survey

Background The economic burden of headache in European countries is substantial, mostly related to indirect work-productivity loss costs, yet data for Portugal is scarce. Methods An anonymous web-based survey of headache was distributed to a convenience sample of Portuguese companies’ workforces, to assess last-year headache and “yesterday”-point prevalence. Preexisting headaches were classified into migraine and non-migraine headache and work impact (absenteeism and presenteeism) was evaluated in relation to point prevalence. If no significant selection biases were detected, projected work-loss costs for the whole country were to be calculated. Results Eleven (17%) of 65 invited companies participated, around 15,000 active workers were exposed to the survey and 3624 (24.3%) responded, 73% females, 84.3% with previous (“last-year”) headaches, 53% with migraine. Due to participation and gender bias, national cost-projections were not calculated. Workday point-prevalence was 21% (migraine) and 9% (non-migraine headache), resulting in 14 employees with migraine losing, on average, 4 h and 32 min of work time. Presenteeism occurred in 29% of migraine and 15% of NMH employees. Yearly cost of each employee with a headache disorder was €664.88. Discussion Headache has a significant economic burden, as measured by work loss costs, in Portugal. Company-based interventions should aim to support employees’ access to headache diagnosis and treatment, including non-pharmacological coping strategies, in order to reduce headache related economic costs.

The estimation of the economic burden of measles in terms of direct and indirect costs per case

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viera Svihrova ◽  
Maria Szilagyiova ◽  
Iveta Waczulikova ◽  
Elena Novakova ◽  
Henrieta Hudeckova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs

scholarly journals Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases before and after Iran’s health transformation plan: evidence from a referral hospital of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Alipour ◽  
Hamed Zandian ◽  
Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi ◽  
Leili Avesta ◽  
Telma Zahirian Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Different countries have set different policies to control and decrease the costs of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Iran was aiming to reduce the economic burden of different disease by a recent reform from named as health transformation plan (HTP). This study aimed to examine the economic burden of CVDs before and after of HTP. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 patients with CVDs, who were randomly selected from a specialized cardiovascular hospital in the north-west of Iran. Direct and indirect costs of CVDs were calculated using the cost of illness and human capital approaches. Data were collected using a researcher-made checklist obtained from several sources including structured interviews, the Statistical Center of Iran, Iran’s Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, the central bank of Iran, and the data of global burden of disease obtained from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation to estimate direct and mortality costs. All costs were calculated in Iranian Rials (IRR). Results Total costs of CVDs were about 5571 and 6700 billion IRR before and after the HTP, respectively. More than 62% of the total costs of CVDs accounted for premature death before (64.89%) and after (62.01%) the HTP. The total hospitalization costs of CVDs was significantly increased after the HTP (p = 0.038). In both times, surgical services and visiting had the highest and lowest share of hospitalization costs, respectively. The OOP expenditure decreased significantly and reached from 54.2 to 36.7%. All hospitalization costs, except patients’ OOP expenditure, were significantly increased after the HTP about 1.3 times. Direct non-medical costs reached from 2.4 to 3.3 billion before and after the HTP, respectively. Conclusion Economic burden of CVDs increased in the north-west of Iran after the HTP due to the increase of all direct and indirect costs, except the OOP expenditure. Non-allocation of defined resources, which coincided with the international and national political and economic challenges in Iran, led to unsustainable resources of the HTP. So, no results of this study can be attributed solely to the HTP. Therefore, more detailed studies should be carried out on the reasons for the significant increase in CVDs costs in the region.

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