Antimicrobial use on 74 Japanese pig farms in 2019: A comparison of Japanese and European defined daily doses in the field

Defined daily doses (DDD) have been established in human medicine to standardize the measurement of treatment in a population. In veterinary medicine, the European Medicine Agency published defined daily dose (DDDvet) values for antimicrobial agents used in food-producing animals in 2016. National defined doses (DDDjp) for antimicrobials used for pigs in Japan have recently been determined. The aim of this study was to compare the results of calculated antimicrobial use in the field using the DDDjp and DDDvet values. Data from 74 pig farms in Japan relative to antimicrobial use in 2019 was collected. The numbers of DDDs (the weight of biomass treated in kg-days) using DDDjp and DDDvet values for each farm and for different antimicrobial classes were compared. Associations between calculated numbers of DDDjp and DDDvet on farm level were investigated. In addition, differences in antimicrobial use were investigated between different production types of farms (farrowing, finishing and farrow-to-finish farms). Using DDDjp and DDDvet values, the aggregated number of DDDs for 74 farms were 4,099,188 and 2,217,085 respectively, with the former being larger by 1.85 times than the latter. The most frequently used antimicrobial class was penicillin regardless of whether DDDjp or DDDvet was used. The absence of DDDvet values for certain antimicrobial agents used in Japan and the differences in the number of DDDjps/PCU and DDDvets/PCU indicated the need for Japanese DDDs. The number of DDDs per kg population correction unit (PCU) per farm tended to be higher in farrowing farms than in farrow-to-finish farms and finishing farms, with no significant difference (P = 0.19).

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Establishing defined daily doses (DDDs) for antimicrobial agents used in pigs, cattle and poultry in Japan and comparing them with European DDD values

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0245105 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0245105

Author(s):

Kyoko Fujimoto ◽

Mai Kawasaki ◽

Reiko Abe ◽

Takashi Yokoyama ◽

Takeshi Haga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Farm Animals ◽

European Medicines Agency ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Defined Daily Doses ◽

Significant Difference ◽

European Values ◽

The Difference ◽

Number Of Treatment

Monitoring of antimicrobial use is essential in the management of the development and selection of antimicrobial resistance. A variety of indicators has become available to monitor antimicrobial use in human and animal medicine. One of them is an indicator based on defined daily dose (DDD). By using the number of DDDs administered and normalising it by the population at risk of being treated over a defined period, one can estimate the number of treatment days with antimicrobial agents in a population. For veterinary medicine, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has published the European values of DDD (DDDvet) for food-producing animals. In this study, we defined Japanese defined daily doses for antimicrobial agents (DDDjp) using DDD values that we previously assigned for antimicrobial products approved for use in pigs, cattle and poultry in Japan and compared them with DDDvet values. For the comparison, the quotient of Japanese and European values (QDDD) was calculated and the effect of the administration route and the number of active substances contained in the preparation was investigated. A total of 59 DDDjp values were defined for 43 antimicrobial agents using the data of 276 products approved for use in pigs. Likewise, a total of 55 DDDjp values were defined for 32 antimicrobial agents using the data of 196 products for use in cattle, and a total of 27 DDDjps values were defined for 25 antimicrobial agents using the data of 131 products approved for use in poultry. A comparison was made for 42, 28 and 17 pairs of DDDjp and DDDvet values for antimicrobial agents used for pigs, cattle and poultry respectively. The comparison showed median QDDD value of 0.61 and 0.66 for antimicrobial agents used for pigs and cattle respectively (p<0.01), indicating that the Japanese daily doses are significantly lower than the corresponding EMA values in these species. For the antimicrobial agents used for poultry, no significant difference was observed between DDDjp and DDDvet values with a median QDDD value of 1.15. The difference between DDDvet and DDDjp values and absence of DDDvet values for some antimicrobial agents marketed in Japan indicate that DDDjp rather than DDDvet should be used as the basis for the calculation of antimicrobial use monitoring in farm animals in Japan.

