Indirect costs attributed to headache: A nation-wide survey of an active working population

Cephalalgia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 033310242110437
Author(s):  
Raquel Gil-Gouveia ◽  
Raquel Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Headache Disorder ◽  
Point Prevalence ◽  
Work Loss ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Nation Wide Survey

Background The economic burden of headache in European countries is substantial, mostly related to indirect work-productivity loss costs, yet data for Portugal is scarce. Methods An anonymous web-based survey of headache was distributed to a convenience sample of Portuguese companies’ workforces, to assess last-year headache and “yesterday”-point prevalence. Preexisting headaches were classified into migraine and non-migraine headache and work impact (absenteeism and presenteeism) was evaluated in relation to point prevalence. If no significant selection biases were detected, projected work-loss costs for the whole country were to be calculated. Results Eleven (17%) of 65 invited companies participated, around 15,000 active workers were exposed to the survey and 3624 (24.3%) responded, 73% females, 84.3% with previous (“last-year”) headaches, 53% with migraine. Due to participation and gender bias, national cost-projections were not calculated. Workday point-prevalence was 21% (migraine) and 9% (non-migraine headache), resulting in 14 employees with migraine losing, on average, 4 h and 32 min of work time. Presenteeism occurred in 29% of migraine and 15% of NMH employees. Yearly cost of each employee with a headache disorder was €664.88. Discussion Headache has a significant economic burden, as measured by work loss costs, in Portugal. Company-based interventions should aim to support employees’ access to headache diagnosis and treatment, including non-pharmacological coping strategies, in order to reduce headache related economic costs.

scholarly journals The Economic Burden of Brain Disability in Korea, 2008-2011

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 004695802093639
Author(s):  
Hyun-Jin Kim ◽  
Seung Hee Ho ◽  
Sol Lee ◽  
In-Hwan Oh ◽  
Ju Hee Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
All Diseases ◽  
Death Data

This study estimated the economic burden of people with brain disability in Korea during 2008-2011 using nationally representative data and was conducted to use the results as an evidence for determining the resources allocation of people with brain disability. We used a prevalence-based approach to estimate the economic burden, classified by direct costs (medical costs and nonmedical costs) and indirect costs (productivity loss of morbidity and premature death). Data from the National Health Insurance Service, the National Disability Registry, the National survey on persons with disabilities, the Korea National Statistical Office’s records of causes of death, and the Labor Statistics were used to calculate direct and indirect costs. The treated prevalence of brain disability increased from 0.26% (2008) to 0.35% (2011). Total economic burden of brain-related diseases was US$1.88 billion in 2008 and increased to US$2.90 billion in 2011, with a 54% rate of increase. The economic burden of all diseases, which was 1.2 to 1.4 times higher than that of brain-related diseases, accounted for US$2.61 billion in 2008 and US$3.62 billion in 2011, increasing by 39%. Owing to the growing occurrence of brain disability, the annual prevalence and related costs are increasing. Health management programs are necessary to reduce the economic burden of brain disability in Korea.

scholarly journals The economic burden of cervical cancer in Eswatini: Societal perspective

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250113
Author(s):  
Cebisile Ngcamphalala ◽  
Ellinor Östensson ◽  
Themba G. Ginindza
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Care Utilization

Background Cervical cancer imposes considerable economic burden on societies and individuals. There is lack of evidence regarding this from the developing world and particularly from sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, the study aimed to estimate the societal costs of cervical cancer in Eswatini. Materials and methods The cost of illness study (CoI) was applied using national specific clinical and registry data from hospitals, registries and reports to determine the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer in Eswatini in 2018. Cost data included direct medical costs (health care utilization in inpatient and outpatient care), direct non-medical costs (patient costs for traveling) and indirect costs based on productivity loss due to morbidity (patient time during diagnosis and treatment) and premature mortality. Results The estimated total annual cost for cervical cancer was $19 million (ranging between $14 million and $24 million estimated with lower and upper bounds). Direct cost represented the majority of the costs at 72% ($13.7 million) out of which total pre-cancerous treatment costs accounted for 0.7% ($94,161). The management of invasive cervical cancer was the main cost driver with costs attributable to treatment for FIGO III and FIGO IV representing $1.7 million and $8.7 million respectively. Indirect costs contributed 27% ($5.3 million) out of which productivity loss due to premature mortality represented the majority at 67% ($3.5 million). Conclusion The economic burden of cervical cancer in Eswatini is substantial. National public health prevention strategies with prophylactic HPV vaccine and screening for cervical lesions should therefore be prioritized to limit the extensive costs associated with cervical cancer.

