scholarly journals Advances and gaps in SARS-CoV-2 infection models

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. e1010161
Author(s):  
César Muñoz-Fontela ◽  
Lina Widerspick ◽  
Randy A. Albrecht ◽  
Martin Beer ◽  
Miles W. Carroll ◽  
...  

The global response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now facing new challenges such as vaccine inequity and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). Preclinical models of disease, in particular animal models, are essential to investigate VOC pathogenesis, vaccine correlates of protection and postexposure therapies. Here, we provide an update from the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 modeling expert group (WHO-COM) assembled by WHO, regarding advances in preclinical models. In particular, we discuss how animal model research is playing a key role to evaluate VOC virulence, transmission and immune escape, and how animal models are being refined to recapitulate COVID-19 demographic variables such as comorbidities and age.

Author(s):  
Roger Magnusson

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes, are responsible for around 70 percent of global deaths each year. This chapter describes how NCDs have become prevalent and critically evaluates global efforts to address NCDs and their risk factors, with a particular focus on the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations (UN) system. It explores the factors that have prevented those addressing NCDs from achieving access to resources and a priority commensurate with their impact on people’s lives. The chapter evaluates the global response to NCDs both prior to and since the UN High-Level Meeting on Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, held in 2011, and considers opportunities for strengthening that response in future.


2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshifumi Takeda ◽  

The global threat of new infectious diseases first became widely recognized in the 1990s. The US government published a report on emerging and reemerging infectious diseases followed by the World Health Organization (WHO), which adopted the slogan "Emerging Infectious Diseases: Global Alert, Global Response" in 1997. Typical examples of the more than 30 infectious diseases emerging since 1970s are HIV/AIDS, Vibrio cholerae O139 infection, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and avian influenza. The New Infectious Diseases Control Law enacted in Japan in 1999 was to control these emerging infectious diseases and the already existing ones.


2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua W. Busby

Abstract The COVID-19 outbreak is the most serious test of the international system since the 2008 global financial crisis. Rather than cooperate to contain and respond to a common threat, the world's leading powers—the United States and China—have increasingly blamed each other through wildly speculative theories about the origins of the virus. The World Health Organization sought to coordinate a global response, but it has been hamstrung and has come under attack. Given past cooperation between major powers to mobilize and eradicate smallpox and previous US leadership to fight HIV/AIDS and the 2014 West African Ebola crisis, the limited cooperation and lack of leadership are puzzling. What explains the anemic global response to date? This article draws from structural international relations theory to suggest a partial but somewhat dissatisfying answer. International organizations are inherently weak and now face opposition by major powers. The international system simultaneously incentivizes states to cooperate and address common threats, but it also encourages countries to take care of themselves, potentially at the expense of others. Which of these motives dominates cannot be explained by structural theory, thus requiring us to look to other factors such as the attributes of states and leaders themselves.


Author(s):  
Khaidarov Nodir Kadyrovich ◽  
◽  
Shomurodov Kahramon Erkinovich ◽  
Kamalova Malika Ilhomovna ◽  
◽  
...  

Hemorrhagic stroke among acute cerebral circulatory disorders is characterized by severe neurological complications and the need to choose between surgical intervention or therapeutic therapy. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)". Globally, stroke deaths will reach 7.8 million by 2030 unless an aggressive global response to the epidemic is put in place" 1. Subarachnoid haemorrhage, which accounts for half of the non-traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage, affects the most active and able-bodied population. The most important medical and social objectives are to monitor the course of the disease from the first hours after the onset of stroke, to prescribe adequate treatment in a timely manner, and to reduce mortality and disability rates [5,9].


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 5395-5403
Author(s):  
Rafael De Jesus Briceño Carrero ◽  
Anamaria Salamanca Guerrero ◽  
Marineth Dayana Gomez Rueda ◽  
Rocio Guarín Serrano

Homofobia por Esdras C, describe aversión, odio, miedo, prejuicio o discriminación contra hombres o mujeres homosexuales y así dispone de una actitud negativa hacia dicho gusto sexual. Sin embargo, esta disposición desfavorable es esencialmente un prejuicio fundado en la orientación sexual, y no una fobia como se entiende según la Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría y la Organización Mundial de la Salud.  Y este prejuicio es una concepción estereotipada negativa, una apreciación distorsionada que amplía las diferencias existentes entre grupos. Siendo esta actitud optada por nuestro objeto de estudio, personas de nivel académico superior y que compromete valores, pensamientos, creencias, realidades y sentimientos a seres humanos con conductas sexuales diferentes lo cual eleva el interés y compromiso con el fundamento del estudio. Es un estudio de cohorte trasversal con el objetivo de buscar la prevalencia que tiene la actitud  y pensamiento homofóbico en estudiantes pues es un tema de creciente apogeo en los últimos años, por el aumento considerable de la población homosexual en este ámbito universitario, por tanto, consideramos que es importante el estudio en la población universitaria de la facultad teniendo en cuenta algunas variables demográficas (sexo, edad, carrera, semestre, religión, estrato y estado civil) que influyen en este ámbito psicosocial.  Dicha investigación tendrá como principal herramienta metodológica la escala de homofobia validada en Bogotá en el año 2010 por Adalberto Campo-Arias.   Homophobia by Ezra C, describes aversion, hatred, fear, prejudice or discrimination against homosexual men or women and thus disposes of a negative attitude toward such sexual taste. However, this unfavorable disposition is essentially a prejudice founded on sexual orientation, and not a phobia as understood by the American Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization.  And this prejudice is a negative stereotyped conception, a distorted appreciation that widens the existing differences between groups. Being this attitude chosen by our object of study, people of higher academic level and that compromises values, thoughts, beliefs, realities and feelings to human beings with different sexual behaviors, which raises the interest and commitment with the basis of the study. It is a transversal cohort study with the objective of looking for the prevalence of homophobic attitude and thinking in students, since it is a topic of growing importance in the last years, due to the considerable increase of the homosexual population in this university environment, therefore, we consider that it is important to study in the university population of the faculty taking into account some demographic variables (sex, age, career, semester, religion, stratum and marital status) that influence this psychosocial environment.  This research will have as its main methodological tool the homophobia scale validated in Bogota in 2010 by Adalberto Campo-Arias.  


