scholarly journals Cantonment of troops and housing service in Belarus (mid 1850s – mid 1870s)

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-58
Author(s):  
Aliaksandr B. Arlukevich
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Housing Allowance ◽  
Housing Service ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

The article reveals the essence of one of the phenomena of the era of Alexander’s reforms which on the scale of the Russian Empire was most common in Belarus but until now has not become the subject of research by Belarusian historians. According to the sources identified in the archives and book repositories of Belarus, Russia, Lithuania the military post due to the special geostrategic position of the Belarusian provinces in the mid 1850s – mid 1870s was an integral attribute of the daily life of hundreds of thousands of their inhabitants. In the present study is the first to assess the extent of involvement of the population in Belarusian provinces in support of troops of the Russian Empire housing allowance, sets out the principles and forms of army civilian infrastructure and food within the housing service, the role of local civil administration and selfgovernment in the cantonment of the troops on the ground. For the first time most of the used ones are mentioned.

scholarly journals Activities of Military Topographers in Western Siberia in Foreign and Domestic Policy of the Russian Empire in 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 360-374
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Igumnov
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
River Channels ◽  
The North ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The activities of military topographers in Western Siberia to provide cartographic information on the foreign and domestic policies of the Russian Empire in Central Asia and Siberia in the 19th century are considered in the article. The role of information in the formation of the Russian Empire is emphasized. The contribution of the state to the organization of the study of the Asian regions of Russia and neighboring countries is noted. The establishment of the military topographic service in Western Siberia can be traced taking into account data on administrative transformations in the Siberian region, and on changes in the foreign policy of the Russian Empire. The participation of military topographers in determining and designating the state border with China is described in detail. The question of the role of military topographers in the scientific study of China and Mongolia is raised. The significance of the activities of military topographers for the policy of the Russian Empire on the socio-economic development of Siberia and the north-eastern part of the territory of modern Kazakhstan is revealed. The contribution of topographers to the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway, the design of river channels and new land routes is revealed. A large amount of literary sources, materials on the work of military topographers of Western Siberia, published in “Notes of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff” is used in the article.

scholarly journals FEMALE LABOR ON THE RAILWAYS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: HISTORIOGRAPHIC REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
V.A. Serdiuk
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Foreign Literature ◽  
Railway Industry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Post Soviet Period

The article is devoted to a general historiographic review of domestic and foreign literature on the study of the problem of the use of female labor on railways. The subject of the research is the publications of pre-revolutionary, soviet and modern researchers on the issue of women's contribution to the development of the railway industry of the Russian empire in the XIX - early XX centuries. The author attempts to answer the question how the place and role of women in railway activities before 1917 in the pre-revolutionary and soviet periods, as well as after the collapse of the USSR, was assessed. The article concluded that the literature of the post-soviet period significantly expanded the scope of studying the problem, but still relies on the historiography of the soviet period.

European Experience in Organization of Military Libraries in the Russian Empire

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-538
Author(s):  
Anatoly M. Panchenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Military Literature ◽  
European Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

Due to the lack of comprehensive research in the area of use of the experience of military libraries in Europe, the article for the first time examines the ways of studying it and the forms of implementation when establishing military libraries in the Russian Empire. The purpose of the study is to identify the influence of Europe on the military librarianship in Russia.The author collected data from dozens of pre-revolutionary publications, articles from the military periodical press and regulatory documents that allowed to characterize the source base of the study as representative.The article presents the history of military libraries of European states. The results of research show that the main ways to obtain information about them were: the study of foreign military literature and the military periodical press; analysis of regulatory and legal documents (statutes, rules, manuals, regulations, catalogues) regulating the activities of these libraries; foreign business trips of officers and generals in order to familiarize themselves with the structure and functioning of foreign armies and their libraries; reports of Russian military agents; participation in international exhibitions of books and textbooks.The author revealed dozens of articles indicating that the experience of creating and operating of military libraries abroad was widely covered in the Russian military periodical press. The military Department of Russia closely followed these processes, adopting and implementing the best and useful of them taking into account Russian realities. The study of the creation of military libraries in Europe became a prerequisite for their organization in Russia. The European experience was reflected in the ways of budgeting and acquisition, in the forms of management and supervision over them, the formation of regulatory framework and in the variety of their types.The conducted research expanded the understanding of the state of military librarianship in European countries, about the ways of studying their experience by the Russian military Department and the forms of its practical application in the structure of military libraries of the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Pirogov in the caucasus (To the 170th anniversary of the use of ethereal anesthesia in military field conditions).

