scholarly journals Ketone bodies – causes and effects of their increased presence in cows' body fluids: A review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1492-1503
Author(s):  
Piotr Guliński
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Point Body ◽  
Main Component

Ketosis is the most common metabolic disease in high-performance dairy cows during the first 6-8 weeks of lactation. Its main symptoms include an excessive amount of so-called ketone bodies in a cow's body fluids. Ketone bodies consist of β-hydroxybutyric acid (βHBA), acetoacetic acid, and acetone. βHBA is the main component with its share of the total volume of ketone bodies in the blood of about 70%. Clinical symptoms of ketosis in cows include loss of appetite, preference for forage to concentrated feed, and acetone odor in their mouth and urine. Those symptoms are accompanied by a production drop, an increase of concurrent illness (mastitis, metritis, and displaced abomasum), and poor reproductive performance. One of the ketosis characteristic effects is an increase in the level of fat in milk (>5%), while protein levels decrease (<2.9%). In the case of subclinical ketosis (SCK), the fat–protein ratio in milk is increased to above 1.4:1. The current consensus for SCK is to consider a cutoff point of βHBA to be at least 1.2 mmol/L in blood plasma. Ketosis prevention is based on keeping perinatal cows in good condition, that is, with around 3.5 points in the five-point body condition scoring, carefully balancing food doses during the first 2 months of lactation with the correct energy–protein ratio. Glucose precursor products should be administered orally, in particular to at-risk herds. Ketosis occurs in 7-14% on average of the total number of cows in a herd. In general, data on the prevalence of SCK vary considerably, depending on their source. Moreover, the problem is mostly observed in poorly-fed animals with high milk production potential. The objectives of this review are to reveal the current situation of ketosis prevalence, the possibility of diagnosis, consequences in dairy cows and to provide some recommendations for ketosis treatment and prevention.

Characterization of exosomes from body fluids of dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 3893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Q. Koh ◽  
H. N. Peiris ◽  
K. Vaswani ◽  
S. Meier ◽  
C. R. Burke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Fluids

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CHOICE OF MILKING INSTALLATIONS IN LOOSE HOUSING SYSTEMS OF COWS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.В. ГОРДЕЕВ ◽  
В.Е. ХАЗАНОВ
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Technical Level ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Working Shift ◽  
Technical And Economic Indicators

При выборе типа доильной установки и ее размера необходимо учитывать максимальное планируемое поголовье дойных коров и размер технологической группы, кратность и время одного доения, продолжительность рабочей смены дояров. Анализ технико-экономических показателей наиболее распространенных на сегодняшний день типов доильных установок одинакового технического уровня свидетельствует, что наилучшие удельные показатели имеет установка типа «Карусель» (1), а установка типа «Елочка» (2) требует более высоких затрат труда и средств. Установка «Параллель» (3) занимает промежуточное положение. Из анализа пропускной способности и количества необходимых операторов: установка 2 рекомендована для ферм с поголовьем дойного стада до 600 голов, 3 — не более 1200 дойных коров, 1 — более 1200 дойных коров. «Карусель» — наиболее рациональный, высокопроизводительный, легко автоматизируемый и, следовательно, перспективный способ доения в залах, особенно для крупных молочных ферм. The choice of the proper type and size of milking installations needs to take into account the maximum planned number of dairy cows, the size of a technological group, the number of milkings per day, and the duration of one milking and the operator's working shift. The analysis of technical and economic indicators of currently most common types of milking machines of the same technical level revealed that the Carousel installation had the best specific indicators while the Herringbone installation featured higher labour inputs and cash costs. The Parallel installation was found somewhere in between. In terms of the throughput and the required number of operators Herringbone is recommended for farms with up to 600 dairy cows, Parallel — below 1200 dairy cows, Carousel — above 1200 dairy cows. Carousel was found the most practical, high-performance, easily automated and, therefore, promising milking system for milking parlours, especially on the large-scale dairy farms.

scholarly journals The Physiological Roles of Vitamin E and Hypovitaminosis E in the Transition Period of High-Yielding Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1088
Author(s):  
Satoshi Haga ◽  
Hiroshi Ishizaki ◽  
Sanggun Roh
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Transition Dairy Cows