Author(s):  
Kutl Ergün

This study presents the individuals' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering that many institutions and working places were closed due to the pandemic, the possible impact of COVID-19 restrictions on individuals was assessed. The study examined the number and frequencies of respondents in the survey including demographic variables (gender, income), and future expectation on economic situation and psychological conditions. There were 218 individuals from 24 European countries participating in the survey. The percentage of respondents, discovering personal strength (previously unaware of) during restrictions was 40%. This is a high percentage showing that isolation may contribute to self-discovery. Despite annoying restrictions, many individuals expressed their economic optimism for the future. Also, most of the participants stated that they had not enough money during these restrictions. Also, this study shows that trust in governments, the European Union (EU) and the World Health Organization (WHO) was low during the pandemic restrictions. The results of this study might be useful and taken into account for potential future waves of this pandemic and possible new pandemics that may occur in the future.


2021 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
Rakesh Anbazhagan ◽  
Srinivas Govindarajulu ◽  
Sudha Seshayyan

At this pandemic situation where the global response to ght the COVID-19 pandemic through the cooperation of the general public, the negative shade of internet connectivity has been revealed, with the overload of misinformation which is being spread about the virus and management of outbreak are increasing day by day, may pose a greater risk to public health. These widespread of misinformation, rumours and fake news is termed as Infodemic by the WHO (World Health Organization), these massive content of misinformation makes it difcult for people to obtain the information from the trustworthy sources. With hope hanging on the vaccine, the scepticism and false information being rapidly developing towards it, would cause another health crisis. Getting correct and accurate information via reliable sources, especially the information which is provided by the ofcial institutions and organs of governments could help in decreasing the apprehension among the public. With this insight the paper aims to review about the infodemic, its implication and hindrances to combat Covid-19 in India.


2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Paulo Jose Lumicao ◽  

A recent outbreak of Ebola starting in August 2018 has spread rapidly in North Kivu and Ituri, north-eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This is the tenth outbreak in forty years. Nevertheless, Tedros Ghebreyesus, the director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO), recently stated that the outbreak is not yet a “public health emergency of inter- national concern.” Declaring such an emergency would trigger “a response across the United Nations, mobilizing multiple agencies, funding, and personnel . . . the sort of global response that belatedly resolved the [Ebola] epidemics in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea in 2014 and 2015.” Instead, the WHO and its partners are working with the DRC Ministry of Health to mount a more local response.


Author(s):  
Anita M Trichel

COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Since then, SARS-CoV-2 has triggered a devastating global health and economic emergency.In response, a broad range of preclinical animal models have been used to identify effective therapies and vaccines. Current animal models do not express the full spectrum of human COVID-19 disease and pathology, with most exhibiting mild to moderate disease without mortality. NHPs are physiologically, genetically, and immunologically more closely related to humans than other animal species; thus, they provide a relevant model for SARS-CoV-2 investigations. This overview summarizes NHP models of SARS-CoV-2 and their role in vaccine and therapeutic development.


2017 ◽  
Vol 141 (12) ◽  
pp. 1633-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Pisapia

Context.— In the recently updated World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumors, our concept of infiltrating gliomas as a molecular dichotomy between oligodendroglial and astrocytic tumors has been codified. Advances in animal models of glioma and a wealth of sophisticated molecular analyses of human glioma tissue have led to a greater understanding of some of the biologic underpinnings of gliomagenesis. Objective.— To review our understanding of gliomagenesis in the setting of the recently updated WHO classification of central nervous system tumors. Topics addressed include a summary of an updated diagnostic schema for infiltrating gliomas, the crucial importance of isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations, candidate cells of origin for gliomas, environmental and other posited contributing factors to gliomagenesis, and the possible role of chromatin topology in setting the stage for gliomagenesis. Data Sources.— We conducted a primary literature search using PubMed. Conclusions.— With multidimensional molecular data sets spanning increasingly larger numbers of patients with infiltrating gliomas, our understanding of the disease at the point of surgical resection has improved dramatically and this understanding is reflected in the updated WHO classification. Animal models have demonstrated a diversity of candidates for glioma cells of origin, but crucial questions remain, including the role of neural stem cells, more differentiated progenitor cells, and glioma stem cells. At this stage the increase in data generated from human samples will hopefully inform the creation of newer animal models that will recapitulate more accurately the diversity of gliomas and provide novel insights into the biologic mechanisms underlying tumor initiation and progression.


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