scholarly journals Biting behaviour and infectivity of Simulium damnosum complex with Onchocerca parasite in Alabameta, Osun State, Southwestern, Nigeria

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252652
Author(s):  
Lateef O. Busari ◽  
Olusola Ojurongbe ◽  
Monsuru A. Adeleke ◽  
Olabanji A. Surakat ◽  
Akeem A. Akindele
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Simulium Damnosum ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Biting Behaviour

A longitudinal study was carried out to investigate species composition, seasonal abundance, parity and transmission potential of Simulium damnosum complex in Alabameta community in Osun State, Southwestern, Nigeria. Adult Simulium damnosum complex were collected along Owena River, Alabameta, by two dark complexioned vector collectors from 07:00hr to 18:00hr weekly using collecting tubes from November 2014 to April 2015. The flies were morphologically identified and dissected for the purpose of detecting Onchocerca parasite using dissecting microscope. The Monthly Biting Rate (MBR) of flies was determined using World Health Organization standard formula. A total of four hundred and forty flies were collected during the study period with all of them identified as forest species of Simulium damnosum complex. There was significant variation in monthly collection of the flies with the month of November having the highest number of flies (194) (44%) while the month of April recorded the lowest number of flies (31) (7%) (p<0.05). The morning biting peak (09hr - 11hr) (137) was higher than the evening biting peak (15hr -17hr) (64) (p<0.05) while nulliparous flies (294) (67%) were more abundant than the parous flies (146) (33%) (p<0.05). There was absence of infection (zero infectivity) of the flies (p<0.05). The zero infectivity in the flies may plausibly indicate the possibility of zero transmission of Onchocerca parasite in the community which if sustained over a period of time may signify the possibility of onchocerciasis elimination. Also, the presence of forest species of the flies reduces the risk of resident’s intense exposure to blinding savannah strain of onchocerciasis.

scholarly journals Biting behaviour of Simulium damnosum complex with Onchocerca parasite in Alabameta, Osun State, Southwestern, Nigeria.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lateef O Busari ◽  
Olusola O Ojurongbe ◽  
Monsuru A Adeleke ◽  
Olabanji A Surakat
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Simulium Damnosum ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Biting Behaviour

Background and Objectives: A longitudinal study was carried out to investigate species composition, seasonal abundance, parity and transmission potential of Simulium damnosum complex in Alabameta community in Osogbo, Southwestern, Nigeria. Methods: Adult Simulium damnosum complex were collected along Owena River, Alabameta, by two dark complexioned vector collectors from 07:00hr to 18:00hr weekly using collecting tubes from November 2014 to April 2015. The flies were morphologically identified and dissected for the purpose of detecting Onchocerca parasite using dissecting microscope. The Monthly Biting Rate (MBR) of flies was determined using World Health Organization standard formula. Results: A total of four hundred and forty flies were collected during the study period with all of them identified as forest species of Simulium damnosum complex. There was significant variation in monthly collection of the flies with the month of November having the highest number of flies (194) (44%) while the month of April recorded the lowest number of flies (31) (7%) (p<0.05). The morning biting peak (09hr - 11hr) (137) was higher than the evening biting peak (15hr -17hr) (64) (p<0.05) while nulliparous flies (294) (67%) were more abundant than the parous flies (146) (33%) (p<0.05). There was absence of infection (zero infectivity) of the flies (p<0.05). Conclusion: The zero infectivity in the flies indicates zero transmission of Onchocerca parasite in the community which if sustained over a period of time may signify the possibility of onchocerciasis elimination. Also, the presence of forest species of the flies reduces the risk of residents exposure to blindness since the savannah species of the flies are responsible for this.

scholarly journals An entomological study of onchocerciasis vectors, Simulium damnosum s.l., in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude MAKENGA BOF ◽  
Paul MANSIANGI ◽  
Josué ZANGA ◽  
Félicien ILUNGA ◽  
Yves COPPIETERS
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
River Blindness ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Simulium Damnosum ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Biting Rate

