scholarly journals Can moral reasoning be modeled in an experiment?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252721
Author(s):  
Ján Grác ◽  
Adam Biela ◽  
Piotr Janusz Mamcarz ◽  
Dorota Kornas-Biela
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Unique Element ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Research Procedure ◽  
Phase Design ◽  
Empirical Approaches

A review of the literature on moral issues indicates that none of the empirical approaches to moral reasoning proposes an experimental approach which controls for such object-related experimental variables as: knowledge, motivation, acceptance of moral norms and consequences of human behavior in moral situations in a single research procedure. A unique element of the proposed experimental method is a multi-stage model determining morality indicators. In the two-phase design experiment, psychology students were asked to create model ethical stories and then conduct an overall assessment of each of these stories. As a result, a base of ethical stories was created with empirical moral indicators (positive, negative, neutral). The patterns in the moral evaluation of ethical stories were determined by identifying three processes (selection, differentiation and integration). The final result is a confirmed design of the experiment and a set of formulas that can be used in education and research on morality reasoning.

scholarly journals Extraction of tetracycline using the ionic liquid-based aqueous two phase systems: Single-stage versus multi-stage

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Liu ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Jun Zhou ◽  
Zongcheng Yan
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Extraction Behavior ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Tie Line

Ionic liquids-based aqueous two-phase extraction (ILs-ATPE) offers an alternative approach to the extraction of tetracycline (TC) through their partitioning between two phases. Single-stage and multi-stage strategies have been evaluated and compared for the purification of TC using ATPE composed of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium halide ([Bmim]X(X=Cl,Br)) and K2HPO4. The influence factors on single-stage extraction behavior of TC were optimized systematically, including the pH value, tie line length, and volume ratio. The optimal extraction efficiency of TC could reach above 95% when the volume ratio is higher than 1.5 and the tie line length is 30.52%. The multi-stage ATPE was also investigated by simulating a three-stage crosscurrent operation in test tubes. According to the TC isotherm curve and respective McCabe?Thiele diagrams, a predicted optimized scheme of the countercurrent multi-stage ATPE was determined. TC can be purified in the IL-rich top phase with a final extraction efficiency of 99% and a final TC concentration of 0.25 mg/mL, if a three- -stage [Bmim]Cl-K2HPO4 ATPE with volume ratio of 0.5 and tie line length of 30.52% was employed. Thus, the multi-stage extraction with small volume ratio is necessary to achieve a higher recovery yield, resulting in the reduction of the IL consumption.

scholarly journals 2019冠狀病毒病疫情下的道德議題的初步哲學探索

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-112
Author(s):  
Benedict S. B. CHAN
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Capability Approach ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
New Public Health ◽  
The Capability Approach

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.在2019冠狀病毒疫情之下，至少有兩個公共術生政策的道德議題變得異常重要。第一，現時有不少爭議是關於這些抗疫政策與個人自由的衡突。這是很典型的公共善與個人自由衡突的道德爭論，但疫情令這樣的衡突成為直接而迫切的顧慮。第 二，這個世界在疫情之前已有很多嚴重的不平等問題，但現在有些防疫政策令社會的不平等變得更為嚴重。儘管本文不會為這兩個道德議題給予肯定的解答，但會集中探究在討論這些道德議題的跨學科辯論中，應該用到甚麽道德推論和基礎，並會 詳細解釋以下幾個重要理念。第一，作者會論證，衛生道德人權的理念並不能充分地成為解決這些問題的道德基礎。第二， 不純粹用到權利進路的話，作者會論證應該用到阿馬蒂亞.森的後果評價和能力進路作為道德推論和基礎。第三，這兩個由森提出的理念可以把不同的道德理論和傳統與公共衛生議題連繫起來。作者會以儒家為道德傳統的例子，論證如何以後果 評價、能力進路和儒家當中的一些理念與價值，以此提出一些可能方向，去處理上述兩個道德議題。At least two moral issues of some public health policies have become significant in the COVID-19 pandemic. First, it is arguable that some policies to address the present pandemic conflict with individual freedom. This is a typical moral debate between public good and individual freedom, but the COVID-19 pandemic has made this conflict a more immediate and urgent concern. Second, the world had serious inequality problems prior to the pandemic, and some of the new public health policies have caused more severe social inequalities. Instead of providing definitive answers to these two moral issues, this paper focuses on what types of moral reasoning and foundation should be used in the interdisciplinary debates around these problems. Several ideas are discussed in detail. First, the author argues that the idea of moral human rights to health is not a sufficient moral foundation to solve these problems. Second, the author argues that in addition to the right talk, we should use Amartya Sen’s consequential evaluation and the capability approach as the foundation and moral reasoning. Third, the author argues that these two ideas from Sen can connect different moral traditions with public health issues. The author uses Confucianism as an example of a moral tradition, and argues for possible directions to address the moral issues using ideas and values from consequential evaluation, the capability approach, and Confucianism.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 60 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Child Rearing, Prosocial Moral Reasoning, and Prosocial Behaviour

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M.A.M. Janssens ◽  
Maja Deković
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Restrictive Environment ◽  
At Home

This study examined the relations between child rearing, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behaviour. The sample consisted of 125 children (6-11 years of age) and both their parents. Child-rearing behaviour was assessed by both observations at home and interviews with the parents; prosocial moral reasoning by interviews with the children, and prosocial behaviour by questionnaires filled in by their teachers and classmates. Positive relations were found between prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial behaviour, but only for the youngest children. Children growing up in a supportive, authoritative, and less restrictive environment behaved more prosocially and reasoned at a higher level about prosocial moral issues.

