scholarly journals Counting the Letters of the Alphabet. A Reading of Plutarch, Quaestiones convivales 9.3

Ploutarchos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Geert Roskam
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Detailed Interpretation

The last book of Plutarch’s Quaestiones convivales contains several discussions of literary and grammatical topics. The present article focuses on Quaest. conv. 9.3, which deals with the number of the letters in the alphabet. This question is raised by ‘Plutarch’ to Hermeias the geometer. It is first argued that this qualifies as an excellent sympotic question (according to Plutarch’s own standards). Then, attention is given to the solution proposed by ‘Plutarch’ himself (738DE), to the learned reply by Hermeias (738EF), and to the final critical evaluation by Zopyrio (738F-739A). This detailed interpretation of the Quaestio should help in revealing the argumentative dynamics of Plutarch’s philosophical approach in the Quaestiones convivales.

scholarly journals Universální život a život lidský. K ontologii přírody u Jana Patočky a Maurice Merleau-Pontyho

REFLEXE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (60) ◽  
pp. 29-63
Author(s):  
Martin Rabas
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Inorganic Matter ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

The present article has two objectives. One is to elucidate the philosophical approach presented in the so-called Strahov Systematic Manuscripts of Jan Patočka in terms of consciousness and nature. The other is to compare this philosophical approach with Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s theses on nature, as elaborated in 1956–1961, and to point out some advantages and limitations of both approaches. In our opinion, Patočka’s philosophical approach consists, on the one hand, in a descriptive analysis of human experience, which he understands as a pre-reflective self-relationship pointing towards the consciousness of the world. On the other hand, on the basis of this descriptive analysis Patočka consequently explicates all non-human life, inorganic matter, and finally the whole of nature as life in its own right, the essence of which is also a certain self-relation with a tendency towards consciousness. The article then briefly presents Merleau-Ponty’s theses on nature, and finally compares them with Patočka’s overall theses on nature. The advantage of Patočka’s notion of nature as against Merleau-Ponty’s is that, in Patočka’s view, nature encompasses both the principle of unity and individuality. On the other hand, the advantage of Merleau-Ponty’s understanding of nature as against Patočka’s lies in the consistent interconnectedness of the infinite life of nature and the finite life of individual beings.

scholarly journals Taxonomy of imperative in religious discourse

2018 ◽  
pp. 170-187
Author(s):  
Maryna Malysheva
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Modal Values ◽  
Plot Structure ◽  
Semantic Significance

The article is devoted to religious discourse, which is the most specific and complex manifestation of communication units, in which linguistic laws operate according to semantic significance and pragmatically reflect unconventional correlations between morphological and syntactic grammatical categories; critical evaluation of linguopragmatic discursive theoretical studies was carried out; the questions of the modal correlation of reality and assertion in linguistics are covered; imperative as a grammatical category of the verb hasn’t only a predicative character, but also a modal which in religious discourse is represented by an opposite vector of functioning, in comparison with the classical modal split according to the types of relation to reality and modal values ​​through the prism of the category of “speaker's sight”; it is emphasized that the pragmatism of the referencing mechanism in combination with the logical-philosophical approach to understanding the imperative shades of modality are the main means of their functional-semantic analysis and definition in religious discourse; it’s noted that in religious discourse modality is based on the own plot structure of the institution, which is expressed through the pragmatic goal and it’s imperative realization, which ideally creates God and passes through the preacher to the addressee; modal shades of the ordering method in the religious environment are defined; imperative modal shades are differentiated according to the logical and intuitive perception of the religious texts of the researcher due to the force of evading the desired action by the addressee; the religious taxonomy of the imperative based on the principle of physical dispersion of light on the 7 basic spectra is created (order, prohibition, prompt, request, exhort, caveat, prevent, advice, wishes), the combination of which is formed by the strongest core imperative – an order (the least desirable for the fulfillment of the imperative action in greetings , and the biggest one - in prohibition); the absence of the notion of “order” in religious discourse is substantiated; peripheral imperative spectra provided a conceptual essence.

scholarly journals Libertad, autodeterminación e imputabilidad: El determinismo no necesitarista de Leibniz

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustín Echavarría
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Logical Possibility ◽  
The Will ◽  
Will Self

