scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current Literature and Status in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anbesh Jamwal ◽  
Sumedha Bhatnagar ◽  
Prakarti Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Government Action ◽  
The People ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
The Common ◽  
Treatment Of Infection ◽  
Local Transmission

COVID-19 disease outbreak was started in the December, 2019 in the Wuhan city of China which is also known as the largest transportation hub of China. During the spring festival of China the situation become epidemic. Soon, the virus is imported to many regions including the low income countries. Till now, 234073 infected reported cases of the COVID-19 in the world with the total of 9840 deaths (March 20, 2020). The common symptoms of the COVID-19 are the cough, high fever, sore throat, fatigue and breathlessness. The disease is found to be mild in most of the people, some of cases reported to the pneumonia also with multi organ dysfunction and acute ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome). It is found that the incubation period for the infection is 2-14 days which is usually 4 days in maximum of cases. India has reported 283 cases of COVID-19 infections till now with 4 deaths. India is still at stage 2 on local transmission as per WHO report 60. WHO reported 60 clearly stated that there is no community transmission occurred in India yet which can be prevented by the avoiding mass gathering and proper screening of the people. Govt. of India has taken many initiatives to minimize the spread of COVID-19 infection in the country. The infection rate of the COVID-19 in India remains low related to population size of the country. It is because of fast government action to quarantine the suspected people and shut down all its borders. There is a great slowdown in the global economy due to COVID-19 attack which is likely to costs around $1 trillion. The spread of COVID-19 infection can be reduced by minimizing the H-H transmissions. Still there is need of Anti-n-CoV drug development which can replace the supporting therapies for the treatment of infection.

scholarly journals African Studies Keyword: Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-483
Author(s):  
John R. Heilbrunn
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Studies ◽  
Local Content ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Oil Curse

AbstractOil is a metonym for terms in books and articles in diverse disciplines in African studies. Some portray oil as a causal agent that thrusts formerly low-income countries into the highly competitive neoliberal global economy. Others present it according to the oil curse/blessing binary. As a curse, petroleum causes dysfunctional and costly behavior. But increased revenues from oil just as certainly result in concrete improvements demonstrating a resource blessing. Heilbrunn uses case materials to explore environmental degradation, oil theft, community-company relations, post-conflict reconstruction, local content in contracts, and corruption. These key concepts form a basis for the keyword/concept essay on oil in Africa.

Quota and Voice Reform - Stocktaking and Further Considerations, Statistical Appendices I and II, Statement by the Managing Director, and Summing Up of the Board Meeting

Policy Papers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Board Meeting ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
Board Of Governors ◽  
New Formula ◽  
The Voice

At its Spring Meeting, the IMFC reiterated the importance of implementing the program of quota and voice reforms in line with the timetable set out by the Board of Governors in Singapore. The Committee welcomed the initial informal Board discussions on a new quota formula and stressed the importance of agreeing on a new formula, which should be simple and transparent and should capture members’ relative positions in the world economy. It noted that this reform would result in higher shares for dynamic economies, many of which are emerging market economies, whose weight and role in the global economy have increased. The Committee also stressed the importance of enhancing the voice and participation of low-income countries, a key issue for which is an increase in basic votes, at a minimum preserving the voting share of low-income countries. The Committee called on the Executive Board to continue its work on the reform package as a matter of priority.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Recession: The Global Economy in Crisis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Balcılar
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments

In January 2020, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicted that the world economy would grow by 3.3% in 2020. However, in its latest forecasts, in April, it predicts a contraction of 3.0%, without growth prospects and with numerous risks. The World bank even forecasts a 3.6% contraction in 2020. These forecasts are already seen as overestimates. Most baseline forecast envisions the deepest global recession since World War II. This study analyzes various economics impacts of the COVID-19 on a global scale. If the global recession expected due to the effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) would lead to a decline in growth rate of global gross domestic product (GDP) between 2.0% and 10.% in all countries in 2020, the number of unemployed people in the net food importer countries would increase between 14.4 million and 80.3 million; the biggest part of the increase would occur in low-income countries. As the pandemic has shown its most severe impact on the largest world economies, the study considers the developments in United States, Euro Area, Japan and China. The recessions in these parts of the world spreads to the other countries and one should primarily consider these regions. Next we consider the trends in global trades, financial markets, and commodity markets. In association with the four regions of the global economy and trends in global trade, financial markets and commodity markets we consider recent developments in emerging markets.