Abstract Background Onchocerciasis, a parasitic disease caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus transmitted through the bite of Simulium (black flies), is a cause of global concern, with the African population being majorly affected. This study focused on the bite rates, bite cycle, and transmission potential of Simulium damnosum s.l. in two sites with river blindness outbreaks in Kinshasa, DRC: Gombe (S1) and Mont-Ngafula at Kimwenza (S2). Methods From August 1, 2019, to July 31, 2020, we captured adult female black flies near breeding sites along the Congo River at S1 and Lukaya Valley at S2. Collections using human baits at the two sites were conducted for five days/month. Results A total of 6082 black flies of species Simulium squamosum (classified based on other entomological surveys) were captured during the study period. The daily cycle of aggression revealed two peaks: one between 8 and 9 a.m. and the other between 4 and 5 p.m. Low bite rates were observed between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. The annual biting rate/person reached 13,463 in S1 and 23,638 in S2, with a total of 37,101 bites/person. The average daily biting rate, 37 ± 10 and 69 ± 23 bites/day/person in S1 and S2, respectively, did not differ significantly (P = 0.8901). The high density of the host population can disrupt the transmission of vector-borne diseases by diluting the transmission indices. There was no evidence of onchocerciasis transmission at the study sites because of inadequate laboratory facilities in the DRC. Various larval supports have been identified: at Gombe: aquatic plants, plastic bags, dead leaves, and rocks; at Kimwenza: Ledermaniella ledermanii (the most abundant species at the site), plastic bags, artificial waste, and aquatic plants. Conclusions The study provides further evidence for the need for alternative strategies to eliminate the parasite in the formerly hyper-endemic foci.

scholarly journals Clones and Clusters of Antimicrobial-Resistant Klebsiella from Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayorinde O. Afolayan ◽  
Anderson O. Oaikhena ◽  
Aaron O. Aboderin ◽  
Olatunde F. Olabisi ◽  
Adewale A. Amupitan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Single Locus Variant ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Introduction: Klebsiellapneumoniae is a World Health Organization high-priority antibiotic-resistant pathogen. However, little is known about the population structure and evolution of Klebsiella circulating in Nigeria. Methods: We performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 141 Klebsiella isolated between 2016 and 2018 from clinical specimens at 3 antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) sentinel surveillance tertiary hospitals in southwestern Nigeria. We conducted insilico multilocus sequence typing, AMR gene, virulence gene, plasmid, and K and O loci profiling, as well as phylogenetic analyses, using publicly available tools and Nextflow pipelines. Results: Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of the 134 K. pneumoniae and 5 K. quasipneumoniae isolates from Nigeria characterized are closely related to globally disseminated multidrug-resistant clones. Of the 39 K. pneumoniae sequence types (STs) identified, the most common were ST307 (15%), ST5241 (12%), ST15 (≈9%), and ST25 (≈6%). ST5241, one of 10 novel STs detected, is a single locus variant of ST636 carrying dfrA14, tetD, qnrS, and oqxAB resistance genes. The extended-spectrum β lactamase (ESBL) gene blaCTX_M-15 was seen in 72 % of K. pneumoniae genomes, while 8% encoded a carbapenemase. Four likely outbreak clusters from one facility, within STs 17, 25, 307, and 5241, were ESBL but not carbapenemase-bearing clones. Conclusion: This study uncovered known and novel K. pneumoniae lineages circulating in Nigeria that include multidrug-resistant ESBL producers. Carbapenemase-producing isolates remain uncommon. WGS retrospectively identified outbreak clusters, pointing to the value of genomic approaches in AMR surveillance for improving infection prevention and control in Nigerian hospitals.

Biting Rates and Onchocerca Infectivity Status of Black Flies from the Simulium damnosum Complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Osun State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 901-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda C Oforka ◽  
Monsuru A Adeleke ◽  
Joseph C Anikwe ◽  
Nate B Hardy ◽  
Derrick K Mathias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
World Health ◽  
First Year ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Simulium Damnosum ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Parasite Populations

Abstract The Simulium damnosum Theobald complex transmits Onchocerca volvulus Leuckart (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), the causative agent of onchocerciasis. Recent evidence suggests that control efforts have strongly suppressed parasite populations, but vector surveillance is needed in parts of Africa where the disease remains endemic. Here, studies on biting rates and infectivity status of suspected vector species were conducted in three onchocerciasis-endemic areas, namely Iwo, Ede, and Obokun, in Osun State, Nigeria. A total of 3,035 black flies were collected between October 2014 and September 2016, and examined for parity and parasites using standard methods. A separate collection of 2,000 black flies was pool-screened for infectivity using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the O-150 marker. Results showed that parous flies were significantly less common than nulliparous flies with overall parous rates of 8.02% in Iwo and 35.38% in Ede at the end of the study period. Obokun had a parous rate of 22.22% obtained in the first year only. None of the dissected parous flies were infected with O. volvulus and PCR assays showed no amplification of O-150 O. volvulus-specific repeats in head and body pools. However, annual biting rates exceeded the World Health Organization threshold of 1,000 bites/person/yr. Thus it appears that, with such high rates of biting, even low levels of vector infection can sustain onchocerciasis in African communities.

