scholarly journals Foliar herbivory increases sucrose concentration in bracteal extrafloral nectar of cotton

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258836
Author(s):  
Cody C. Gale ◽  
Pierre Lesne ◽  
Caroline Wilson ◽  
Anjel M. Helms ◽  
Charles P-C. Suh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Sucrose Induction ◽  
Predatory Insects ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Induced Changes

Cultivated cotton, such as Gossypium hirsutum L., produces extrafloral (EF) nectar on leaves (foliar) and reproductive structures (bracteal) as an indirect anti-herbivore defense. In exchange for this carbohydrate-rich substance, predatory insects such as ants protect the plant against herbivorous insects. Some EF nectar-bearing plants respond to herbivory by increasing EF nectar production. For instance, herbivore-free G. hirsutum produces more bracteal than foliar EF nectar, but increases its foliar EF nectar production in response to herbivory. This study is the first to test for systemically induced changes to the carbohydrate composition of bracteal EF nectar in response to foliar herbivory on G. hirsutum. We found that foliar herbivory significantly increased the sucrose content of bracteal EF nectar while glucose and fructose remained unchanged. Sucrose content is known to influence ant foraging behavior and previous studies of an herbivore-induced increase to EF nectar caloric content found that it led to increased ant activity on the plant. As a follow-up to our finding, ant recruitment to mock EF nectar solutions that varied in sucrose content was tested in the field. The ants did not exhibit any preference for either solution, potentially because sucrose is a minor carbohydrate component in G. hirsutum EF nectar: total sugar content was not significantly affected by the increase in sucrose. Nonetheless, our findings raise new questions about cotton’s inducible EF nectar responses to herbivory. Further research is needed to determine whether an herbivore-induced increase in sucrose content is typical of Gossypium spp., and whether it constitutes a corollary of systemic sucrose induction, or a potentially adaptive mechanism which enhances ant attraction to the plant

scholarly journals A Single Recessive Gene for Sucrose Accumulation in Cucumis melo Fruit

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 938-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosef Burger ◽  
Uzi Saar ◽  
Nurit Katzir ◽  
Harry S. Paris ◽  
Yelena Yeselson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Sucrose Accumulation ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Single Recessive Gene ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Fruit Flesh ◽  
High Sucrose

Fruit sweetness is the major determinant of fruit quality in melons (Cucumis melo L.) and reflects the concentration of the three major soluble sugars, sucrose, glucose, and fructose, present in the fruit flesh. Of these three sugars, sucrose is the prime factor accounting for both the genetic and the environmental variability observed in sugar content of C. melo fruit. Faqqous (subsp. melo var. flexuosus), a cultivar having a low sucrose and total sugar content, was crossed with Noy Yizre'el (subsp. melo var. reticulatus), a cultivar having a high sucrose and total sugar content. F1 plants had a sucrose content averaging slightly higher than that of the low-sucrose parent, indicating that low sucrose content is nearly completely dominant. Segregation in the F2 and backcross progenies indicated that high sucrose accumulation in melon fruit flesh is conferred by a single recessive gene herein designated suc. When the high-sucrose parent was crossed with the moderate-sucrose landrace known as Persia 202 (subsp. melo var. reticulatus), the segregation in the filial and backcross progenies suggested that additional genetic factors affect the amount of sucrose accumulation.

scholarly journals Dracula’s mistress: removal of blood-red floral nectar results in secretion of more nectar

2020 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Thomas Mione ◽  
Isaac Argeo Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Floral Nectar ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Nectar Volume ◽  
Floral Nectary ◽  
Floral Longevity ◽  
Nectar Replenishment