scholarly journals The Economic Burden of Cancers Attributable to Infection in the Republic of Korea: A Prevalence-Based Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7592
Author(s):  
Thi Xuan Trinh Nguyen ◽  
Minji Han ◽  
Moran Ki ◽  
Young Ae Kim ◽  
Jin-Kyoung Oh
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Population Attributable Fraction ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Future Income ◽  
The Republic

Infection is a major cause of cancers. We estimated the economic burden of cancers attributable to infection in 2014 in Korea, where cancer causing infection is prevalent, but the economic burden of it has never been examined. Cancer patients were defined as those having made medical claims as recorded by the National Health Insurance Service, which is a mandatory insurance for all citizen. We multiplied the costs by the population-attributable fraction for each type of cancer. The study included direct and indirect costs, where direct costs comprised direct medical and non-medical costs of inpatients and outpatients, while indirect costs were estimated by identifying future income loss due to premature death, productivity loss during hospitalization/outpatient visits, and job loss. In 2014, there were 100,054 infection-related cancer patients, accounting for 10.7% of all Korean cancer cases for that year. Direct costs of cancers associated with infection stood at nearly USD 676.9 million, while indirect costs were much higher at USD 2.57 billion. The average expenditure of a typical patient was USD 32,435. Economic burden of cancers attributable to infection is substantial in Korea, accounting for 0.23% of the national gross domestic product and 1.36% of national healthcare expenditure in 2014.

scholarly journals High Disease Burden Drives Indirect Costs in Employed Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: The WORK-IBD Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara van Gennep ◽  
Sanne W Evers ◽  
Svend T Rietdijk ◽  
Marieke E Gielen ◽  
Nanne K H de Boer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Activity Impairment ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract Background Work productivity (WP) loss includes absence from work (absenteeism) and productivity loss while working (presenteeism), which leads to high indirect costs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Prior health economic analyses predominantly focused on absenteeism. Here we focus on presenteeism and assess predictors of WP loss, fatigue, and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQL). Methods Employed IBD patients completed the following surveys: Work Productivity and Activity Impairment, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, and Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire. Predictors were assessed using uni- and multivariable regression analyses. Annual costs were calculated using percentages of WP loss, hourly wages, and contract hours. Results Out of 1590 invited patients, 768 (48%) responded and 510 (32%) were included. Absenteeism, presenteeism, and overall WP loss were reported by 94 (18%), 257 (50%), and 269 (53%) patients, respectively, resulting in mean (SD) annual costs of €1738 (5505), €5478 (8629), and €6597 (9987), respectively. Disease activity and active perianal disease were predictors of WP loss (odds ratio [OR] = 6.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6-12.1); OR = 3.7; 95% CI, 1.5-8.7). Disease activity and arthralgia were associated with fatigue (OR = 3.6; 95% CI, 1.9-6.8; OR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0-3.3)) and reduced HRQL (OR = 10.3; 95% CI, 5.9-17.9; OR = 2.3; 95 % CI, 1.4-3.8). Fatigue was the main reason for absenteeism (56%) and presenteeism (70%). Fatigue and reduced HRQL led to increased costs compared with absence of fatigue and normal HRQL (mean difference = €6630; 95% CI, €4977–€8283, P < 0.01; mean difference = €9575; 95% CI, €7767–€11,384, P < 0.01). Conclusions Disease activity and disease burden lead to WP loss in approximately half of the employed IBD population, driving indirect costs. Fatigue is the most important reason for WP loss.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence Enhances Studies on Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guihua Chen ◽  
Jun Shen
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is an idiopathic condition related to a dysregulated immune response to commensal intestinal microflora in a genetically susceptible host. As a global disease, the morbidity of IBD reached a rate of 84.3 per 100,000 persons and reflected a continued gradual upward trajectory. The medical cost of IBD is also notably extremely high. For example, in Europe, it has €3,500 in CD and €2,000 in UC per patient per year, respectively. In addition, taking into account the work productivity loss and the reduced quality of life, the indirect costs are incalculable. In modern times, the diagnosis of IBD is still a subjective judgment based on laboratory tests and medical images. Its early diagnosis and intervention is therefore a challenging goal and also the key to control its progression. Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted diagnosis and prognosis prediction has proven effective in many fields including gastroenterology. In this study, support vector machines were utilized to distinguish the significant features in IBD. As a result, the reliability of IBD diagnosis due to its impressive performance in classifying and addressing region problems was improved. Convolutional neural networks are advanced image processing algorithms that are currently in existence. Digestive endoscopic images can therefore be better understood by automatically detecting and classifying lesions. This study aims to summarize AI application in the area of IBD, objectively evaluate the performance of these methods, and ultimately understand the algorithm–dataset combination in the studies.