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Longitudinal Surveillance of Outpatient Tetracycline, Sulfonamide-Trimethoprim and ‘Other’ Antimicrobial Use in Canada, 1995 to 2010

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2014/248598 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 113-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shiona K Glass-Kaastra ◽

Rita Finley ◽

Jim Hutchinson ◽

David M Patrick ◽

Karl Weiss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prince Edward Island ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Repeated Measurements ◽

The Other ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Defined Daily Doses ◽

Canadian Provinces ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Over Time

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring the volume and patterns of use of antimicrobial agents is important in light of antimicrobial resistance.OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of three antimicrobial groups – tetracycline, sulfonamide-trimethoprim and ‘other’ antimicrobials – within Canadian provinces over time.METHODS: Prescription counts from 1995 to 2010 were acquired for the tetracycline and sulfonamide-trimethoprim groups of antimicrobials, and from 2001 to 2010 for the ‘other’ antimicrobial group. Linear mixed models were produced to assess differences among provinces and over time while accounting for repeated measurements. Prescription rate, defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitant-days and defined daily doses per prescription measures for the year 2009 were also compared with those reported by participating European Union countries to determine where Canadian provinces rank in terms of antimicrobial use among these countries.RESULTS: Prescribing of all three groups varied according to province and over time. Tetracycline and sulfonamide-trimethoprim group prescribing were significantly reduced over the study period, by 36% and 61%, respectively. Prescribing of the ‘other’ antimicrobial group increased in all provinces from 2001 to 2010 with the exception of Prince Edward Island, although by varying amounts (10% to 61% increases).DISCUSSION: The overall use of antimicrobials in Canada has dropped from 1995 to 2010, and the tetracycline and sulfonamide-trimethoprim groups have contributed to this decline. The use of the ‘other’ antimicrobials has increased, however. These results may suggest that switches are being made among these groups, particularly among the antimicrobials used to treat urinary tract infections.

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Establishing defined daily doses (DDDs) for antimicrobial agents used for pigs, cattle and poultry in Japan and comparing them with European DDD values

10.1101/2020.12.23.424121 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kyoko Fujimoto ◽

Mai Kawasaki ◽

Reiko Abe ◽

Takashi Yokoyama ◽

Takeshi Haga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Farm Animals ◽

European Medicines Agency ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Defined Daily Doses ◽

Animal Medicine ◽

European Values ◽

The Difference ◽

Number Of Treatment

AbstractMonitoring of antimicrobial use is essential to manage the development and selection of antimicrobial resistance. A variety of indicators has become available to monitor antimicrobial use in human and animal medicine. One of them is an indicator based on defined daily dose (DDD). By using the number of DDDs used and normalizing it by the population at risk of being treated in a defined period, one can estimate the number of treatment days with antimicrobial agents in a population. For veterinary medicine, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has published the European values of DDD (DDDvet) for food-producing animals. In this study, we defined Japanese defined daily doses for antimicrobial agents (DDDjp) using DDD values that we previously assigned for antimicrobial products approved for use in pigs, cattle and poultry in Japan and compared them with DDDvet values. For the comparison, the quotient of Japanese and European values (QDDD) was calculated and the effect of the administration route and the number of active substances contained in the preparation was investigated. A total of 59, 51 and 27 DDDjp values were defined for 43, 32 and 25 antimicrobial agents using the data of 269, 195 and 131 products approved for use in pigs, cattle and poultry respectively. A comparison was possible for 44, 27 and 17 pairs of DDDjp and DDDvet values for antimicrobial agents used for pigs, cattle and poultry respectively. The comparison showed median QDDD value of 0.66 and 0.63 for antimicrobial agents used for pigs and cattle respectively (P<0.01), indicating that the Japanese daily doses are significantly lower than the corresponding EMA values in these species. For the antimicrobial agents used for poultry, no siginificant difference was observed between DDDjp and DDDvet values with median QDDD value of 1.17. The difference between DDDvet and DDDjp values and absence of DDDvet values for some antimicrobial agents marketed in Japan indicate that DDDjp rather than DDDvet should be used as the basis for the calculation of antimicrobial use monitoring in farm animals in Japan.

