Readily usable strategies to control mastitis for production augmentation in dairy cattle: A review

Mastitis in dairy cattle is the most common management disorder that causes higher economic losses by lowering production and quality of milk leads to substantial economical loss. The aim of this article was to review worldwide important advances in strategies to control mastitis for production augmentation in dairy cattle. Many scientists worked to identify effective strategies to control mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and others. It is necessary to identify mechanisms of infection, define clinical and subclinical states of disease, determine exposure time, and identify pathogen-specific characteristics. Evolvement of management strategies that incorporated hygienic procedures (animal, floor, and milkman), post milking standing period of animal and strategic use of antibiotic or herbal therapy at dry-off, nutritional supplementation, fly control, body condition score optimization, etc., resulted in widespread control of mastitis. The udder, teat of animal, scientific management of milking, automatic milking procedure, genetic selection are considered as important factors to control mastitis. As farm management changed, scientists were directed to redefine control of mastitis caused by opportunistic pathogens of environmental sources and have sought to explore management strategies which will maintain animal well-being in a judicial way. Although significant advances in mastitis management have been made changing herd structure, changing climatic scenario and more rigorous milk processing standards ensure that mastitis will remain important issue for future research.

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Influence of Genetic Merit on Fertility Traits of Dairy Cattle on Commercial Farms

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200007821 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2002 ◽

pp. 126-126

Author(s):

H.C.F. Wicks ◽

J.D. Leaver

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Potential Yield ◽

Genetic Merit ◽

Condition Score ◽

Actual Yield ◽

High Level ◽

Daily Milk Yield

The selection of dairy cattle for high milk production is thought to be linked to increased problems with fertility. Most research has concentrated on the influence of actual yields rather than the effect of genetic merit on fertility. It has also been reported that by maintaining a high level of herd management the reproductive efficiency problems associated with high milk production can be removed (Nebel and Gilliard, 1993). The current work estimated the influence of genetic merit (defined as PIN95), 90-day daily milk yield, deviation from herd mean 305-day milk yield and body condition score on fertility, in an attempt to assess whether actual yield has more effect than potential yield as indicated by genetic merit.

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Tylosin injectable for the treatment of porcine proliferative enteropathy in experimentally inoculated pigs

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6066 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 168-174

Author(s):

Luisa V.A. Otoni ◽

Michelle P. Gabardo ◽

Núbia R. Macêdo ◽

Mariane M. Wagatsuma ◽

Marina M. Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Condition Score ◽

Initial Period ◽

Etiologic Agent ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Control Group ◽

Lawsonia Intracellularis ◽

Medication Group ◽

Proliferative Enteropathy ◽

Condition Score ◽

And Control

ABSTRACT: Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) is one of the most common enteric diseases in growing and finishing pigs. PPE is characterized by reduced growth performance, accompanied or not by diarrhea. PPE is highly prevalent in several countries of the Americas, Europe and Asia, causing high economic losses in swine herds. The most common form of PPE control in pigs is antibiotic therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate a new product based on tylosin injectable (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.) to control PPE in experimentally inoculated animals. Sixty 5-week-old pigs with mean weight of 9.5kg were divided into two experimental groups of 30 animals: medication and control. All pigs were challenged with Lawsonia intracellularis, the etiologic agent of PPE, on day zero. Fecal score, body condition score, and behavior were daily evaluated. Pigs were weighted on days -2, 13 and 21 of the experiment. Pigs in the Medication Group received tylosin injectable 13 days after inoculation, in three doses with a 12-hour interval between them. Pigs in the Control Group received injectable saline solution following the same protocol. In the Control Group, 23pigs presented with diarrhea before day 13. After day 13, the number of diarrheic animals in this group was reduced to 17. In the Medication Group, 26 pigs presented with diarrhea in the initial period, and in the period after medication, only 11 animals had diarrhea. The score of gross intestinal PPE lesions in the Medication Group was lower than that in the Control Group (p=0.031). The Medication Group also showed lower score for Lawsonia intracellularis antigen-labeling by immunohistochemistry compared with that of the Control Group (p=0.032), showing lower level of infection. These results demonstrate that tylosin injectable (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.), administrated in three doses (1mL/20kg) every 12 hours, was effective for the control of PPE in experimentally inoculated pigs.