scholarly journals Borehole inventory, groundwater potential and water quality studies in Ayede Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusegun O. Ige ◽  
Hycent O. Ameh ◽  
Ifeoluwa M. Olaleye
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
World Health ◽  
Geophysical Investigation ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Static Water ◽  
Weathered Layer ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThis study aims at determining the state of government provided boreholes, evaluating groundwater potential and quality assessment within the Ayede Ekiti community. 12 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were conducted using Schlumberger array in order to determine geoelectric layers and fracture attributes. Also, 12 water samples were collected from the study area to evaluate physicochemical characteristics of the groundwater. The study revealed average values of total depth of boreholes, static water levels and water column in the boreholes to be 18.77 m, 6.77 m and 11.99 m respectively. 70% of the boreholes are either abandoned, damaged or with evidence of corrosion and encrustation. Geophysical investigation revealed weathered layer thickness ranging from 1.3 to 34.7 m with two regimes of fracture at 40–50 and 75–80 m. The frequency of curve types obtained shows 16.67%, 33.33%, 25%, 8.33%, 8.33% and 8.33% for AK, HA, KH, AA, QH and HK respectively while weathered and fractured basement are identified as the two types of aquifer unit. Results of water analysis unveiled that dominance cations are in order Ca2+ > Na+ > K+ > Mg2+while anions are in the order of HCO3− > Cl− > SO42−. Three types of hydrochemical facies present are CaHCO3 > NaHCO3 > CaCl in 66.67%, 25% and 8.33% respectively. The Wilcox plot suggests the suitability of the groundwater samples for irrigation purposes when compared with the World Health Organization standards. Despite potential for groundwater and good quality of analyzed samples, the problem of water in this community is traceable to inadequacy in exploration, shallow boreholes with consequent seasonal water availability.

2019 Novel Coronavirus: A review on Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Current Clinical Trials in Vaccine Development

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megala Jayaraman ◽  
Sabari Krishna B. B. ◽  
Parijat Dutta ◽  
Jayesh Telang ◽  
Sreshta Adhikari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Vaccine Trials ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

: Coronavirus disease-2019, a viral disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified by the Centre for Disease Control (CDC), China on January 7, 2020. This mysterious respiratory epidemic occurred in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. A month later its outbreak in China, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) due to its severity and high transmission potential throughout the world, leading many nations to implement multiple lockdown sessions and strict social distancing measures. As of September 21, 2020, 30,675,675 active cases and 954,417 deaths had been reported worldwide. Intensive research is being carried out across the globe to identify precise diagnostic techniques and to develop novel, effective vaccines against the virus. Herein, we elaborate on details of epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and vaccine trials related to this pandemic.

scholarly journals Physicochemical properties of groundwater in parts of Irun Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Kehinde Ibrahim Adebayo ◽  
Victor Etim Nyong ◽  
Oluwaseye Peter Amah
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Sodium Absorption Ratio ◽  
Geochemical Parameters ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Magnesium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Ten groundwater samples from hand dug wells were collected at Irun Akoko within the basement complex of part of southwestern Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the groundwater suitability for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The groundwater samples were analysed for some physical and chemical constituents including pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, SO4, PO4 and NO3. The pH (7.0 – 7.9) and TDS (12.26 – 19.35 mg/l) of the groundwater indicate that the water is neutral to slightly alkaline and fresh respectively. The order of relative abundance for concentration of cations in the groundwater is K>Ca>Na>Mg, while that of anions is Cl>SO4>NO3>PO4. The concentrations of potassium in about 90% and chloride in about 40 % of the samples were above the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. Other hydro-geochemical parameters Ca, Mg, Na, SO4, PO4 and NO3 falls within the WHO standards. Values of Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) classified the water as excellent for irrigation purposes. The Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) values classified eighty percent of the water to be of good quality and the remaining samples as fair for irrigation purposes. However, using the Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (55.0 – 68.9 %) the samples may have hazardous effects on the soil. Generally, groundwater in the study area is suitable for both domestic and irrigation uses.

Obstacles to Claiming Permanence and Injury-Relatedness for “Posttraumatic” Headache

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Robert J. Barth
Keyword(s):  
Complete Recovery ◽  
World Health ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Posttraumatic Headache ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Causative Relationship ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Subjective Reports

Abstract “Posttraumatic” headaches claims are controversial because they are subjective reports often provided in the complex of litigation, and the underlying pathogenesis is not defined. This article reviews principles and scientific considerations in the AMAGuides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) that should be noted by evaluators who examine such cases. Some examples in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, may seem to imply that mild head trauma can cause permanent impairment due to headache. The author examines scientific findings that present obstacles to claiming that concussion or mild traumatic brain injury is a cause of permanent headache. The World Health Organization, for example, found a favorable prognosis for posttraumatic headache, and complete recovery over a short period of time was the norm. Other studies have highlighted the lack of a dose-response correlation between trauma and prolonged headache complaints, both in terms of the frequency and the severity of trauma. On the one hand, scientific studies have failed to support the hypothesis of a causative relationship between trauma and permanent or prolonged headaches; on the other hand, non–trauma-related factors are strongly associated with complaints of prolonged headache.

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