scholarly journals The disproportion of crowd wisdom: The impact of status seeking on Yelp reviews

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252157
Author(s):  
Chao Yu ◽  
Drew Margolin
Keyword(s):  
Wisdom Of Crowds ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Variety Seeking ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Price Levels ◽  
Crowd Wisdom ◽  
Status Seeking ◽  
Restaurant Reviews ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level Analysis

This study shows that while status seeking motivates people to participate in crowdsourcing platforms, it also negatively impacts the bedrock of crowdsourcing–wisdom of crowds. Using Yelp restaurant reviews in 6 cities, we found that motivations of status seeking lead people to review a greater variety of restaurants, and achieving status further encourages this variety seeking as well as the targeting of more expensive restaurants for review. The impact of this individual-level tendency is confirmed by our aggregate-level analysis which shows that restaurants with higher price levels, higher uniqueness levels, and a larger percentage of elite reviews tend to obtain enough reviews to generate wisdom of crowds sooner than other restaurants. This leads to a different kind of distortion to crowd wisdom: an over-representation of status-conferring products and an under-representation of products that are not status-worthy. The findings suggest the importance of studying sources of distortion that are endemic to crowdsourcing itself.

scholarly journals Community Influences on Attitudes Towards Unions.

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Krahn ◽  
Graham S. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Community Influences ◽  
The Impact

This paper attempts to go beyond individual-level explanations of attitudes towards unions by exploring the impact of-community. It is argued that factors operating at the aggregate level of the community help shape local industrial relations. A review of industrial relations literature documents that community constitutes a latent but nonetheless important variable.

Levels of Aggregation in Conjoint Analysis: An Empirical Comparison

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Empirical Comparison ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Aggregate Analysis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis

Two segmented methods of performing conjoint anal/sis, clustered and componential segmentation, are compared with each other as well as with individual level and totally aggregate level analyses. The two segmented methods provide insights to the data that (1) are not obtainable at the aggregate level and (2) are in a form that is more easily communicated than the information from the individual level analysis. The predictive power of the clustered segmentation method is higher than that of componential segmentation, and both are superior to the aggregate analysis but inferior to individual level analysis.

scholarly journals Differences in Tourist Behaviors across the Seasons: The Case of Northern Indiana

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4351
Author(s):  
Yeongbae Choe ◽  
Hany Kim ◽  
Hyo-Jae Joun
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Travel Experience ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Tourism Studies ◽  
The Impact

Seasonality is an essential factor influencing tourism demand and traveler behavior at the destination. As such, seasonality (i.e., the influx of tourists) needs to be managed by destination marketing organizations. Most tourism studies have focused mainly on the forecasting methods/metrics and the effect of seasonality at the aggregate level rather than understanding seasonal differences in the nature of the traveler and travel experience. The purpose of this study is to understand seasonality at both the aggregate market level and individual traveler level. As such, this study first utilizes the concept of the gravity model to understand seasonality in the number of inquiries through an official website. This study, then, uses seemingly unrelated regressions to estimate simultaneously the effect of various trip-related factors on overall trip expenditures and the length of the trip. The results show that the impact of seasonality on aggregated demand is surprisingly consistent across the seasons; however, individual-level analyses indicate that traveler behavior and travelers’ responses to advertising differ significantly across seasons. Thus, destination marketers need to understand the nature of seasonality of their specific markets more accurately to provide appropriate tourism products/services to their current and potential travelers.

The Press and its Influence on British Political Attitudes under New Labour

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil T. Gavin ◽  
David Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Political Attitudes ◽  
New Labour ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Economic Attitudes ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Analysis

To explore the impact of the press in Britain during the first New Labour administration, we used aggregate-level analysis to assess the relationship between the economic content of press and changes in the public's political and economic attitudes. We examine the effects on attitudes of economic coverage in the broadsheets, ‘black top’ and tabloid newspapers. The results suggest that the broadsheets and ‘black tops’ do exert an influence on voters’ views, whereas the tabloids do not. The impact is, however, not global, but confined to particular segments of the population. The modest effects we have charted, nevertheless have important cumulative political significance in the medium- to long-term, and they put press influence into sharper and more realistic perspective than many current accounts. Methodologically our results suggest the need for further work to focus on press effects on specific groups of voters.