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Abalone Viral Ganglioneuritis

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9090720 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 720

Author(s):

Serge Corbeil

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Diagnostic Tests ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Molecular Diagnostic ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Future Research ◽

Abalone Species ◽

Significant Research ◽

Research Findings ◽

Herpesvirus 1

Abalone viral ganglioneuritis (AVG), caused by Haliotid herpesvirus-1 (HaHV-1; previously called abalone herpesvirus), is a disease that has been responsible for extensive mortalities in wild and farmed abalone and has caused significant economic losses in Asia and Australia since outbreaks occurred in the early 2000s. Researchers from Taiwan, China, and Australia have conducted numerous studies encompassing HaHV-1 genome sequencing, development of molecular diagnostic tests, and evaluation of the susceptibility of various abalone species to AVG as well as studies of gene expression in abalone upon virus infection. This review presents a timeline of the most significant research findings on AVG and HaHV-1 as well as potential future research avenues to further understand this disease in order to develop better management strategies.

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Prevalence and distribution of feet lesions in dairy cows raised in the freestall

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n1p239 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 239 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rafael Costa Ebling ◽

Amanda Krummenauer ◽

Gustavo Machado ◽

Diego Zeni ◽

Luis Paulo Carazzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

The Body ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Productivity Losses ◽

Foot Diseases ◽

Infectious Origin ◽

Condition Score ◽

Foot Lesions ◽

Sole Ulcers

Foot lesions are one of the main causes of productivity losses in the dairy industry. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of claudication and distribution of hoof lesions by associating them with preventive hoof trimming, as well as list the main causes of involuntary discarding and the main health problems reported in dairy farms. The study included 10 farms distributed in 7 municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul state. The body condition score (BCS) and locomotion score (LS) of the cows were assessed. Hoof examination, lesion classification, and hoof trimming of the animals were performed. Of the 492 animals, 38.4% presented lameness and 36% had foot lesions, 81.4% of which were observed in the pelvic limbs and 19.6% in the thoracic limbs. Of the lesions in the limbs, 47.1% were of infectious origin and 52.9% were noninfectious. The main lesions were sole ulcers (31.6%), digital dermatitis (30.3%), thin soles (12%), and interdigital dermatitis (11.2%). Cows aged 4 to 6 years had a higher number of lesions and a higher LS. Preventive hoof trimming reduced the chances of lameness by 55% as the locomotive system was the main sanitary problem and the first reason for involuntary disposal of the farms. The results show that dairy cows raised in a free stall system have a high prevalence of claudication and foot diseases. These data should be taken into account when altering the livestock management of these animals in order to reduce significant economic losses in the herd.

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0661 Milk production, rumination, and body condition score of organic dairy cattle grazing two pasture systems incorporating warm and cool season forages

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/jam2016-0661 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 94 (suppl_5) ◽

pp. 316-316

Author(s):

K. E. Ruh ◽

B. J. Heins ◽

J. Paulson

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Milk Production ◽

Body Condition ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Cattle Grazing ◽

Cool Season ◽

Organic Dairy ◽

Condition Score

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Relationships between administration of GnRH, body condition score and fertility in Holstein dairy cattle

Theriogenology ◽

10.1016/0093-691x(94)90387-x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 703-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

W. Heuwieser ◽

J.D. Ferguson ◽

C.L. Guard ◽

R.H. Foote ◽

L.D. Warnick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Body Condition ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Condition Score

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Effect of an injectable trace mineral at the initiation of a 14 day CIDR protocol on heifer performance and reproduction1

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.2527/tas2017.0050 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 458-466 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R. S. Stokes ◽

A. R. Ralph ◽

A. J. Mickna ◽

W. P. Chapple ◽

A. R. Schroeder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnancy Rate ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Pregnancy Rates ◽