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-379
Author(s):  
S. B. Manyshev ◽  
Xenia В. Manysheva
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Inhalation Anesthesia ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

The article is devoted to the jubilee of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov’s stay in the Caucasus. Based on a wide range of literature and the first time archival sources introduced into scientific circulation, the authors gave a brief outline of the development of anesthesia in world medical practice. The variants and cases of etheric anesthesia in the Caucasus in the field are described in detail. The article also reflects the difficulties that Nikolai Pirogov encountered when introducing etheric anesthesia into medical practice. The authors point to the criticism that sounded towards Nikolai Pirogov and his methods both from the lips of medical colleagues and ordinary military men. Particular attention is paid to innovative proposals in the field of medical care in military field conditions. One of Nikolay Pirogov’s earlier notes on the organization of medical aid on the battlefield is analyzed, in which the surgeon describes a fundamentally important and new method for sorting the wounded. It was thanks to the tireless work of the great surgeon in the Caucasus that ethereal anesthesia began to be introduced throughout the Russian Empire, which greatly facilitated both the work of doctors and the fate of patients. At the same time, he points out those restrictions, which, according to N.I. Pirogov had to be observed during the application of anesthesia in the military field: this is a closer monitoring of patients, as well as the uninterrupted supply of medical services to medicines. The result of N.I. Pirogov in the Caucasus was the lifting of restrictions on the use of inhalation anesthesia in Russia.

scholarly journals Mykola Yakovych Dakhnov (1862–1930): the Symbolic Personality of Steppic Forestry

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Varfolomii Savchuk
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
White Spots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the article is search and generalization of information about M. Ya. Dakhnovʼs life and activity and creation of the most complete biography of the outstanding forester of Ukraine for today.Methods of research: analytical-synthetic, historical-chronological, comparative-historical, logical, historical-biographical.The scientific novelty: for the first time in the historical-chronological context the life and creative way of the outstanding forester M. Ya. Dakhnov is being considered. The hypothesis about the M. Ya. Dakhnov's pedigree is expressed and substantiated.Practical significance: materials can be used in drawing up handbooks on the history of forestry in Ukraine.The originality of the research is based on a wide range of sources used and their analytical and synthetic elaboration.Type of article: descriptive, research. scientific and biographical.The main results. Based on the analysis of historiographical sources on the history of the development of the national steppe forestry, the subject of research was determined: the life and career of a well-known forester and gardener Mykola Yakovych Dakhnov. The little-known facts of his life activity were introduced into scientific circulation. A hypothesis was expressed about who were the parents (father) M. Ya. Dakhnov. The materials are given that in his youth M. Ya. Dakhnov was involved in protest actions against the government of the Russian Empire. The process of the formation of M. Ya. Dakhnov as a well-known specialist in the field of steppe forestry and gardening is considered. Based on the study of materials of the forestry congress in Great Anadol (1908), the role of M. Ya. Dakhnov in the creation and practical implementation of various types of afforestation and methods of "remediation" of forest stands was substantiated. His organizational and scientific activities during the 1908 congress in Great Anadol are shown and his proposals on strengthening the gardening direction in lower forest schools are considered. Given the little-known facts from the life and work of M. Ya. Dakhnov after 1919, when he retired, It was suggested that the resignation and relocation to Alushta could be associated with family circumstances caused by the civil war. Attention is drawn to the presence of "white spots" in biographical essays on M. Ya. Dakhnov. It is noted in this regard, the need for further research of his life and work.

scholarly journals The Project of the Yakut Regional Head N. I. Myagkov on the Arrangement of the Udsky Territory (the 1820s)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Vasiliev Aisen D. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Strict Regulation ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time

For the first time in Russian history, on the basis of archival documents, the article examines the proposals of the regional chief Nikolai Ivanovich Myagkov on the arrangement of the transboundary region in the east of the Russian Empire ‒ the Udsky Territory of the Yakutsk Oblast (1827), which was adjacent to the Chinese possessions. The border position of the territory gave a special status, the region was characterized by a specific community. The relevance of the topic is due to modern issues of cross-border regionalization and, in general, a poor degree of knowledge of the history of the Udsky region of the pre-revolutionary period. The research is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity, as well as historical-systemic and historical-comparative methods. The prerequisites and problems of reforming the region are analyzed, the role of N. I. Myagkov and an official for special assignments A. Y. Uvarovsky in the preparation of the project. The earlier submitted proposals of the Irkutsk authorities (1825) on the development of the Udsky region and the project of the Yakut manager (1827) in a comparative aspect are considered. We note that the project of the latter was characterized by a detailed understanding of the particular problems of the remote region. The mechanism of multilevel discussion of the project is highlighted, which is associated with the complexity of the management structure of the Yakutsk region. The author notes that the transformation of the region took place in the context of the implementation of M. M. Speransky's Siberian reforms of 1822, in particular with the aim of increasing government revenues, where the main focus was on limiting the abuse of local ministers and policies towards the aboriginal population. Given the special situation in the region, the project attached great importance to Russian-Manchu trade and economic relations. The Siberian Committee was engaged in strict regulation of the observance of the principles of the reform of 1822, in particular, the provisions of the “Charter on the management of indigenous peoples”. Strengthening personal supervision is seen as one of the main methods of the regional chief in solving problems of the local region. In conclusion, the prospects for further study of the presented topic are determined. Keywords: regional chief, N. I. Myagkov, project, arrangement, Udsky Ostrog, outskirts of the Russian Empire, Yakutsk Oblast

scholarly journals Holidays and Evenings in the Gymnasiums and Progymnasiums of the Tomsk Province in the Second Half of the 19th — Early of the 20th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Yu.M. Goncharov ◽  
E.D. Bogdanov
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Education System ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Musical Works ◽  
The Russian Empire