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Antimicrobial use on Italian Pig Farms and its Relationship with Husbandry Practices

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10030417 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 417 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jacopo Tarakdjian ◽

Katia Capello ◽

Dario Pasqualin ◽

Andrea Santini ◽

Giovanni Cunial ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Farm Workers ◽

Farm Size ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Large Variability ◽

Defined Daily Doses ◽

Size Number ◽

Pig Farms ◽

Husbandry Practices ◽

Finishing Pig ◽

On Farm

The analysis of antimicrobial use (AMU) data in livestock allows for the identification of risk factors for AMU, thereby favoring the application of responsible AMU policies on-farm. Herewith, AMU in 36 finishing pig farms in northern Italy from 2015–2017 was expressed as defined daily doses for Italian pigs (DDDita) per population correction unit (DDDita/100kg). A retrospective analysis was then conducted to determine the effects of several husbandry practices on AMU. Overall, AMU ranged between 12 DDDita/100kg in 2015 and 8 DDDita/100kg in 2017, showing no significant trends, due to the large variability in AMU between farms. However, a 66% AMU reduction was observed in 19 farms during 2015-2017. Farm size, number of farm workers, air quality, average pig mortality, and presence of undocked pigs on the farm had no significant effects on AMU. Rather, welfare-friendly farms had 38% lower AMU levels (p < 0.05). In conclusion, animal welfare management seems to be relatively more important than farm structure and other managerial characteristics as drivers of AMU in finishing pig farms.

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The Use of Antimicrobials in Italian Heavy Pig Fattening Farms

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9120892 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 892

Author(s):

Federico Scali ◽

Giovanni Santucci ◽

Antonio M. Maisano ◽

Francesca Giudici ◽

Federica Guadagno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Farm Size ◽

Production Data ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Management Standards ◽

Defined Daily Doses ◽

Group Treatments ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Heavy Pig

Data on antimicrobial use (AMU) in heavy pig production (>150 kg) are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the AMU in this production. Data from 2015 were collected for 143 fattening farms. The AMU was estimated through a treatment index per 100 days (TI100) using the defined daily dose animal for Italy (DDDAit). When possible, a comparison with the European Medicines Agency’s defined daily doses for animals (DDDvet) was performed. The median TI100 was 10.7 (range, 0.2–49.5). Group treatments represented 94.6% of overall consumption. The AMU calculated using DDDAit and DDDvet were strongly correlated (ρ = 0.976; p < 0.001). The AMU was negatively correlated with injectables use (ρ = −0.46, p < 0.001) and positively correlated with oral products (ρ = 0.21, p = 0.014), premixes (ρ = 0.26, p = 0.002), and mortality (ρ = 0.18; p = 0.027). Farm size was negatively correlated with AMU (ρ = −0.29, p < 0.001). Smaller farms were more frequently above the median TI100 (odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.2–4.7), suggesting that they may have lower biosecurity and management standards. The results of this study should provide useful insights for the development of an Italian monitoring system.

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Profile of Antimicrobial Use in the Pediatric Population of a University Hospital Centre, 2015/16 to 2018/19

The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy ◽

10.4212/cjhp.v74i1.3037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lydia R Rahem ◽

Bénédicte Franck ◽

Hélène Roy ◽

Denis Lebel ◽

Philippe Ovetchkine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

University Hospital ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Centre Hospitalier ◽