Voting Outcomes in the 1984 Democratic Party Primaries and Caucuses

1987 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Wayne Parent ◽  
Calvin C. Jillson ◽  
Ronald E. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Primary Election ◽  
Electoral Outcomes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Scholarly Inquiry ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Scholarly inquiry concerning influences on electoral outcomes in the presidential nomination process, though extensive, has been conducted almost exclusively with data collected at the individual level of analysis. The Michigan model of normal vote analysis suggests that long-term influences measured at the aggregate level, such as the sociodemographic, economic, and ideological characteristics of the states, are also important in determining electoral outcomes. We present an aggregate-level analysis of state characteristics that affected the Hart, Jackson, and Mondale vote proportions in the 1984 Democratic caucuses and primaries. Our primary election models explain between 65% and 83% of the variance in candidate vote shares, with sociodemographic and economic factors as the leading indicators. In the caucuses, we find that campaign spending and sociodemographic influences are dominant in models that explain between 38% and 81% of the variance. We conclude with a brief discussion of what our findings mean for future Democratic candidates.

scholarly journals When social influence promotes the wisdom of crowds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Almaatouq ◽  
M. Amin Rahimian ◽  
Abdulla Alhajri
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Wisdom Of Crowds ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
Crowd Wisdom ◽  
The Social ◽  
Computational Sciences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Wisdom Of Crowds

Whether, and under what conditions, groups exhibit "crowd wisdom" has been a major focus of research across the social and computational sciences. Much of this work has focused on the role of social influence in promoting the wisdom of the crowd versus leading the crowd astray, resulting in conflicting conclusions about how the social network structure determines the impact of social influence. Here, we demonstrate that it is not enough to consider the network structure in isolation. Using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and reanalysis of four experimental datasets (totaling 4,002 human subjects), we find that the wisdom of crowds critically depends on the interaction between (i) the centralization of the social influence network and (ii) the distribution of the initial, individual estimates, i.e., the estimation context. Specifically, we propose a feature of the estimation context that measures the suitability of the crowd to benefit from influence centralization and show its significant predictive powers empirically. By adopting a framework that integrates both the structure of the social influence and the estimation context, we bring previously conflicting results under one theoretical framework and clarify the effects of social influence on the wisdom of crowds.

Civic Literacy and Turnout: A Reply to Milner

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-192
Author(s):  
C. J. Pattie ◽  
R. J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Modeling Strategy ◽  
Civic Literacy ◽  
Level Analysis

Henry Milner's response (2004) to our original article (2003) is typically thorough and thoughtful, raising a number of new (and testable) hypotheses in the process. He mounts a robust defence of the civic literacy argument and takes us to task on two grounds. First, he challenges our modeling strategy. Second, he mounts a defence of aggregate level analysis of civic literacy, and points to the limitations of individual–level models. In this brief reply, we take up the challenges he sets.

scholarly journals The dynamics of dominance: open questions, challenges and solutions

2022 ◽  
Vol 377 (1845) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli D. Strauss ◽  
Daizaburo Shizuka
Keyword(s):  
Model Systems ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Current State ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Status Seeking ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Although social hierarchies are recognized as dynamic systems, they are typically treated as static entities for practical reasons. Here, we ask what we can learn from a dynamical view of dominance, and provide a research agenda for the next decades. We identify five broad questions at the individual, dyadic and group levels, exploring the causes and consequences of individual changes in rank, the dynamics underlying dyadic dominance relationships, and the origins and impacts of social instability. Although challenges remain, we propose avenues for overcoming them. We suggest distinguishing between different types of social mobility to provide conceptual clarity about hierarchy dynamics at the individual level, and emphasize the need to explore how these dynamic processes produce dominance trajectories over individual lifespans and impact selection on status-seeking behaviour. At the dyadic level, there is scope for deeper exploration of decision-making processes leading to observed interactions, and how stable but malleable relationships emerge from these interactions. Across scales, model systems where rank is manipulable will be extremely useful for testing hypotheses about dominance dynamics. Long-term individual-based studies will also be critical for understanding the impact of rare events, and for interrogating dynamics that unfold over lifetimes and generations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

Electoral reforms and the representativeness of turnout

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Michael M. Bechtel ◽  
Lukas Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Medium Education ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Electoral Reforms ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Voters tend to be richer, more conservative, and more educated than non-voters. While many electoral reforms promise to increase political participation, these policy instruments may have multidimensional and differential effects that can increase or decrease the representativeness of turnout. We develop an approach that allows us to estimate these effects and assess the impact of postal voting on representational inequality in Swiss referendums using individual-level ( $N = 79\comma\; 000$ ) and aggregate-level data from 1981 to 2009. We find that postal voting mobilizes equally across a wide range of political and sociodemographic groups but more strongly activates high earners, those with medium education levels, and less politically interested individuals. Yet, those who vote are not less politically knowledgeable and the effects on the composition of turnout remain limited. Our results inform research on the consequences of electoral reforms meant to increase political participation in large electorates.

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