RESUMENEn el presente artículo se analiza la fundamentación leibniziana de la voluntad libre entendida como capacidad de autodeterminación, a partir de sus notas esenciales: espontaneidad, deliberación y contingencia. Al estar la voluntad determinada por la serie de percepciones que brotan de la naturaleza de la sustancia, el dominio de esta sobre sus propios actos es indirecto y diacrónico. Si bien Leibniz elude el necesitarismo mediante la atribución a la voluntad de la posibilidad lógica de obrar de forma que como obra, la imputabilidad moral de las acciones queda seriamente comprometida. El artículo concluye con una valoración crítica de la postura de Leibniz desde una perspectiva de la naturaleza de la voluntad como apertura trascendental al bien en cuanto tal.PALABRAS CLAVELIBERTAD, AUTODETERMINACIÓN, IMPUTABILIDAD, DETERMINISMO, LEIBNIZABSTRACTIn the present article we analyze Leibniz’s foundation of free will, understood as a potency of self-determination, examining it from its essential features: spontaneity, deliberation and contingency. Since will is determined by the series of perceptions which flow from the nature of substance, its dominion over its own acts is indirect and diachronic. Even if Leibniz avoids necessitarianism by attributing the logical possibility of doing otherwise to the will, the actions’ moral imputability is seriously compromised. The article concludes with a critical evaluation of Leibniz’s position, from a perspective in which the nature of will is considered as a transcendental openness towards good as such.KEY WORDSFREE WILL, SELF-DETERMINATION, IMPUTABILITY, DETERMINISM, LEIBNIZ

scholarly journals El éxito y el potencial del nudge en las políticas públicas

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
Sara GARCÍA ARTEAGOITIA
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Choice Architecture ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Administrative Process ◽  
Ethical Implications

Laburpena: Artikulu honek nudge delako administrazio-tresnak Espainiako testuinguruan izan dezakeen ahalmenari buruzko sarrera egiten du. Lehenik eta behin, tresna hori definitzen da, esanez iragartzeko moduan erabakien egitura aldatzeko era dela, hautatzeko askatasunari eutsiz. Horren ondoren, tresna bere testuinguru historikoan kokatzen da: portaeraren zientzien garapenaren ondorioz sortu zen. Hirugarrenik, nudges delakoak erabiltzeko test bidez aztertutako hamahiru moduren berri ematen da, eta adierazten da zer printzipio psikologikotan oinarritzen diren horiek, eta estatuaren testuingururako esanguratsuak diren adibide ugari ematen dira. Gero, tresna hori administrazio-prozesuan txertatzeko beharrezkoa den metodoari buruzko azalpena ematen da. Azkenik, kritikoki balioesten da zer inplikazio etiko dakartzan proposamen berri horrek administratzailearentzat eta gizartearentzat. Resumen: El presente artículo introduce el nudge como herramienta administrativa y su potencial para el contexto español. Primero se define esta herramienta como una manera de modificar la arquitectura de las decisiones de manera predecible al mismo tiempo que se mantiene la libertad de elección. Después, se contextualiza históricamente esta herramienta emergida del desarrollo de las ciencias del comportamiento. Tercero, se enumeran trece maneras testadas de utilizar nudges así como los principios psicológicos en las que se basan y numerosos ejemplos relevantes para el contexto estatal. Después, se explica el método necesario para introducir esta herramienta en el proceso administrativo. Por último, se valora de manera crítica las implicaciones éticas de esta nueva propuesta para el administrador y la sociedad. Abstract: The present article introduces the nudging as a policy-making tool and its potential for the Spanish context. First, the tool is defined as a way to predictably modify choice architecture while maintaining freedom of choice. Second, the article historically contextualizes this behaviorally-informed tool. Third, it enumerates thirteen tested ways to use nudges, as well as the psychological principles on which these hinge and numerous examples relevant to the Spanish context. Afterwards, the article elaborates on the method necessary to introduce these tools into the administrative process. Finally, there is a critical evaluation of the ethical implications of this new tool for administrators and civil society.

scholarly journals Eisenstein’s Aesthetics in Semiotic Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Nikolai Andreyevich Khrenov
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Sign System ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Semiotic Approach ◽  
Russian Cinema ◽  
Semiotic Perspective ◽  
Modernist Studies ◽  
Vyacheslav Ivanov ◽  
Academic Interests

The article is devoted to the semiotic interpretation of the theoretic heritage of the film director Sergey Eisenstein by Vyacheslav Ivanov whose jubilee has been recently celebrated. Sergey Eisenstein foresaw the structural methodology that became so popular after the 60s. Vyacheslav Ivanov is known for his vast range of academic interests. The present article is focused on his interest in cinema, in particular - the theoretic heritage of Eisenstein. This interest may be explained by Vyacheslav Ivanovs assertion, that Eisenstein tended to see cinema as a language or, more specifically, a sign system. This fact couldnt escape Vyacheslav Ivanovs notice, since the formation of semiotic methodology in Russia is closely connected with Eisenstein. So it is quite natural that Vyacheslav Ivanov reflects on the prehistory of semiotics too. As for cinema, prehistory in question is closely connected with Sergey Eisensteins aesthetics. The author of the present article also touches upon applying semiotic methodology to cinema as a sign system in general. Due to this purpose, the author refers to the period, when Russian cinema theorists were involved in semiological analysis introduced with the influence of structuralist and post-modernist studies in humanities. Some theoreticians attacked semiotic approaches in favor of philosophical and, in particular, phenomenological one. Nevertheless though these approaches are appropriate and efficient, they do not replace the semiotic one. The author argues, that such attempts to refuse from the semiotic approach in the cinema field were ill-timed and superficial. Vyacheslav Ivanovs semiotic works on cinema, especially his book Eisensteins Aesthetics, simultaneously affirm a philosophical approach to this topic. Interpreting the meaning of the title, the author of the present article argues, that the concept of semiotics was already created at the initial stage of the development of aesthetics as a branch of philosophy.