scholarly journals The Economic Burden of Vertigo: Results From the Hospitalized and Outpatients

2020 ◽  
pp. 014556132090633
Author(s):  
Şule Özdemir ◽  
Doğukan Özdemir ◽  
Özlem Terzi ◽  
Dursun Mehmet Mehel ◽  
Abdulkadir Özgür
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Hospital Care ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Duration Of Hospitalization ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Working Day

Objective: Vertigo and dizziness are the common presenting concerns in emergency departments and outpatient clinics, accounts for approximately 15% to 20% of adults annually. We aimed to evaluate economic burden of vertigo on health-care system and work productivity in association between clinic characteristics of in- or outpatients. Methods: A total number of 2289 patients diagnosed with peripheric (noncentral) vertigo were evaluated retrospectively. The direct medical costs associated with vertigo classified as medication, consumable, imaging, and laboratory. In addition, the indirect costs were associated with lost working days. The overall economic impact of vertigo assessed via total expenditure for diagnosis and treatment. Results: The mean duration of hospitalization was 5.6 ± 4.3 days and working day lost was 9.47 ± 3.90 days. The overall impact on work productivity of disease was 15.35 ± 6.11 days. The overall mean direct cost including all expenditure items associated with vertigo care was $250.25 ± $1479.62 per patient. The overall cost associated with vertigo was found to be statistically increased in the male, aged ≥65 years, widow or divorced, and hospitalized patients. Conclusions: Our findings clearly indicate that a vertigo–dizziness management program based on patients’ risk factors may achieve to reduce hospitalizations and cost of hospital care as well.

scholarly journals Direct and Indirect Cost of Obesity: A Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galih Putri Wulandari ◽  
Susi Ari Kristina
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Overweight And Obesity

Obesity is a predictor for various diseases, especially for non-communicable diseases. Obesity impacts large economic burden for patient, healthcare system and the government. This study aims to review the economic impact of obesity worldwide, in terms of direct and indirect costs component of obesity. A systematic review was performed on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases during the period 2008-2018. A combination key terms such as “obesity”, “overweight and obesity”, “weight excess”, “economic burden”, “financial burden”, “cost”, “cost of illness”, “direct cost”, “healthcare cost”, “indirect cost”, “productivity loss cost”, and “adult” were used for the search. Relevant original articles published in English and reported both direct and indirect cost of obesity were included in the study. A total of 61 studies were retrieved, then 8 studies were finally selected that met all eligibility criteria which reported both direct and indirect cost of obesity in developing and developed countries. Almost all of studies reported that indirect costs have more proportion than direct costs. The economic burden of obesity was estimated to 0.13-0.22% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 1.5-5.6% of health expenditures. Our review indicated that the direct and indirect cost of obesity has a significant impact to healthcare system and the country. Some health programs and policies are required and should be implemented as soon as possible to reduce the economic impact of obesity.

