scholarly journals Socio-spatial relations observed in the global city network of firms

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255461
Author(s):  
Thomas Sigler ◽  
Kirsten Martinus ◽  
Julia Loginova
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Global City ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Random Graph Model ◽  
City Network

One of the prevailing approaches to the study of the global economy is the analysis of global city networks based on the activities of multinational firms. Research in this vein generally conceptualises cities as nodes, and the intra-firm relations between them as ties, forming the building blocks for globally scaled interurban networks. While such an approach has provided a valuable heuristic for understanding how cities are globally connected, and how the global economy can be conceived of as a network of cities, there is a lack of understanding as to how and why cities are connected, and which factors contribute to the existence of ties between cities. Here, we explain how five distinct socio-spatial dimensions contribute to global city network structure through their diverse effects on interurban dyads. Based on data from 13,583 multinational firms with 163,821 international subsidiary locations drawn from 208 global securities exchanges, we hypothesise how regional, linguistic, industrial, developmental, and command & control relations may contribute to network structure. We then test these by applying an exponential random graph model (ERGM) to explain how each dimension may contribute to cities’ embeddedness within the overall network. Though all are shown to shape interurban relations to some extent, we find that two cities sharing a common industrial base are more likely to be connected. The ERGM also reveals a strong core-periphery structure in that cities in middle- and low-income countries are more reliant on connectivity than those in high-income countries. Our findings indicate that, despite claims seeking to de-emphasise the top-heavy organisational structure of the global urban economic network, interurban relations are characterised by uneven global development in which socio-spatial embeddedness manifests through a combination of similarity (homophily) and difference (heterophily) as determined by heterogeneous power relationships underlying global systems of production, exchange and consumption.

scholarly journals African Studies Keyword: Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-483
Author(s):  
John R. Heilbrunn
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Studies ◽  
Local Content ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Oil Curse

AbstractOil is a metonym for terms in books and articles in diverse disciplines in African studies. Some portray oil as a causal agent that thrusts formerly low-income countries into the highly competitive neoliberal global economy. Others present it according to the oil curse/blessing binary. As a curse, petroleum causes dysfunctional and costly behavior. But increased revenues from oil just as certainly result in concrete improvements demonstrating a resource blessing. Heilbrunn uses case materials to explore environmental degradation, oil theft, community-company relations, post-conflict reconstruction, local content in contracts, and corruption. These key concepts form a basis for the keyword/concept essay on oil in Africa.

Health system reconstitution syndrome: an often misunderstood phenomenon in global health practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 618-624
Author(s):  
Anatole Manzi ◽  
Alyssa Ierardo ◽  
Jean Claude Mugunga ◽  
Cate Oswald ◽  
Patrick Ulysse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Health System ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Program Implementation ◽  
Quality Care ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Health Systems Strengthening ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Movement ◽  
Active Implementation

Abstract The beginning of the 21st century was marked by the new definition and framework of health systems strengthening (HSS). The global movement to improve access to high-quality care garnered new resources to design and implement comprehensive HSS programs. In this effort, billions of dollars flowed from novel mechanisms such as The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; and several bilateral funders. However, poor health outcomes, particularly in low-income countries, raise questions about the effectiveness of HSS program implementation. While several evaluation projects focus on the ultimate impact of HSS programs, little is known about the short- and mid-term reactions occurring throughout the active implementation of HSS interventions. Using the well-documented WHO framework of six HSS building blocks, we describe the evolution and phases of health system reconstitution syndrome (HSRS), including: (1) quiescent phase, (2) reactive phase, (3) restorative phase and (4) stability phase. We also discuss the implications of HSRS on global health funding, implementation, policy and research. Recognizing signs of HSRS could improve the rigour of HSS program design and minimize premature decisions regarding the progress of HSS interventions.

scholarly journals The Character and Economic Preference of City Network of China: A Study Based on the Chinese Global Fortune 500 Enterprises

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xinzheng Zhao ◽  
Jing Su ◽  
Jing Chao ◽  
Xiaoqiong Liu ◽  
Tongsheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Radiation Effect ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Fortune 500 ◽  
Urban Agglomerations ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Network Function ◽  
City Network ◽  
The City