Stewardship Program ◽

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire ◽

Days Of Therapy

Background: Antimicrobial stewardship is a standard practice in health facilities to reduce both the misuse of antimicrobials and the risk of resistance. Objective: To determine the profile of antimicrobial use in the pediatric population of a university hospital centre from 2015/16 to 2018/19. Methods: In this retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study, the pharmacy information system was used to determine the number of days of therapy (DOTs) and the defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 patient-days (PDs) for each antimicrobial and for specified care units in each year of the study period. For each measure, the ratio of 2018/19 to 2015/16 values was also calculated (and expressed as a proportion); where the value of this proportion was ≤ 0.8 or ≥ 1.2 (indicating a substantial change over the study period), an explanatory rating was assigned by consensus. Results: Over the study period, 94 antimicrobial agents were available at the study hospital: 70 antibiotics (including antiparasitics and antituberculosis drugs), 14 antivirals, and 10 antifungals. The total number of DOTs per 1000 PDs declined from 904 in 2015/16 to 867 in 2018/19. The 5 most commonly used antimicrobials over the years, expressed as minimum/maximum DOTs per 1000 PDs, were piperacillin-tazobactam (78/105), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (74/84), ampicillin (51/69), vancomycin (53/68), and cefotaxime (55/58). In the same period, the care units with the most antimicrobial use (expressed as minimum/ maximum DOTs per 1000 PDs) were hematology-oncology (2529/2723), pediatrics (1006/1408), and pediatric intensive care (1328/1717). Conclusions: This study showed generally stable consumption of antimicrobials from 2015/16 to 2018/19 in a Canadian mother-and-child university hospital centre. Although consumption was also stable within drug groups (antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals), there were important changes over time for some individual drugs. Several factors may explain these variations, including disruptions in supply, changes in practice, and changes in the prevalence of infections. Surveillance of antimicrobial use is an essential component of an antimicrobial stewardship program. RÉSUMÉ Contexte : La gestion des antimicrobiens est une pratique courante dans les centres hospitaliers afin de réduire l’utilisation inappropriée des antimicrobiens et le risque de résistance. Objectif : Décrire l’évolution de l’utilisation des antimicrobiens dans un centre hospitalier universitaire de 2015-16 à 2018-19. Méthodes : Dans cette étude rétrospective, descriptive et transversale, les dossiers pharmacologiques ont servi à déterminer le nombre de jours de traitement (NJT) et la dose définie journalière (DDD) par 1000 jours-présence (JP) pour chaque antimicrobien et pour chaque unité de soins par année de l’étude. Pour chaque mesure, on a également comparé le ratio de 2018-19 à celui de 2015-16, qui est exprimé en proportion; lorsque la valeur de cette proportion était ≤ 0,8 ou ≥ 1,2, ce qui indiquait un changement important durant la période de l’étude, une note explicative a été attribuée par consensus. Résultats : Durant la période à l’étude, 94 antimicrobiens ont été disponibles dans notre centre : 70 antibiotiques (dont les antiparasitaires et les antituberculeux), 14 antiviraux et 10 antifongiques. Le nombre total de NJT par 1000 JP a diminué de 904 en 2015-16 à 867 en 2018-19. Les cinq antimicrobiens utilisés le plus fréquemment et présentés en minimum / maximum de NJT par 1000 JP étaient les suivants : piperacilline-tazobactam (78/105), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (74/84), ampicilline (51/69), vancomycine (53/68) et cefotaxime (55/58). Pendant la même période, les unités de soins qui faisaient la plus grande utilisation d’antimirobiens (exprimée en minimum / maximum de NJT par 1000 JP) étaient hématologie-oncologie (2529/2723), pédiatrie (1006/1408) et soins intensifs pédiatriques (1328/1717). Conclusions : Cette étude démontre une consommation stable d’antimicrobiens entre 2015-16 et 2018-19 dans un centre hospitalier universitaire mère-enfant canadien. Malgré le fait que la consommation entre les groupes d’antimicrobiens (antibiotiques, antiviraux, antifongiques) était stable, on a constaté d’importantes variations concernant certains médicaments individuels. Plusieurs facteurs peuvent expliquer cette variation, notamment des ruptures d’approvisionnement, des changements de pratique et des changements dans la prévalence d’infections. La surveillance de la consommation des antimicrobiens est une partie essentielle de tout programme d’antibiogouvernance.