scholarly journals Providing the Best Audiological Care and Creating Sustainability in Peru

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 110-123
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Holst ◽  
Gabriel A. Bargen ◽  
Corrie E. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
The People ◽  
Hearing Health

AbstractInternational humanitarian programs are one way for individuals within low-income countries to access hearing health care. Faculty and students from the Idaho State University (ISU) Audiology Program have traveled to several locations within less developed countries over the past 15 years. Most recently, the ISU Audiology Program has partnered with Idaho Condor Humanitarian to provide hearing health care services to Peruvian indigenous people. The humanitarian expedition provides medical, dental, and audiology services to rural villages surrounding Cusco, Peru. Each year the ISU Audiology team gathers data on the hearing health care needs of the Peruvian people and fits donated hearing aids. The ISU Audiology team navigates a variety of barriers associated with limited resources to provide quality hearing health care focused on best practice guidelines for the people of Peru. This article highlights the specific needs of the people served, which the team identified and prioritized, as well as initiated a plan for continuing to develop follow-up care and sustainability.

Analyzing the Morality of Owning and Suspending Patent Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines in the Light of Catholic Social Teaching

2021 ◽  
pp. 002436392110504
Author(s):  
Vivencio O. Ballano
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Preferential Option ◽  
The Common

Using the Roman Catholic Church’s set of moral principles on social concerns called Catholic social teaching (CST) and utilizing some secondary data and scientific research literature, this article examines the morality of India and South Africa’s request to the World Trade Organization (WTO) to temporarily suspend the property rights and patents of top pharmaceutical companies to their vaccines to allow low-income countries to locally manufacture them to save the lives of the poor during this COVID-19 pandemic. Applying the theological method of “See-Judge-and-Act,” this article argues that the suspension of patents for COVID vaccines is morally justifiable in the light of CST’s principles on the universal destination of earth’s goods, the common good, and preferential option for the poor. The top pharmaceutical companies cannot claim absolute ownership to their vaccines as they do not totally own and fund the entire development and production process. Furthermore, the right to private ownership and patents has a social dimension and must serve the common good and welfare of the poor, especially in times of global emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Patent holders have a moral obligation to promote the common good and save the lives of the poor which must prevail over their capitalist quest for profit. This article recommends that Catholics and Christians must join this crusade for the suspension of patents as part of their spirituality of social transformation. Summary: Applying the Roman Catholic Church’s set of moral principles on social concerns called CST and utilizing some secondary data and scientific research literature, this article examines the morality of India and South Africa’s request to the World Trade Organization to temporarily suspend the property rights and patents of top pharmaceutical companies to their vaccines to allow low-income countries to locally manufacture them to save the lives of the poor during the current pandemic. Applying the theological method of “See-Judge-and-Act,” this article argues that the suspension of patents for COVID vaccines is morally justifiable in the light of CST’s principles on the universal destination of earth goods, the common good, and preferential option for the poor. It recommends that Catholics and Christians must join this crusade for the suspension of patents as part of their spirituality of social transformation. Short Summary: This article argues that patents of the top pharmaceutical companies to their COVID-19 vaccines must be suspended as requested by India and South Africa in the WTO in the light of CST’s moral principles on the universal destination of earth’s goods, the common good, and preferential option for the poor.

Ports’ criticality in international trade and global supply-chains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Verschuur ◽  
Elco Koks ◽  
Jim Hall
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Single Port ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Supply Chains

Abstract Ports form the backbone of the global economy. By combining a vast database of ship tracking data with bilateral trade data and input-output tables, we highlight the critical role of specific ports in global supply chains and economies. For some countries, we find that 43.5% of economic activity is dependent on trade going through a single port. The top ten global ports influence 9.3% of the global economy, of which the port of Shanghai alone embeds 1.7% of global output. Ports are even more critical in some sectors, such as the mining and quarrying sector, for which 82% of trade is transported by maritime transport. We estimate how changes in final demand will be routed through ports, revealing that for every US$1000 increase in final demand a country’s ports experience a US$18.3 increase in imports on average, and up to US$108 increase in low income countries and small islands.