Levels of alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc) decline gradually in blood throughout prepartum, reaching lowest levels (hypovitaminosis E) around calving. Despite numerous reports about the disease risk in hypovitaminosis E and the effect of α-Toc supplementation on the health of transition dairy cows, its risk and supplemental effects are controversial. Here, we present some novel data about the disease risk of hypovitaminosis E and the effects of α-Toc supplementation in transition dairy cows. These data strongly demonstrate that hypovitaminosis E is a risk factor for the occurrence of peripartum disease. Furthermore, a study on the effectiveness of using serum vitamin levels as biomarkers to predict disease in dairy cows was reported, and a rapid field test for measuring vitamin levels was developed. By contrast, evidence for how hypovitaminosis E occurred during the transition period was scarce until the 2010s. Pioneering studies conducted with humans and rodents have identified and characterised some α-Toc-related proteins, molecular players involved in α-Toc regulation followed by a study in ruminants from the 2010s. Based on recent literature, the six physiological factors: (1) the decline in α-Toc intake from the close-up period; (2) changes in the digestive and absorptive functions of α-Toc; (3) the decline in plasma high-density lipoprotein as an α-Toc carrier; (4) increasing oxidative stress and consumption of α-Toc; (5) decreasing hepatic α-Toc transfer to circulation; and (6) increasing mammary α-Toc transfer from blood to colostrum, may be involved in α-Toc deficiency during the transition period. However, the mechanisms and pathways are poorly understood, and further studies are needed to understand the physiological role of α-Toc-related molecules in cattle. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hypovitaminosis E will contribute to the prevention of peripartum disease and high performance in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Effect of diet on maintenance of acid-basal balance in blood of dairy cows

2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 159-172
Author(s):  
T. Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Rumen Acidosis

High-performance breeds of ruminants often exhibit production disorders which can be accompanied by a disturbed acid-basal balance. Most of the disorders in the acid-basal balance are closely related to digressions in the diet norms of these animals. A deficiency or surplus of energy equally cause disorders in the acid-basal status of the organism. Metabolic acidosis is the most frequent of the four types of basic disorders in the acid-basal balance in ruminants. It appears as a consequence of rumen acidosis, ketosis, or diarrhea. Acute disorders in the acid-basal balance are far more dangerous than chronic ones. Therapy of the basic diseases is generally sufficient compensation for the effects of the acid-basal disorders, but in certain cases it is necessary to perform alkalization, that is, acidification of the rumen content using the necessary preparations.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Relationships between Fat-to-Protein Ratio in Milk and Energy Balance in Dairy Cows of Different Parities, and at Different Stages of Lactation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3256
Author(s):  
Edward H. Cabezas-Garcia ◽  
Alan W. Gordon ◽  
Finbar J. Mulligan ◽  
Conrad P. Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
Regression Slopes ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

A statistical re-assessment of aggregated individual cow data was conducted to examine trends in fat-to-protein ratio in milk (FPR), and relationships between FPR and energy balance (EB, MJ of ME/day) in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of different parities, and at different stages of lactation. The data were collected from 27 long-term production trials conducted between 1996 and 2016 at the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) in Hillsborough, Northern Ireland. In total, 1321 lactations (1 to 20 weeks in milk; WIM), derived from 840 individual cows fed mainly grass silage-based diets, were included in the analysis. The energy balance was calculated daily and then averaged weekly for statistical analyses. Data were further split in 4 wk. intervals, namely, 1–4, 5–8, 9–12, 13–16, and 17–20 WIM, and both partial correlations and linear regressions (mixed models) established between the mean FPR and EB during these periods. Three FPR score categories (‘Low’ FPR, <1.0; ‘Normal’ FPR, 1.0–1.5; ‘High’ FPR, >1.5) were adopted and the performance and EB indicators within each category were compared. As expected, multiparous cows experienced a greater negative EB compared to primiparous cows, due to their higher milk production relative to DMI. Relatively minor differences in milk fat and protein content resulted in large differences in FPR curves. Second lactation cows displayed the lowest weekly FPR, and this trend was aligned with smaller BW losses and lower concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) until at least 8 WIM. Partial correlations between FPR and EB were negative, and ‘greatest’ in early lactation (1–4 WIM; r = −0.38 on average), and gradually decreased as lactation progressed across all parities (17–20 WIM; r = −0.14 on average). With increasing parity, daily EB values tended to become more negative per unit of FPR. In primiparous cows, regression slopes between FPR and EB differed between 1–4 and 5–8 WIM (−54.6 vs. −47.5 MJ of ME/day), while differences in second lactation cows tended towards significance (−57.2 vs. −64.4 MJ of ME/day). Irrespective of the lactation number, after 9–12 WIM, there was a consistent trend for the slope of the linear relationships between FPR and EB to decrease as lactation progressed, with this likely reflecting the decreasing milk nutrient demands of the growing calf. The incidence of ‘High’ FPR scores was greatest during 1–4 WIM, and decreased as lactation progressed. ‘High’ FPR scores were associated with increased energy-corrected milk (ECM) yields across all parities and stages of lactation, and with smaller BW gains and increasing concentrations (log transformed) of blood metabolites (non-esterified fatty acid, NEFA; beta-hydroxybutyrate, BHB) until 8 WIM. Results from the present study highlight the strong relationships between FPR in milk, physiological changes, and EB profiles during early lactation. However, while FPR can provide an indication of EB at a herd level, the large cow-to-cow variation indicates that FPR cannot be used as a robust indicator of EB at an individual cow level.

PRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY OF COWS: INFLUENCE OF METABOLITES OF METABOLISM ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Е.О. КРУПИН ◽  
Ш.К. ШАКИРОВ
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Service Period ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
Optimal Values

Дана оценка причин выбраковки дойных коров из стад, определена продолжительность их жизни, установлены соотношения МДЖ и МДБ в молоке коров и на основании этого выявлены взаимосвязи с содержанием кетоновых тел в молоке и некоторыми показателями воспроизводства. Наиболее часто животные выбывают из стада в связи с гинекологическими заболеваниями — 45,9%, за первые 100 дней лактации — 42,05%. Продолжительность жизни коров, выбракованных вследствие инфекционных и инвазионных болезней, является минимальной и составляет 4 года, у коров, выбывших по причине внутренних незаразных и хирургических болезней, на 15 и 20% больше. При соотношении массовых долей жира и белка (СЖБ) 1,10 и менее содержание бета-гидроксимасляной кислоты (БОМК) в молоке достоверно (на 80%, P<0,01) превышает данный показатель у животных с оптимальными значениями СЖБ. У коров с оптимальным СЖБ уровень ацетона в молоке был выше порогового на 28,57%, а у животных с низкими значениями СЖБ достоверное превышение составило 42,85% (P<0,05). Особи с СЖБ ниже оптимальных значений в первые 100 дней характеризовались более длительным периодом лактации в целом на 8,57%, в то время как у животных с оптимальным СЖБ ее продолжительность приближалась к стандартной и составила 308,13 дня (P<0,001), межотельный период был на 5,39% менее продолжительным (P<0,001). При оптимальных значениях СЖБ длительность сервис-периода равнялась 112,91 дня, что на 14,73% короче (P<0,001) продолжительности сервис-периода у животных с низкими значениями СЖБ. The analysis of the reasons for leaving dairy cows from the herd was carried out. The life expectancy of cows has been determined. The ratios of fat to protein mass fractions in cow's milk have been established. The relationship between the content of ketone bodies in milk and reproductive indicators in animals was revealed. Most often, animals leave the herd due to gynecological diseases (45.9%), and in the first 100 days of lactation (42.05%). The life expectancy of cows culled due to infectious and invasive diseases is minimal and amounts to 4 years. For cows abandoned due to internal non-communicable and surgical diseases, life expectancy was 15 and 20% longer. When the ratio of mass fractions of fat to protein was 1.10 or less, the content of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in milk significantly (by 80%, P<0.01) exceeded this indicator in animals with optimal values of the ratio of fat to protein. In cows with an optimal fat to protein ratio, the acetone level in milk was 28.57% above normal. In animals with a low value of the ratio of fat to protein, the significant excess was 42.85% (P<0.05). Animals with a ratio of fat to protein below the optimal value were characterized by a longer lactation period in general by 8.57%. In animals with an optimal fat-to-protein ratio, the duration of lactation approached the standard one and was 308.13 days (P<0.001), and the interbody period was 5.39% shorter (P<0.001). With optimal values of the fat-to-protein ratio, the duration of the service period was 112.91 days, which is 14.73% shorter (P<0.001) than the duration of the service period in animals with low values of the fat-to-protein ratio.

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