Background and aims – Flowers of Jaltomata quipuscoae (Solanaceae) secrete blood-red nectar that serves as an energy reward and possible attractant to pollinators. The purposes of this study were to determine whether simulated pollinator visits (manual removal of nectar) stimulates replenishment of nectar, and report the pattern of nectar presentation during the lifespan of the flower. Methods – For the nectar replenishment experiments flowers were paired: each pair of flowers was selected to be on the same plant and at the same developmental stage. From all 62 flowers nectar was removed and discarded (not measured) at time zero. Then, over a period of eight hours, the nectar of one flower was measured four times, i.e., every two hours, while nectar of the paired control flower was measured only at the end of the eight-hour period. In the nectar dynamics experiment five sets of flowers received different treatments: flowers were unmanipulated for zero, one, two, three or four days and then nectar was removed once every day. The volume of nectar produced and concentration of sugar in the nectar were recorded at each extraction for both studies.Key results – In the nectar replenishment study significantly higher nectar volume and consequently significantly higher total sugar content was present in the experimental nectar-extracted flowers. In the nectar dynamics study, nectar was produced starting on day one or two, continuously through the life of the open flowers until one or two days before the corolla senesced. Delay of nectar removal from different flower sets for zero, one, two, three or four days resulted in a linear increase in nectar volume and total nectar sugar production, and had little or no effect on the cumulative (life of the flower) nectar production. Floral longevity, seven to ten days, was not affected by a single removal of nectar each day.Conclusions – The floral nectary of J. quipuscoae responded to nectar removal by secreting more nectar, and thus more total sugar (not a higher concentration of sugar) than was secreted by control flowers. In flowers from which nectar was not removed, nectar volume and thus total sugar secreted continued to accumulate linearly, suggesting that reabsorption of nectar either does not occur or is slow relative to the rate of secretion. The more we (or pollinators) take, the more the flowers make: the volume of nectar and sugar production increase if nectar is removed frequently but not if nectar is removed infrequently.

scholarly journals Effects of different fertilization practices on the glucose, fructose, sucrose, taste and texture of carrot

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
Aino-Maija Evers
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
The Mean

The effects of different fertilization practices on the glucose, fructose, sucrose, taste and texture of carrot cv. Nantes Duke Notabene 370 Sv were studied in field experiments carried out in southern Finland in 1985 and 1986. The effects of unirrigated and irrigated placement and broadcast fertilization, NPK fertirrigations without basic fertilization, NPK fertirrigations with NPK basic fertilization, and PK placement with N fertirrigations were compared. Further, the effects of single application were compared with those of split applications. Sugar analyses were made by high performance liquid chromatography, and sensory evaluations were performed for taste and texture. The results were analysed by contrast analysis. In 1985, fertilization and fertilization practices had no effects on sugar contents. In 1986, the unfertilized treatments had a tendency to yield higher glucose and fructose, and thus also total sugar contents than did the fertilized treatments on the average. Placement fertilization had a tendency to increase the glucose content as compared to NPK fertirrigations. No significant differences or tendencies were found in sucrose content. The glucose and fructose contents were higher in 1985 than in 1986. The sucrose content was mainly opposite, being higher in 1986.Weather conditions were more favourable for photosynthesis in 1986 than in 1985. The mean total sugar content in fresh weight was 7.8 % in 1985 and 6.7 % in 1986. Indicative results of taste and texture are presented. The sugar content in organically cultivated carrots did not differ from that of conventionally grown carrots, but the taste was worse.

scholarly journals Effect of Broomrape (Orobanche spp.) Infection on Sugar Content of Carrot Roots

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 892-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Schaffer ◽  
R. Jacobsohn ◽  
D.M. Joel ◽  
E. Eliassi ◽  
Miriam Fogelman
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Carrot Root ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
The Core ◽  
Orobanche Aegyptiaca ◽  
Root Quality

The soluble sugar content of mature carrot roots (Daucus carota L. cv. Ti-To, Nantes type) grown in broomrape-infested or noninfested soil was measured. Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. (Egyptian broomrape) and O. crenata Forssk. (crenate broom-rape) decreased the total sugar content similarly. Sucrose was the primary sugar in noninfected roots and its level was greatly reduced in infected roots. Concentrations of sucrose were higher in the cortex than in the core; broomrape infection reduced sucrose concentration in both portions of the root. Even broomrape-infected roots with a healthy appearance (acceptable size and color) had a greatly reduced sucrose content. These results show that broomrape infection can reduce carrot root quality even when the visual appearance of the root is not affected.