Report of the Managing Director to the International Monetary and Financial Committee on the IMF's Policy Agenda

Policy Papers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Crisis Prevention ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Income Model ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Future Work

This report reviews the work of the Fund since the 2007 Spring Meetings and the priorities for the period ahead. Progress has been made in the past few months with respect to the framework for surveillance and its implementation, quota and voice, and the Fund’s income model. Other key aspects of the MTS have also advanced, including with regard to Bank-Fund collaboration and the Fund’s role in low-income countries. Future work will focus on completion of the quota and voice reform, reaching agreement on the Fund’s new income model, and delivering budgetary restraint, as well as addressing the evolving challenges facing the Fund and the world economy, notably the financial market turbulence and financial globalization. The paper reports on recent developments in the global economy (Section II) and progress in the following key areas: reshaping surveillance (Section III); emerging market economies and crisis prevention (Section IV); the role of the Fund in low-income countries (Section V); quota and voice issues (Section VI), building institutions and capacity (Section VII); and managing an effective institution (Section VIII).

scholarly journals Effects of Disaster on Primary Health Care in Low Income Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kirti Ray ◽  
Jagadishwor Ghimire ◽  
Rajendra Kumar BC
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Primary Health Care System ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The People

Primary health care is considered to be a practical approach to provide basic curative, preventive and promotive health care as an accessible medium for the people particularly in low resource income countries in an affordable way. This paper reviewed that an integrated primary health care system could reduce fundamental vulnerability of disasters; thereafter protect the health facilities and services for providing health programs. Further it focused on the increased uptake on health services to build resilience among individuals of low resource countries having high exposure to disasters. It also provides an idea on the practices adapted for gaining resilience of primary health care of low resource regions like Africa, South and South East Asia which are frequently exposed to disasters. However, this study did not focus on the health governance, pre-hospital disaster management and funding policies which are limited at present in low income countries affected by frequent disasters.Keywords: Disasters; disaster management; low income countries; primary health care; resilience.

scholarly journals The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Africa's Healthcare System and Psychosocial Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Amanze Nkemjika Ikwu ◽  
David Chinasa Igwe ◽  
Sixtus Ezenwa Nwawudu ◽  
Adeyemi Samuel Adebayo
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Office Workers ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Current Health ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The ravaging Corona virus caused many countries of the world to impose partial or total lockdown, African nations inclusive. Most African countries are low-income countries, with most of the population being non-office workers. With the continued spread and rise of COVID-19 in many African nations, the people had no choice but to keep working for their daily survival. Moreover, the current health system in most African countries is weak and unable to tackle the emerging COVID-19 pandemic. The extra burden of the COVID-19 pandemic exposed these gaps and weaknesses. In addition to the effect of the pandemic on Africa's healthcare system, there is an equal and parallel debilitating effect of the virus on the psychosocial lives of Africans. Regardless of the several challenges that African nations face; Is there any way forward? African leaders may be able to unite and reduce their dependency on the international community for aids during health crises. They may also collectively take proactive decisions on strengthening their health systems as they work on educating their people.

scholarly journals Socio-spatial relations observed in the global city network of firms

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255461
Author(s):  
Thomas Sigler ◽  
Kirsten Martinus ◽  
Julia Loginova
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Global City ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Random Graph Model ◽  
City Network

One of the prevailing approaches to the study of the global economy is the analysis of global city networks based on the activities of multinational firms. Research in this vein generally conceptualises cities as nodes, and the intra-firm relations between them as ties, forming the building blocks for globally scaled interurban networks. While such an approach has provided a valuable heuristic for understanding how cities are globally connected, and how the global economy can be conceived of as a network of cities, there is a lack of understanding as to how and why cities are connected, and which factors contribute to the existence of ties between cities. Here, we explain how five distinct socio-spatial dimensions contribute to global city network structure through their diverse effects on interurban dyads. Based on data from 13,583 multinational firms with 163,821 international subsidiary locations drawn from 208 global securities exchanges, we hypothesise how regional, linguistic, industrial, developmental, and command & control relations may contribute to network structure. We then test these by applying an exponential random graph model (ERGM) to explain how each dimension may contribute to cities’ embeddedness within the overall network. Though all are shown to shape interurban relations to some extent, we find that two cities sharing a common industrial base are more likely to be connected. The ERGM also reveals a strong core-periphery structure in that cities in middle- and low-income countries are more reliant on connectivity than those in high-income countries. Our findings indicate that, despite claims seeking to de-emphasise the top-heavy organisational structure of the global urban economic network, interurban relations are characterised by uneven global development in which socio-spatial embeddedness manifests through a combination of similarity (homophily) and difference (heterophily) as determined by heterogeneous power relationships underlying global systems of production, exchange and consumption.

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