scholarly journals Holidays and Evenings in the Gymnasiums and Progymnasiums of the Tomsk Province in the Second Half of the 19th — Early of the 20th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Yu.M. Goncharov ◽  
E.D. Bogdanov
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Education System ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Musical Works ◽  
The Russian Empire

Modernization processes in Russia in the second half of the 19th — early of the 20th centuries led to significant changes in the education system. This was also evident in the daily life of secondary educational institutions: gymnasiums and progymnasiums. Holidays and evenings were an important part of the daily life of high schools during this period. The program of holidays, as a rule, they included a solemn part, often prayers, performances, reading poems, singing, performing musical works and distributing awards for academic success. Usually the holidays and evenings ended in an informal part, consisting of a treat, sometimes there could be dancing. Evenings in educational institutions were organized for the purpose of communication and entertainment and were less formal in nature. When arranging evenings and holidays, there could be certain difficulties. For financial help, they had to turn to benefactors, in the role of which merchants most often acted. Events could be organized jointly by different educational institutions, including gymnasiums and real schools. Holidays and evenings organized in educational institutions of secondary education (gymnasiums and progymnasiums) performed educational and socializing functions. The expanding practice of their implementation was a consequence of the modernization processes in the field of education of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th — early of the 20th centuries.

scholarly journals The role of secondary school in the training of women skilled personnel of Katerynoslav province in the II half of the XIX – early XX centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
В. А. Добровольська
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Educational Backgrounds ◽  
Skilled Personnel ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The point of this study is to cover the issue of history of women’s secondary education in Katerynoslavprovince in the 2nd half of the XIX – early XX centuries. Patriarchal judgments and views on the women’srole have been characteristic of the society of the Russian Empire for centuries. It has been found out thatthe democratic reforms of the 60-70s of the XIX century marked the beginning of the changes towardswomanhood. The historical premises for the formation of the women’s education system are covered. Itis established that the creation of women’s educational institutions of all classes in terms of legislativeframework begins in the 1950’s. Women’s educational institutions were subordinate to different institutionsand had different organizational and educational backgrounds. Thus, the Ministry of Public Education hadthe most rights and opportunities in the sphere of education. In addition to state schools, there were privateand public schools. It is established that the new system of educational sector management is claimed asstate-public. The main types of general secondary schools in Katerynoslav province in the II half of theXIX – early XX centuries were gymnasiums, progymnasiums, parochial secondary school for girls. Thefeatures of the financial situation of the gymnasiums on the example of certain educational institutions arerevealed. Thus, a large number of women’s gymnasiums and progymnasiums and their popularity withthe population were directly related to the rapid economic development of the region and the vigorousactivity of local self-government bodies. The content of education of those secondary schools is defined.The popularity of gymnasiums with the population comes from their class-inclusive nature. The range ofwomen’s gymnasiums in the early XX century is distinguished on grounds of division into classes andreligion. Education for daughters of clergymen was of a limited nature compared to the gymnasiums. As aresult, women’s religious secondary education evolved less dynamically. It is established that the religiousaffairs authority opened professional secondary educational institutions – parochial secondary school forgirls – primarily for the daughters of clergymen. There was only one such school in Katerynoslav province– in the principal town of the province. The content of the education of parochial secondary school forgirls is described. The proportion of disciplines of the humanities and mathematical and natural sciences iscompared. The article states that the end of the XIX - early XX centuries was marked by the decline in thesystem of parochial secondary school for girls, and defines the content of the reforms of the religious affairsauthority. The sources of funding of Katerynoslav parochial secondary school for girls and gymnasiums arecompared. The role of parochial secondary school for girls in the problem of providing public school withteachers is figured out.

The ambassador of Spain to the Russian Empire Anibal Morillo y Pérez del Villar and his “Memories”

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
T. Yu. Vepretskaya
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
World War ◽  
World War One ◽  
Humanitarian Mission ◽  
Specific Source ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article examines the  memoirs of a Spanish diplomat Anibal Morillo and Perez del  Villar, the   Count of  Cartagena. He  held  the   post of the  Spanish ambassador in the  Russian  Empire in 1914-1916 when World War  One  broke out.  “Memories  of my Embassy in Russia”  by Morillo is a specific source that shows the  life of the  zarist court and diplomatic circles of St. Petersburg in that period. The Count of Cartagena’s activity has not been considered much  in Russian  historiography.  Based on the analysis of his memoirs, the author of the article suggests that Morillo considered the  Russian revolution to be brought in from outside. A study of the  memoirs showed that the  Spanish ambassador at St. Petersburg preferred  German diplomacy and had a peculiar notion of  the  role of Russia  in unleashing the  war.  The  author of this  article concludes that Morillo’s ideas were partly shaped by the  internal problems and the international situation of his own country at the beginning of the 20th century and that the  Spanish ambassador  was one of  the  Spanish Germanophiles. Spain maintained strict  neutrality throughout the  war. The  Spanish embassy  in Russia  carried out  important humanitarian mission  and active mediation activities, supporting Russian  citizens on enemy territory and trying to improve the  situation of Russian  prisoners of war and facilitate their return. The issue of the  personal participation of Anibal Morillo in mediation is also  touched upon in this article.