scholarly journals Economic Burden among Commercially Insured Patients with Systemic Sclerosis in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 920-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Zhou ◽  
Yanni Fan ◽  
Wenxi Tang ◽  
Xinyue Liu ◽  
Darren Thomason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Index Date ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthcare Resource Utilization ◽  
Work Loss ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Rate Ratios

Objective.To quantify healthcare resource utilization (HRU), work loss, and annual direct and indirect healthcare costs among patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) compared to matched controls in the United States.Methods.Data were obtained from a large US commercial claims database. Patients were ≥ 18 years old at the index date (first SSc diagnosis) and had ≥ 1 SSc diagnosis in the inpatient (IP) or emergency room (ER) setting, or ≥ 2 SSc diagnoses on 2 different dates in the outpatient (OP) setting between January 1, 2005, and March 31, 2015; continuous enrollment was required during the followup period (12 months after the index date). Individuals with no SSc diagnoses were matched 1:1 to patients with SSc. Wilcoxon signed-rank and McNemar tests were used for comparisons and regressions with generalized estimating equations for adjusted OR (aOR) and incidence rate ratios (IRR) between 2 cohorts.Results.There were 2192 pairs of patients with SSc and matched controls included (mean age 57.6 yrs; 84.3% female); of these, 233 were eligible for work loss/indirect cost analyses. Compared to matched controls, patients with SSc had significantly higher HRU and costs during the 1-year followup period, IP admissions (adjusted IRR = 2.4), IP hospitalization days (adjusted IRR = 3.1), ER visits (adjusted IRR = 2.0), OP visits (adjusted IRR = 2.3), and days of work loss (adjusted IRR = 2.6). The adjusted difference in annual direct and indirect costs was US$12,820 and $3103, respectively (all p < 0.0001).Conclusion.Patients with SSc had a high direct and indirect economic burden postdiagnosis.

scholarly journals Systematic Review on Healthcare and Societal Costs of Tinnitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6881
Author(s):  
Ilias Trochidis ◽  
Alessandra Lugo ◽  
Elisa Borroni ◽  
Christopher R. Cederroth ◽  
Rilana Cima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Comprehensive Health

Tinnitus disability is a heterogeneous and complex condition, affecting more than 10% and compromising the quality of life of 2% of the population, with multiple contributors, often unknown, and enigmatic pathophysiology. The available treatment options are unsatisfactory, as they can, at best, reduce tinnitus severity, but not eliminate its perception. Given the spread of tinnitus and the lack of a standardized treatment, it is crucial to understand the economic burden of this condition. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) and Google Scholar, in order to identify all the articles published on the economic burden of tinnitus before 1 April 2021 (PROSPERO—International prospective register of systematic reviews—No: CRD42020180438). Out of 273 articles identified through our search strategy, only five articles from studies conducted in the United States of America (USA), the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (UK) provided data on tinnitus’s economic costs. Three studies provided mean annual estimates per patient ranging between EUR 1544 and EUR 3429 for healthcare costs, between EUR 69 and EUR 115 for patient and family costs and between EUR 2565 and EUR 3702 for indirect costs, including productivity loss. The other two studies reported an annual mean cost of EUR 564 per patient for tinnitus-related clinical visits, and total costs of EUR 1388 and EUR 3725 for patients treated with a sound generator and Neuromonics Tinnitus Treatment, respectively. Our comprehensive review shows a gap in the knowledge about the economic burden of tinnitus on healthcare systems, patients and society. The few available studies show considerable expenses due to healthcare and indirect costs, while out-of-pocket costs appear to be less financially burdensome. Comprehensive health economic evaluations are needed to fill the gaps in current knowledge, using a unified method with reliable and standardized tools.

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