scholarly journals Nectar Production in Abutilon III. Sugar Secretion

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nele Findlay ◽  
ML Reed ◽  
FV Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Two Phases

Analysis of Abutilon nectaries shows that the sugar content of the nectary rises sharply as nectar secretion begins. Nectar secretion on the plant occurs at a steady rate of 2-5 mg total sugar per flower. hour for 36-48 hr. A total of about 100 mg sugar per flower is secreted, and this is about seven times the maximum sugar content of the nectary at any time. Secretion of sugar in nectar by isolated nectaries floating on 0--0� 4M sucrose solution is in two phases. During phase I the rate is independent of concentration of sucrose in the external medium, but the rate is decreased by increasing the osmotic pressure of the medium with mannitol. In phase II the rate of secretion of sugar depends on the concentration of sucrose in the external medium and is independent of increase in osmotic pressure with mannitol. The rate is zero on water and reaches a maximum on about O� 4M sucrose. Secretion is reduced in both phases on media of sucrose concentration

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF SUGARCANE HARVEST USING REMOTE SENSING

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W18 ◽  
pp. 857-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rahimi Jamnani ◽  
A. Liaghat ◽  
F. Mirzaei
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Optimal Model ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Sugarcane Varieties ◽  
Representative Farms

Abstract. In Iranian sugarcane agro-industries, the harvest time is estimated by sucrose content. Measuring the sucrose content in the juice (pol) during sugarcane harvest season will help users and farmers to achieve the best time for sugarcane harvest, which is important in accurate agricultural management. In harvest season, the pol percent is measured weekly by the destructive method through sampling of different areas of representative farms. In the this method, all fields are not sampled due to the plurality of fields and the need for expenditure and workforce, and the measured samples do not represent the entire area of a field. The aim of this paper is to find an optimal model for determine best harvest time for four sugarcane varieties using satellite vegetation indices, and also to obtain a zoning map which represents the areas ready for harvest during a harvest season in order to achieve maximum sucrose content. The results showed that, compared with NDVI and GVI, GNDVI represented higher correlation with pol (R2=0.885). The optimum values of GNDVI were found to be between 0.5 and 0.55, which indicated the areas with highest sucrose concentration. In addition, the zoning map was presented that makes it possible to separate spatially the areas ready for harvest in each field and they were also showed that central areas of farms ripened (reach maximum sugar content) sooner than sideways.

LUMINESCENT DETERMINATION OF SUGAR IN NATURAL HONEY

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
B.M. GAREEV ◽  
◽  
A.M. ABDRAKHMANOV ◽  
G.L. SHARIPOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Carbon Quantum Dots ◽  
Photoluminescence Intensity ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Natural Honey

The photoluminescence of carbon quantum dots synthesized from natural honey and mixtures of honey and sugar has been studied. An increase in the sugar content leads to a decrease in the photoluminescence intensity without changing the shape of the luminescence spectrum of these quantum dots aqueous solutions, which is associated with a decrease in the yield of their synthesis in the sugar presence. The discovered effect can be used to detect sugar in honey. When examining five different market samples of flower honey using this method, two of them showed a significant decrease in the photoluminescence intensity. A laboratory test for compliance with GOST 19792-2017 Standard requirements established an excess of the sucrose content in these samples. Luminescent determination of sugar in honey does not require complicated equipment and can be used to develop a new analytical method for determining the sugar content in counterfeit natural honey.

Evaluation of Health Promoting Minerals of A. squamosa L. Based Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 802-807
Author(s):  
Shashi Bala ◽  
Vinod K. Nigam ◽  
Ambarish S. Vidyarthi
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Tribal Community ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Custard Apple ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Apple Products