Modernization processes in Russia in the second half of the 19th — early of the 20th centuries led to significant changes in the education system. This was also evident in the daily life of secondary educational institutions: gymnasiums and progymnasiums. Holidays and evenings were an important part of the daily life of high schools during this period. The program of holidays, as a rule, they included a solemn part, often prayers, performances, reading poems, singing, performing musical works and distributing awards for academic success. Usually the holidays and evenings ended in an informal part, consisting of a treat, sometimes there could be dancing. Evenings in educational institutions were organized for the purpose of communication and entertainment and were less formal in nature. When arranging evenings and holidays, there could be certain difficulties. For financial help, they had to turn to benefactors, in the role of which merchants most often acted. Events could be organized jointly by different educational institutions, including gymnasiums and real schools. Holidays and evenings organized in educational institutions of secondary education (gymnasiums and progymnasiums) performed educational and socializing functions. The expanding practice of their implementation was a consequence of the modernization processes in the field of education of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th — early of the 20th centuries.

scholarly journals “Troops without Banners”: History of 5th Infantry Corps of Russian Army during Reign of Nicholas I

2021 ◽  
pp. 249-271
Author(s):  
S. V. Andriainen
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time

The history of the 5th Infantry Corps of the Russian Imperial Army in 1831—1853 is considered in the article. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the entire history of the 5th Corps, from the moment of its formation to the beginning of the Crimean War, was carried out. The author notes that the 5th corps solved the widest range of problems. The question is raised that the 5th corps carried out the tasks of the strategic reserve of the Russian Empire on the southern borders. The role of corps units in construction work in the Crimea, participation in the landing forces on the Bosporus, military operations in the Caucasus and Transylvania are analyzed. The author notes that in the early 1830s the corps had a dubious reputation. In particular, the infantry regiments of the fifth corps were accused of “Polish spirit” and cowardice in the battles of the Russian-Polish war of 1830—1831. It is emphasized that the reputation of the corps in the eyes of Emperor Nicholas I was gradually improving. The author claims that since the 1840s, the 5th Corps was already a reliable army unit in the eyes of the emperor. The author argues that the involvement of the “bad reputation” corps in solving strategic problems demonstrates the limited resources of the Russian Empire in the 1830s and 1840s.

The Hungarian Revolution of 1848-1849 in the historical retrospective after 170 years

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Alexander Stykalin
Keyword(s):  
Historical Memory ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
National Movements ◽  
Danube Region ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Revolution

The Revolution of 1848-1849 in Hungary was a serious challenge to the entire European order established at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as the result of the Napoleon wars. The unfavorable outcome of the revolution was first of all a result of the lack of interest of the major European powers (Russia including) in destroying the Habsburg monarchy, which was a guarantor of stability on the continent due to its middle position in Europe. The main lesson of the events in the Habsburgs monarchy (including Hungary) in 1848-1849 is seen in the fact that for the first time in the European history, they showed so clearly the destructive power of nationalism. The mismatch of the goals of the national movements with their specific programs led to the sharp collisions. Later this experience was taken into consideration by the ideologues of the national movements of various peoples of the Danube region. This report not only evaluates the international significance of the Hungarian revolution of 1848-1849 in a retrospective after 170 years and assesses its place in the Hungarian historical memory. An attempt is made to dispel some stereotypes concerning the policy of the Russian Empire in the region. It is established that its non-interference in the internal affairs of the neighboring empire was of a fundamental nature due to the fear of creating a new “European question”. The choice in favor of the military action was made only after long hesitations for the fear of the collapse of the Habsburg Empire.

The origins of developing private civil cartography in Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 948 (6) ◽  
pp. 54-64
Author(s):  
M.Yu. Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Structure ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Technical Revolution

In the middle of the XIX century in Russia there wasa boom of commercial or civil cartography. The author describes the reasons as well as the background for such a strong growth. The influence of the general political and economic situation in the Russian Empire on the appearance of the first privately-owned publishers of maps was considered in detail. The Depot of maps established in 1797 by Paul I, later (1812) rearranged into the Military Topographical Depot, monopolized all cartographic activities in Russia. The require for cartographic products among the civilian population, as well as the scarcity of funding from the treasury of issuing maps, forced the Military Topographical Depot to sell part of its products and prepare not only topographic maps, but also training maps and atlases for release. The author considers the publication of an open catalog of maps and atlases by the military department in 1858, which had a strong influence on the development of the cartographic market in details. For the first time, the expenditures and revenues from the publication of maps and atlases were shown; the dynamics of increasing sales and their dependence on changes in the political and economic structure of Russia are studied. The technical revolution in printing at the beginning of the 19th century, the emergence of lithography and new printing machines made it possible to increase the circulation of maps and reduced their cost. The inability of the military to meet the demand for maps and atlases was used by the first entrepreneurs who were the founders of civilian cartography. The causes of appearing private cartographic institutions are discussed.

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