Analysis of case-cohort designs with binary outcomes: Improving efficiency using whole-cohort auxiliary information

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 691-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Noma ◽  
Shiro Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Wilms Tumor ◽  
Auxiliary Information ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Binary Outcomes ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Cohort Design ◽  
Improved Estimators ◽  
Phase Design

The case-cohort design has been widely adopted for reducing the cost of covariate measurements in large prospective cohort studies. Under the case-cohort design, complete covariate data are collected only on randomly sampled cases and a subcohort randomly selected from the whole cohort. For the analysis of case-cohort studies with binary outcomes, logistic regression analysis has been routinely used. However, in many applications, certain covariates are readily measured on all samples from the whole cohort, and the case-cohort design may be regarded as a two-phase sampling design. Using this auxiliary covariate information, estimators for the regression parameters can be substantially improved. In this article, we discuss the theoretical basis of the case-cohort design derived from the formulation of the two-phase design and the improved estimators using whole-cohort auxiliary variable information. In particular, we show that the sampling scheme of the case-cohort design is substantially equivalent to that of conventional two-phase case-control studies (also known as two-stage case-control studies for epidemiologists), i.e., the methodologies of two-phase case-control studies can be directly applied to case-cohort data. Under this framework, we review and apply the following improved estimators to the case-cohort design with binary outcomes: (i) weighted estimators, (ii) a semiparametric maximum likelihood estimator, and (iii) a multiple imputation estimator. In addition, based on the framework of the two-phase design, we can obtain risk ratio and risk difference estimators without the rare-disease assumption. We illustrate these methodologies via simulations and the National Wilms Tumor Study data.

Evaluating the effectiveness and practicality of a cooling vest across four industries in Hong Kong

Facilities ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 511-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert P.C. Chan ◽  
Wen Yi ◽  
Francis K.W. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Heat Strain ◽  
Facilities Management ◽  
Physical Strain ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hot Environments ◽  
Cooling Garment ◽  
Phase Design ◽  
Occupational Settings

Purpose Extreme hot environments are prevalent in many occupational settings, and facilities management workers are no exception. Wearing suitable cooling garment is a useful means to alleviate heat strain and improving performance at heat exposure. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of the cooling vest across four selected fields (i.e. construction, outdoor cleaning and horticulture, kitchen work and work involved manual handling at the airport) and identify the shortcomings of the cooling vest used by the participating workers. Design/methodology/approach This study adopted a two-phase design: a quantitative questionnaire survey followed by qualitative in-depth interviews. Findings A remarkable physical strain alleviation (PSA) of 21.1 per cent (14.8 per cent in construction, 18.8 per cent in horticulture and cleaning, 27.4 per cent in kitchen and catering and 26.5 per cent in airport apron service) is achieved by the use of cooling vest in four industries. Despite the success of PSA, several shortcomings of the cooling vest were identified: easily stained color, heavy weight, short cooling time, inflexibility that presents a hazard around moving equipment, lack of industry-specific design, nondurable and thick fabric with poor permeability. Originality/value The findings of the current study do not only confirm the effectiveness of the cooling vest in alleviating heat strain and physical strain but also identify the major shortcomings upon which further improvements can be made.

Selection models for efficient two‐phase design of family studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-270
Author(s):  
Yujie Zhong ◽  
Richard J. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Family Studies ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Selection Models ◽  
Phase Design

scholarly journals Random effects models for complex designs

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 3695-3706
Author(s):  
RG Jarrett ◽  
VT Farewell ◽  
AM Herzberg
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Multiple Measurements ◽  
Variance Table ◽  
Error Terms ◽  
Phase Design

Plaid designs are characterised by having one set of treatments applied to rows and another set of treatments applied to columns. In a 2003 publication, Farewell and Herzberg presented an analysis of variance structure for such designs. They presented an example of a study in which medical practitioners, trained in different ways, evaluated a series of videos of patients obtained under a variety of conditions. However, their analysis did not take full account of all error terms. In this paper, a more comprehensive analysis of this study is presented, informed by the recognition that the study can also be regarded as a two-phase design. The development of random effects models is outlined and the potential importance of block-treatment interactions is highlighted. The use of a variety of techniques is shown to lead to a better understanding of the study. Examination of the variance components involved in the expected mean squares is demonstrated to have particular value in identifying appropriate error terms for F-tests derived from an analysis of variance table. A package such as ASReml can also be used provided an appropriate error structure is specified. The methods presented can be applied to the design and analysis of other complex studies in which participants supply multiple measurements under a variety of conditions.

A Preconditioned Implicit Free-Surface Capture Scheme for Large Density Ratio on Tetrahedral Grids

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Lv ◽  
Qingping Zou ◽  
D.E. Reeve ◽  
Yong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Integration Scheme ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Fully Implicit ◽  
Large Density ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Tetrahedral Grids ◽  
Large Density Ratio

AbstractWe present a three dimensional preconditioned implicit free-surface capture scheme on tetrahedral grids. The current scheme improves our recently reported method [10] in several aspects. Specifically, we modified the original eigensystem by applying a preconditioning matrix so that the new eigensystem is virtually independent of density ratio, which is typically large for practical two-phase problems. Further, we replaced the explicit multi-stage Runge-Kutta method by a fully implicit Euler integration scheme for the Navier-Stokes (NS) solver and the Volume of Fluids (VOF) equation is now solved with a second order Crank-Nicolson implicit scheme to reduce the numerical diffusion effect. The preconditioned restarted Generalized Minimal RESidual method (GMRES) is then employed to solve the resulting linear system. The validation studies show that with these modifications, the method has improved stability and accuracy when dealing with large density ratio two-phase problems.

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