Background: Annona squamosa L. (custard apple) is a tropical fruit known for its sweet taste, distinct flavour, and pleasant, aromatic creamy pulp. The fruit is traditionally used as different folk medicines by tribal community in India. The present study was focussed on the nutritional properties of custard apple based products like pulp, juice, jam, jelly and powder. Methods: Standard ICP-OES and recognized methods of analysis were used for investigation of minerals and biochemical constituents of process products of custard apple. Results: The proximate analysis showed the highest quantity of vitamin C as 32.5 mg/100g, 16.4 mg/100g, 15.8 mg/100g 16.85 mg/100g and 12.3 mg/100g in pulp, jam, jelly, juice and in powder with a total sugar content of 20.96, 51.26, 49.83, 13.17 and 33.5 g/100g for pulp, jam, jelly, juice and powder respectively. The content of calcium in different products of custard apple was observed as 64.25, 58.15, 55.20, 58.20 and 138.35 mg/100g while, the amount of iron as constituent was found as 2.8, 2.25, 2.25, 2.65, 5.45 mg/100g respectively. The observed value of potassium in pulp, juice, jam, jelly and powder was recorded as 428.00, 545.50, 415.0, 411.9 and 1094.5 mg/100g while the concentration of magnesium was found as 54.5 mg/100g in pulp, 65.0 mg/100g in juice, 45.5 mg/100g in jam, 41.2 mg/100g in jelly and 130.4 mg/100g in powder respectively. The study of analytes like As, Pb, Ni and Sn in custard apple products were found below the level of toxicity. Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that these underutilized fruits could greatly add in the improvement of the nutrition of consumers and promote good human health.

Mid and near Infrared Study of Carbohydrates by Canonical Correlation Analysis

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Robert ◽  
M.F. Devaux ◽  
A. Qannari ◽  
M. Safar
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Canonical Correlation ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Infrared Region ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Near Infrared Spectra

Multivariate data treatments were applied to mid and near infrared spectra of glucose, fructose and sucrose solutions in order to specify near infrared frequencies that characterise each carbohydrate. As a first step, the mid and near infrared regions were separately studied by performing Principal Component Analyses. While glucose, fructose and sucrose could be clearly identified on the similarity maps derived from the mid infrared spectra, only the total sugar content of the solutions was observed when using the near infrared region. Characteristic wavelengths of the total sugar content were found at 2118, 2270 and 2324 nm. In a second step, the mid and near infrared regions were jointly studied by a Canonical Correlation Analysis. As the assignments of frequencies are generally well known in the mid infrared region, it should be useful to study the relationships between the two infrared regions. Thus, the canonical patterns obtained from the near infrared spectra revealed wavelengths that characterised each carbohydrate. The OH and CH combination bands were observed at: 2088 and 2332 nm for glucose, 2134 and 2252 nm for fructose, 2058 and 2278 nm for sucrose. Although a precise assignment of the near infrared bands to chemical groups within the molecules was not possible, the present work showed that near infrared spectra of carbohydrates presented specific features.

scholarly journals Flower mites decrease nectar availability in the rain-forest bromeliad Neoregelia johannis

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeu J. Guerra ◽  
Gustavo Q. Romero ◽  
Woodruff W. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Nectar Volume ◽  
Bombus Morio ◽  
Nectar Rewards ◽  
Flower Mites ◽  
Nectar Availability

Abstract:Nectarivorous flower mites can reduce the volume of nectar available to pollinators. The effects of the flower mite Proctolaelaps sp. on nectar availability in flowers of a melittophilous bromeliad Neoregelia johannis (Bromeliaceae) was evaluated in a coastal rain forest in south-eastern Brazil. In a randomized block experiment utilizing 18 flower pairs, one per bromeliad ramet, pollinators (Bombus morio) and mites were excluded, and then nectar volume, sugar concentration and sugar mass were quantified over the anthesis period. Mites significantly reduced nectar volume early in the morning (6h00–8h00), but not later (10h00–12h00). Mites decreased total volume of nectar available up to 22%. Sugar concentration in nectar was higher earlier in the morning, and decreased between 10h00–12h00. The pronounced consumption of nectar by mites during the period of higher sugar concentration reduced the total amount of sugar available to pollinators by 31%. This is the first study showing that flower mites decrease nectar rewards in a melittophilous plant. Because nectar volume by itself incompletely describes nectar production rates and the effects of nectar removal by flower mites on the availability of sugar, our study highlights the inclusion of sugar content in future studies assessing the effects of thieves on nectar production rates.

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