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Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and COVID-19 infection or hospitalization: a cohort study

American Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1093/ajh/hpaa168 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S Dublin ◽

R Walker ◽

J S Floyd ◽

S M Shortreed ◽

S Fuller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Enzyme Inhibitors ◽

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽

Defined Daily Doses ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Medication Dose ◽

Receptor Blockers

Abstract BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or affect disease severity. Prior studies have not examined the association of medication dose with risks. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included people aged ≥18 years enrolled in a US integrated healthcare system for at least 4 months as of 2/29/2020. Current ACEI and ARB use was identified from pharmacy data, and the estimated daily dose was calculated and standardized across medications. COVID-19 infections and hospitalizations were identified through 6/14/2020 from laboratory and hospitalization data. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for race/ethnicity, obesity and other covariates. RESULTS Among 322,044 individuals, 826 developed COVID-19 infection. Among people using ACEI/ARBs, 204/56,105 developed COVID-19 (3.6 per 1000 individuals) compared with 622/265,939 without ACEI/ARB use (2.3 per 1000), yielding an adjusted OR of 0.91 (95% CI 0.74-1.12). For use of < 1 defined daily dose vs. nonuse, the adjusted OR for infection was 0.92 (95% CI 0.66-1.28); for 1 to < 2 defined daily doses, 0.89 (95% CI 0.66-1.19); and for ≥2 defined daily doses, 0.92 (95% CI 0.72-1.18). The OR was similar for ACEIs and ARBs and in subgroups by age and sex. 26% of people with COVID-19 infection were hospitalized; the adjusted OR for hospitalization in relation to ACEI/ARB use was 0.98 (95% CI 0.63-1.54), and there was no association with dose. CONCLUSIONS These findings support current recommendations that individuals on these medications continue their use.

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Evaluation of a Multidisciplinary Antimicrobial Stewardship Program in a Saudi Critical Care Unit: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2020.570238 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Abdul Haseeb ◽

Hani Saleh Faidah ◽

Manal Al-Gethamy ◽

Muhammad Shahid Iqbal ◽

Abrar Mohammed Barnawi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Critical Care ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽

Audit And Feedback ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Bed Days

Background: Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are collaborative efforts to optimize antimicrobial use in healthcare institutions through evidence-based quality improvement strategies. With regard to critically ill patients, appropriate antimicrobial usage is of significance, and any delay in therapy increases their risk of mortality. Therefore, the implementation of structured multidisciplinary ASPs in critical care settings is of the utmost importance to promote the judicious use of antimicrobials.Methods: This quasi-experimental study evaluating a multidisciplinary ASP in a 20-bed critical care setting was conducted from January 1, 2016 to July 31, 2017. Outcomes were compared nine months before and after ASP implementation. The national antimicrobial stewardship toolkit by Ministry of health was reviewed and the hospital antibiotic prescribing policy was accordingly modified. The antimicrobial stewardship algorithm (Start Smart and Then Focus) and an ASP toolkit were distributed to all intensive care unit staff. Prospective audit and feedback, in addition to prescribing forms for common infectious diseases and education, were the primary antimicrobial strategies.Results: We found that the mean total monthly antimicrobial consumption measured as defined daily dose per 100 bed days was reduced by 25% (742.86 vs. 555.33; p = 0.110) compared to 7% in the control condition (tracer medications) (35.35 vs. 38.10; p = 0.735). Interestingly, there was a negative impact on cost in the post-intervention phase. Interestingly, the use of intravenous ceftriaxone measured as defined daily dose per 100 bed days was decreased by 82% (94.32 vs. 16.68; p = 0.008), whereas oral levofloxacin use was increased by 84% (26.75 vs. 172.29; p = 0.008) in the intensive care unit.Conclusion: Overall, involvement of higher administration in multidisciplinary ASP committees, daily audit and feedback by clinical pharmacists and physicians with infectious disease training, continuous educational activities about antimicrobial use and resistance, use of local antimicrobial prescribing guidelines based on up-to-date antibiogram, and support from the intensive care team can optimize antibiotic use in Saudi healthcare institutions.