Critical Evaluation of Locus of Control: Towards a Reconceptualization of the Construct and its Measurement

1984 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Palenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
Conceptual Confusion

The construct of locus of control at present poses certain problems. It is defined in different ways by various investigators, and at times its definition is analogous to other concepts. The expectancy of locus of control is confused with the attributions of past success-failure experiences and recent approaches have proposed conflicting solutions. There is also terminological-conceptual confusion. Locus of control scales are used for the measurement of other constructs. The dimensionality of locus of control is still lacking in coherence, is confusing, and some scales also seem to measure several different concepts. The present article discusses such problems in two sections: (a) conceptual problems and (b) problems with the measurement of the locus of control. A third section describes some possible solutions; empirical evidence is presented on the first steps of an alternative approach.

A Multivariate Study of Rock Art Anthropomorphs at Writing-on-Stone, Southern Alberta

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin P. R. Magne ◽  
Michael A. Klassen
Keyword(s):  
Rock Art ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Cluster Analyses ◽  
Multivariate Study ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Detailed Interpretation ◽  
Native Group ◽  
Group Migration

The rock art of Writing-On-Stone has been the focus of detailed interpretation relying on concepts of group migration. Indeed, results of previous research at Writing-On-Stone have been pivotal in reconstructions of northwestern Plains group distributions. It is apparent that many anthropomorphic petroglyphs and pictographs contain elements and co-associations that allow chronological ordering from prehistoric through protohistoric and historic times. Cluster analyses described in this paper offer a more objective means of assessing changes in anthropomorph depictions through time, leading to a critical evaluation of prior concepts concerning stylistic changes and Native group distributions. In particular, the analyses demonstrate that rock-art anthropomorphs at Writing-On-Stone are more strongly interrelated than previously thought. We believe there is no need to invoke a Shoshonean presence in this area to account for differences in late prehistoric and historical-period rock-art anthropomorph styles.

scholarly journals “Noema” and “Noesis” by Information after Husserl’s Phenomenology Interpreted Formally

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Dinev Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Information ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Physical Process ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Transcendental Method ◽  
Psychological Sense ◽  
In Virtue Of

Along with “epoché” or his “reductions”, Husserl’s “noema” and “noesis”, being neologisms invented by him, are main concepts in phenomenology able to represent its originality. Following the trace of a recent paper, its formal and philosophical approach is extended to both correlative notions, in the present article. They are able to reveal the genesis of the world from consciousness in a transcendental method relevant to Husserl, but furthermore described formally as a process of how subjective temporality appears being isomorphic to objective temporality of the “world by itself” (an abstraction meaning it out of consciousness or transcendental consciousness): thus, it shares the same mathematical structure, which is embodied in the physical process of decoherence by the physical quantity of quantum information. The temporal world is able to appear naturally (rather as a ridiculous effect of the mythical “Big Bang”). The same process translated by formal and mathematical tools as interpreted in terms of “noema”, “noesis”, or transcendental consciousness is isomorphic to how “Self” (including in an individual and psychological sense) appears in virtue of transcendental consciousness.

"True Felicity": Paradise in the Thought of Avicenna and Maimonides

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Stroumsa
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Philosophical Language ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe attitude of Muslim and Jewish medieval philosophers to paradise was determined by their religious traditions as well as by their rationalistic philosophical approach. The present article examines the way in which medieval philosophers of the Islamic world handled this philosophic and religious heritage. In particular, it focuses on Avicenna and Maimonides, who represent, among Muslim and Jewish falasifa respectively, the first explicit and sustained attempts to translate the religious traditions on paradise into philosophical language. The article presents their interpretations of the notion of paradise, and attempt to show that, within the boundaries of their common philosophical outlook, their differing religious traditions dictated different nuances of attitude.

scholarly journals “Noema” and “Noesis” by Information after Husserl’s Phenomenology Interpreted Formally

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Information ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Physical Process ◽  
Physical Quantity ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Transcendental Method ◽  
In Virtue Of

Husserl’s “noema” and “noesis” are main concepts in phenomenology able to represent its originality. Following the trace of a recent paper, its formal and philosophical approach is extended to both correlative notions, in the present article. They are able to reveal the genesis of the world from consciousness in a transcendental method relevant to Husserl, but furthermore described formally as a process of how subjective temporality appears being isomorphic to objective temporality of the “world by itself” (an abstraction meaning it out of consciousness or transcendental consciousness): thus, it shares the same mathematical structure, which is embodied in the physical process of decoherence by the physical quantity of quantum information. The temporal world is able to appear naturally . The same process translated by formal and mathematical tools as interpreted in terms of “noema”, “noesis”, or transcendental consciousness is isomorphic to how “Self” appears in virtue of transcendental consciousness.

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