Based on the data of Chinese enterprises that entered the Fortune 500 list in 2015, this paper utilizes the eclectic model to construct the inter-city association network. Using the network analysis method, the spatial connection characteristics of 311 inter-city networks at prefecture level and above and 20 urban agglomerations networks in China are examined, respectively. The research found the following: (1) the overall connectivity of city network is poor, the centripetal concentration is strong, and the network is not complete. The city network structure shows three tendencies, with a concentration in political centers, a concentration in coastal areas, and a concentration in resource-based cities. The external economic dependence of each node city in national city network is high, and the city network structure has distinctly flattening characteristics. (2) Network function of cities is obviously different in multiscale region. Large cities and regional centers have more balanced function systems than the small- and medium-sized cities do. (3) The network of urban agglomerations is characterized by decentralization of power, differentiation of status, and dependence on external connections. The radiation effect of three major urban agglomerations in coastal China is strong, but the radiation effect of other urban agglomerations needs to be strengthened. (4) Both city networks and agglomeration economies have positive impact on economic growth of the city. The economic performance of city networks is differentiated between urban agglomeration cities and nonurban agglomeration cities, as well as between cities of different scale levels. This study provides new evidence for understanding the spatial relations and expansion of Chinese city networks.

Quota and Voice Reform - Stocktaking and Further Considerations, Statistical Appendices I and II, Statement by the Managing Director, and Summing Up of the Board Meeting

Policy Papers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Board Meeting ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
Board Of Governors ◽  
New Formula ◽  
The Voice

At its Spring Meeting, the IMFC reiterated the importance of implementing the program of quota and voice reforms in line with the timetable set out by the Board of Governors in Singapore. The Committee welcomed the initial informal Board discussions on a new quota formula and stressed the importance of agreeing on a new formula, which should be simple and transparent and should capture members’ relative positions in the world economy. It noted that this reform would result in higher shares for dynamic economies, many of which are emerging market economies, whose weight and role in the global economy have increased. The Committee also stressed the importance of enhancing the voice and participation of low-income countries, a key issue for which is an increase in basic votes, at a minimum preserving the voting share of low-income countries. The Committee called on the Executive Board to continue its work on the reform package as a matter of priority.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Recession: The Global Economy in Crisis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Balcılar
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments

In January 2020, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicted that the world economy would grow by 3.3% in 2020. However, in its latest forecasts, in April, it predicts a contraction of 3.0%, without growth prospects and with numerous risks. The World bank even forecasts a 3.6% contraction in 2020. These forecasts are already seen as overestimates. Most baseline forecast envisions the deepest global recession since World War II. This study analyzes various economics impacts of the COVID-19 on a global scale. If the global recession expected due to the effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) would lead to a decline in growth rate of global gross domestic product (GDP) between 2.0% and 10.% in all countries in 2020, the number of unemployed people in the net food importer countries would increase between 14.4 million and 80.3 million; the biggest part of the increase would occur in low-income countries. As the pandemic has shown its most severe impact on the largest world economies, the study considers the developments in United States, Euro Area, Japan and China. The recessions in these parts of the world spreads to the other countries and one should primarily consider these regions. Next we consider the trends in global trades, financial markets, and commodity markets. In association with the four regions of the global economy and trends in global trade, financial markets and commodity markets we consider recent developments in emerging markets.

Ports’ criticality in international trade and global supply-chains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Verschuur ◽  
Elco Koks ◽  
Jim Hall
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Single Port ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Supply Chains

Abstract Ports form the backbone of the global economy. By combining a vast database of ship tracking data with bilateral trade data and input-output tables, we highlight the critical role of specific ports in global supply chains and economies. For some countries, we find that 43.5% of economic activity is dependent on trade going through a single port. The top ten global ports influence 9.3% of the global economy, of which the port of Shanghai alone embeds 1.7% of global output. Ports are even more critical in some sectors, such as the mining and quarrying sector, for which 82% of trade is transported by maritime transport. We estimate how changes in final demand will be routed through ports, revealing that for every US$1000 increase in final demand a country’s ports experience a US$18.3 increase in imports on average, and up to US$108 increase in low income countries and small islands.