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Assigning Defined Daily/Course Doses for Antimicrobials in Turkeys to Enable a Cross-Country Quantification and Comparison of Antimicrobial Use

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10080971 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 971

Author(s):

Philip Joosten ◽

Steven Sarrazin ◽

Claire Chauvin ◽

Gabriel Moyano ◽

Katharina Wadepohl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Standard Dose ◽

World Health ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Cross Country ◽

Health Organization ◽

Antimicrobial Treatments ◽

Huge Variation

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens our public health and is mainly driven by antimicrobial usage (AMU). For this reason the World Health Organization calls for detailed monitoring of AMU over all animal sectors involved. Therefore, we aimed to quantify AMU on turkey farms. First, turkey-specific Defined Daily Dose (DDDturkey) was determined. These were compared to the broiler alternative from the European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (DDDvet), that mention DDDvet as a proxy for other poultry species. DDDturkey ranged from being 81.5% smaller to 48.5% larger compared to its DDDvet alternative for broilers. Second, antimicrobial treatments were registered on 60 turkey farms divided over France, Germany and Spain between 2014 and 2016 (20 flocks per country). Afterwards, AMU was quantified using treatment incidence (TI) per 100 days. TI expresses the percentage of the rearing period that the turkeys were treated with a standard dose of antimicrobials. Minimum, median and maximum TI at flock level and based on DDDturkey = 0.0, 10.0 and 65.7, respectively. Yet, a huge variation in amounts of antimicrobials used at flock level was observed, both within and between countries. Seven farms (12%) did not use any antimicrobials. Aminopenicillins, polymyxins, and fluoroquinolones were responsible for 72.2% of total AMU. The proportion of treating farms peaked on week five of the production cycle (41.7%), and 79.4% of the total AMU was administered in the first half of production. To conclude, not all DDDvet values for broilers can be applied to turkeys. Additionally, the results of AMU show potential for reducing and improving AMU on turkey farms, especially concerning the usage of critically important antimicrobials.

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Antimicrobial Usage in Cattle and Poultry Production in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: Pattern and Quantity

10.21203/rs.3.rs-127229/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rogers Azabo ◽

Stephen Mshana ◽

Mecky Matee ◽

Sharadhuli I Kimera

Keyword(s):

Dairy Farms ◽

Dar Es Salaam ◽

Small Scale ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Poultry Farms ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Small Scale Dairy

Abstract Background: Antimicrobials are extensively used in cattle and poultry production in Tanzania. However, there is dearth of information on its quantitative use. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August to September 2019 in randomly selected poultry and small-scale dairy farms, in three districts of Dar es Salaam City eastern, Tanzania, to assess the practice and quantify antimicrobial use. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed at a confidence interval of 95%. The ratio of Used Daily Dose (UDD) and Defined Daily Dose (DDD) were used to determine whether the antimicrobial was overdosed or under dosed. Results: A total of 51 poultry and 65 small-scale dairy farms were involved in the study. The route of antimicrobial administration was 98% orally via drinking water and 2% in feeds for poultry and for small-scale dairy farms, all through parenteral route. Seventeen types of antimicrobials comprising seven classes were recorded in poultry farms while nine belonging to six classes in the small dairy farms. Majority of the farms (poultry, 87.7% and small-scale dairy, 84.3%) used antimicrobials for therapeutic purposes. About 41% of the poultry and one third (34%) of the dairy farmers’ were not compliant to the drug withdrawal periods. Beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides were the commonly used antimicrobials on these farms. Trimethoprim and tylosin were under dosed whereas colistin, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, flumequin and sulfadimidine were over dosed in the poultry farms and only tylosin over dosed in small dairy farms. The majority (58.6%) of farmers had adequate level of practices regarding antimicrobial use in cattle and poultry production. This was associated with the age and level of education of the cattle and poultry farmers. Conclusion: The study revealed a high and widespread misuse of antimicrobials of different types and classes in both poultry and small-scale dairy farming in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This result gives insight into the antimicrobial use practices and its quantification. The information obtained can guide and promote prudent use of antimicrobials among the farmers by developing mitigate strategies that reduce antimicrobial resistance risk potentials.

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