Variable Response ◽

Trace Mineral ◽

Mineral Supplement ◽

Condition Score ◽

Calving Season ◽

N 93

Abstract Three experiments were conducted at separate locations to determine the effects of a trace mineral injection (TMI), Multimin 90, on heifer performance and reproduction. In Exp. 1, [spring-born, Angus, n = 93, body weight (BW) = 428 ± 45.2 kg], Exp. 2 (spring-born, Angus × Simmental, n = 120, BW = 426 ± 54.0 kg), and Exp. 3 (fall-born, commercial Angus, n = 199, BW = 345 ± 39.7 kg) heifers were stratified by BW within experiment and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: a control, saline injection, or TMI at a dose of 1 mL/68 kg BW. Free choice mineral, containing Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn formulated to meet or exceed NRC recommendations, was supplemented to heifers. Injections were given 33 d prior to breeding at the initiation of a 14-d controlled internal drug release (CIDR)-prostaglandin protocol. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.37) in BW during Exp. 1. Additionally, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.52) in body condition score (BCS) at initiation or at artificial insemination (AI) and final pregnancy confirmation in Exp. 1; however, a greater (P = 0.03) BCS was noted for control heifers at breeding. Pregnancy rates to timed AI and overall pregnancy rates were also similar (P ≥ 0.74) regardless of treatment. During Exp. 2, BCS and BW did not differ (P ≥ 0.44) across treatments. There was a tendency (P = 0.07) for TMI heifers to have an increased AI pregnancy rate (62 vs. 45%) compared with control heifers despite no difference (P = 0.51) in overall pregnancy rate. In Exp. 3, BW was not different (P ≥ 0.39) across all time points. Also, BCS did not differ (P ≥ 0.45) at initiation, AI, or final pregnancy conformation. Interestingly, there was a tendency (P = 0.10) for TMI heifers to have an increased BCS at the time of breeding compared with control heifers. However, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.50) in AI and overall pregnancy rates. In 1 of 3 experiments, an injectable trace mineral administered 33 d prior to the breeding season in conjunction with a 14-d CIDR protocol, tended to increased AI conception rates of heifers even when adequate trace mineral supplement was provided. The variable response observed across experiments may be caused by differences in breed, calving season, mineral sources, and management strategies.

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National Beef Quality Audit–2016: Transportation, mobility, live cattle, and carcass assessments of targeted producer-related characteristics that affect value of market cows and bulls, their carcasses, and associated by-products1

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.2527/tas2017.0063 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 570-584 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

M. K. Harris ◽

L. C. Eastwood ◽

C. A. Boykin ◽

A. N. Arnold ◽

K. B. Gehring ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Beef Cows ◽

The United States ◽

Beef Quality ◽

Live Animal ◽

Quality Audit ◽

Condition Score ◽

Space Requirements

Abstract The National Beef Quality Audit–2016 marks the fourth iteration in a series assessing the quality of live beef and dairy cows and bulls and their carcass counterparts. The objective was to determine the incidence of producer-related defects, and report cattle and carcass traits associated with producer management. Conducted from March through December of 2016, trailers (n = 154), live animals (n = 5,470), hide-on carcasses (n = 5,278), and hide-off hot carcasses (n = 5,510) were surveyed in 18 commercial packing facilities throughout the United States. Cattle were allowed 2.3 m2 of trailer space on average during transit indicating some haulers are adhering to industry handling guidelines for trailer space requirements. Of the mixed gender loads arriving at processing facilities, cows and bulls were not segregated on 64.4% of the trailers surveyed. When assessed for mobility, the greatest majority of cattle surveyed were sound. Since the inception of the quality audit series, beef cows have shown substantial improvements in muscle. Today over 90.0% of dairy cows are too light muscled. The mean body condition score for beef animals was 4.7 and for dairy cows and bulls was 2.6 and 3.3, respectively. Dairy cattle were lighter muscled, yet fatter than the dairy cattle surveyed in 2007. Of cattle surveyed, most did not have horns, nor any visible live animal defects. Unbranded hides were observed on 77.3% of cattle. Carcass bruising was seen on 64.1% of cow carcasses and 42.9% of bull carcasses. However, over half of all bruises were identified to only be minor in severity. Nearly all cattle (98.4%) were free of visible injection-site lesions. Current results suggest improvements have been made in cattle and meat quality in the cow and bull sector. Furthermore, the results provide guidance for continued educational and research efforts for improving market cow and bull beef quality.

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