Report of the Managing Director to the International Monetary and Financial Committee on the IMF's Policy Agenda

Policy Papers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Crisis Prevention ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Income Model ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Future Work

This report reviews the work of the Fund since the 2007 Spring Meetings and the priorities for the period ahead. Progress has been made in the past few months with respect to the framework for surveillance and its implementation, quota and voice, and the Fund’s income model. Other key aspects of the MTS have also advanced, including with regard to Bank-Fund collaboration and the Fund’s role in low-income countries. Future work will focus on completion of the quota and voice reform, reaching agreement on the Fund’s new income model, and delivering budgetary restraint, as well as addressing the evolving challenges facing the Fund and the world economy, notably the financial market turbulence and financial globalization. The paper reports on recent developments in the global economy (Section II) and progress in the following key areas: reshaping surveillance (Section III); emerging market economies and crisis prevention (Section IV); the role of the Fund in low-income countries (Section V); quota and voice issues (Section VI), building institutions and capacity (Section VII); and managing an effective institution (Section VIII).

scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current Literature and Status in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anbesh Jamwal ◽  
Sumedha Bhatnagar ◽  
Prakarti Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Government Action ◽  
The People ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
The Common ◽  
Treatment Of Infection ◽  
Local Transmission

COVID-19 disease outbreak was started in the December, 2019 in the Wuhan city of China which is also known as the largest transportation hub of China. During the spring festival of China the situation become epidemic. Soon, the virus is imported to many regions including the low income countries. Till now, 234073 infected reported cases of the COVID-19 in the world with the total of 9840 deaths (March 20, 2020). The common symptoms of the COVID-19 are the cough, high fever, sore throat, fatigue and breathlessness. The disease is found to be mild in most of the people, some of cases reported to the pneumonia also with multi organ dysfunction and acute ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome). It is found that the incubation period for the infection is 2-14 days which is usually 4 days in maximum of cases. India has reported 283 cases of COVID-19 infections till now with 4 deaths. India is still at stage 2 on local transmission as per WHO report 60. WHO reported 60 clearly stated that there is no community transmission occurred in India yet which can be prevented by the avoiding mass gathering and proper screening of the people. Govt. of India has taken many initiatives to minimize the spread of COVID-19 infection in the country. The infection rate of the COVID-19 in India remains low related to population size of the country. It is because of fast government action to quarantine the suspected people and shut down all its borders. There is a great slowdown in the global economy due to COVID-19 attack which is likely to costs around $1 trillion. The spread of COVID-19 infection can be reduced by minimizing the H-H transmissions. Still there is need of Anti-n-CoV drug development which can replace the supporting therapies for the treatment of infection.

scholarly journals The Secrets and Future of Global Cities A Book Review and Reflections on “Global City Makers”, Economic Actors and Practices in the World City Network – by Michael Hoyler, Christof Parnreiter and Allan Watson, Elgar 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Mohamed Buheji ◽  
Dunya Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Global City ◽  
World City ◽  
Global Cities ◽  
World City Network ◽  
The World ◽  
City Network ◽  
Relational Economic Geography

The rapid increase of global cities in the 1990s would count now to reach more than 100 cities. Many of these global cities are trying to influence the global economy by differentiated or similar advanced instruments. The capacities and the details of these instruments have not been scientifically investigated in detail, despite the delicate role of the global cities makers and their capacity to influence the socio-economies as powerful economic actors. These intermediary economic actors are very influential in the making and un-making global cities. The “Global City Makers” economic actors and practices in the world city network by Hoyler et. al. (2018) is been reviewed from this perspective mainly. As this book help to identify the influence of certain economic planning on the socio-economic fate of millions of peoples today. Engaging critically and constructively with global urban studies from a relational economic geography perspective, the book outlines a renewed agenda for global cities research.

scholarly journals Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk?

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Clemens
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Migration Barriers ◽  
Binding Constraints

What is the greatest single class of distortions in the global economy? One contender for this title is the tightly binding constraints on emigration from poor countries. Vast numbers of people in low-income countries want to emigrate from those countries but cannot. How large are the economic losses caused by barriers to emigration? Research on this question has been distinguished by its rarity and obscurity, but the few estimates we have should make economists' jaws hit their desks. The gains to eliminating migration barriers amount to large fractions of world GDP—one or two orders of magnitude larger than the gains from dropping all remaining restrictions on international flows of goods and capital. When it comes to policies that restrict emigration, there appear to be trillion-dollar bills on the sidewalk.

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