Stanza form of mukhammas in Azerbaijan lyrics in 20th century

Neophilology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Nailya B. Mustafayeva
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Free People

In Azerbaijan literature of the early 20th century mukhammas were created, they were distinguished by the search for new forms and the problematic range. For example, Sabir began mukhammas with beit (couplets) of tarji, repeated it at the end of each stanza. Many other poets repeated a similar technique afterwards. There are other features of the mukhammas of the specified period; the topic in general covered lyric and poetic, patriotic, social and political, philosophical, and religious issues. The patriotic mukhammas included a description of the nature beauties, the motherland defenders courage, the impulses of those who strove for the progress of the country, for its freedom. The number of satirical mukhammas increased. Takhmis (imitations) were written on classical poems, including Fuzuli’s ghazals. At the early 20th century in Azerbaijan, as well as in other places of the Russian Empire, political activity grew among the population. The famous poet Mahammad Hadi wrote in his mukhammas about the need to achieve freedom. After all, only free people can achieve true progress and prosperity. In Soviet times, a number of poets continued to write their poems in the classical style. Poets such as V. Abbaszade Hammal, M.S. Ordubadi, A. Nazmi, Mikayil Rafili, Ali Nazim, Suleiman Rustam, Mikayil Mushfig praised their native land in their mukhammas, at the same time they did not forget to note the role of the Communist Party in the prosperity of the country. A lot of poems were devoted to international events, criticism of the imperialist forces. During World War II, Aliaga Vahid in his mukhammas predicted German fascism an inevitable defeat, expressed admiration for the heroism of Soviet soldiers. In the second half and at the end of the 20th century, the number of mukhammas on religious themes is growing in Azerbaijan poetry. A number of poets have moved from writing poetry in the classical nazm style to the mukhammas genre.

scholarly journals City schools and teacher training institutes of the Russian Empire: from project to implementation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.Р. Исхакова
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
City Schools

Вторая половина 19 в. – время активного формирования системы начального и среднего образования для всех без исключения социальных слоев населения. Актуальность статьи заключается в исследовании парадигмы развития так называемой городской системы образования, форм и методов обучения городского населения Российской империи. Выявлено, что система образования для населения промышленно развитых городов была задумана по образцу аналогичного прусского опыт, однако под влиянием целого ряда обстоятельств, исследованных в статье, трансформировалась в эффективную модель связанных между собой учебных заведений: городские училища – учительские институты. Проанализированы основные принципы вновь образованной системы образования: организационные основы, постановка учебного процесса. Сделаны выводы о социальном значении этой системы образования, ее месте в образовательном пространстве дореволюционной России. The second half of the 19th century was the time of active formation of the primary and secondary education system for all social strata of the population without exception. The relevance of the article lies in the study of the paradigm of the development of the so-called urban education system, forms and methods of teaching the urban population of the Russian Empire. It is revealed that the education system for the population of industrially developed cities was conceived on the model of a similar Prussian experience, however, under the influence of a number of circumstances investigated in the article, it was transformed into an effective model of interconnected educational institutions: urban schools – teachers' institutes. The basic principles of the newly formed education system are analyzed: organizational foundations, the formulation of the educational process. Conclusions are drawn about the social significance of this education system, its place in the educational space of pre-revolutionary Russia.

scholarly journals The role of the special classes of Lazarev Institute in the development of “practical Oriental studies” in Russia in second half of 19th – beginning of 20th centuries

2017 ◽  
pp. 76-88
Author(s):  
M. Volhonskiy
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Special Classes

The article describes a complex path of development of domestic «practical Oriental studies» in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries by the example of special classes Lazarev Institute. Passing during this time through several major transformations of special classes became a leading Russian educational institutions specializing in the preparation of the «Orientalists practitioners», future diplomats and officials, called to serve in the Middle East, and Eastern and southern outskirts of the Russian Empire. Hallmark special classes was the use in the educational process achievements as «academic» and «practical Oriental studies».

scholarly journals Cantonment of troops and housing service in Belarus (mid 1850s – mid 1870s)

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-58
Author(s):  
Aliaksandr B. Arlukevich
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Housing Allowance ◽  
Housing Service ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

The article reveals the essence of one of the phenomena of the era of Alexander’s reforms which on the scale of the Russian Empire was most common in Belarus but until now has not become the subject of research by Belarusian historians. According to the sources identified in the archives and book repositories of Belarus, Russia, Lithuania the military post due to the special geostrategic position of the Belarusian provinces in the mid 1850s – mid 1870s was an integral attribute of the daily life of hundreds of thousands of their inhabitants. In the present study is the first to assess the extent of involvement of the population in Belarusian provinces in support of troops of the Russian Empire housing allowance, sets out the principles and forms of army civilian infrastructure and food within the housing service, the role of local civil administration and selfgovernment in the cantonment of the troops on the ground. For the first time most of the used ones are mentioned.

scholarly journals Persian trade at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century and the problem of goods transporting

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Gadilya Gizatullaevna Kornoukhova ◽  
Yulia Olegovna Tsareva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time

The article shows the role of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair as the most important point of the Russo-Persian trade in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century. The problem of transportation of goods from Persia to Nizhny Novgorod and in the opposite direction is also considered. This research is based on the body of documents stored in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. On the base of them the authors show the inefficiency of activity of the Caucasus and Mercury Company, which actually monopolized the goods transportation across the Caspian Sea during the revised period. The extremely low speed of delivery of Russian goods purchased by Persian merchants at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair damaged not only private merchants commerce, involved in Russian-Persian trade, but also inevitably entailed a decrease in the overall trade between the two states.

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