The image of the elderly in German advertising: A systematic review

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.14293/p2199-8442.1.sop-socsci.ptyyqj.v1 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Dennis Otrebski

Keyword(s):

Scientific Practice ◽

Explanatory Power ◽

Quality Criteria ◽

The Elderly ◽

Structural Features ◽

Original Research ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

Almost All ◽

Key Aspects

Background: Despite the wealth of literature across disciplines on the image of the elderly in German advertising, no-one has successfully managed to pull the existing work together and review the entire literature in a way that gives full consideration to the quality, validity and explanatory power of the findings. This paper is a first step to assess and systemise key aspects of 31 original studies, which were published between 1975 and 2010, on the topic. Objectives: The objectives of the paper are threefold: Firstly, to identify existing original research on the image of the elderly in German advertising; secondly, to assess the quality of the existing works; and thirdly, to systemise key aspects regarding the topic. Method: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was utilised to synthesise the available research and offer a scholarly critique of literature. 11 quality criteria were derived from SLR literature and general guidelines for good scientific practice in order to evaluate the studies’ transparency – i.e., clarity about how, when, where, etc. the knowledge was generated. During this process, particular attention was paid to accommodate the high share of qualitative research within the field. Results: Despite the specificity of the topic at first glance, the research turned out to be very heterogeneous, with studies addressing a combination of different aspects in order to investigate the image of the elderly in German advertising. Nevertheless, similar structural features could be identified. The quality assessment indicated an overall mediocre transparency for the studies found, with particular deficits concerning sample justification, placing findings into existing context and implications for practice and/or research. Conclusions: Research on the topic has a long tradition in Germany, but lacks standardisation and sufficient transparency. Almost all studies worked to some extent in a vacuum – i.e., ignored each other. Moreover, the heterogeneity impedes the findings’ comparability and makes deductions of long term trends mostly impossible. Consequently, only a select number of research is suitable for future alignment, as their findings can be sufficiently assessed for reliability.

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Regional variation in green-up timing along a caribou migratory corridor: spatial associations with snowmelt and temperature

10.32942/osf.io/xmd69 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Christian John ◽

Douglas Miller ◽

Eric S. Post

Keyword(s):

Explanatory Power ◽

Arctic Region ◽

Spring Temperature ◽

Migration Timing ◽

Predominant Factor ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

Low Arctic ◽

Resource Variability ◽

Migratory Corridor

Spring green-up in Arctic and alpine systems is predominantly controlled by temperature and snowmelt timing preceding and during the growing season. Variation in the timing of green-up across space is an important aspect of resource variability with which mobile herbivores must contend. Here, we measure the explanatory power of abiotic drivers of green-up in a Low Arctic region of west Greenland, host to a migratory caribou population. We identify inconsistent relationships between green-up and abiotic drivers across space. While green-up timing is most closely related to snowmelt in some areas, in others it is most closely related to spring temperature. The negative correlation between the explanatory power of snowmelt and temperature suggests that at broad scales, where green-up is more constrained by snow cover, such as moist, mountainous coastal areas, it is less constrained by temperature. Where snow is less persistent through winter, such as cold, dry inland areas, temperature becomes the predominant factor driving green-up. If the principal driver of spring plant growth is inconsistent across a region, long-term trends in resource phenology could vary spatially. For seasonal migrants like caribou, synchronizing migration timing with resource phenology may be complicated by discordant interannual change across drivers of green-up timing.

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Population structure and spatial distribution of porbeagles (Lamna nasus) in Irish waters

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsz046 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 76 (6) ◽

pp. 1581-1590 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luke W J Cameron ◽

William K Roche ◽

Jonathan D R Houghton ◽

Paul J Mensink

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Population Decline ◽

The North ◽

Aggregation Site ◽

Show Evidence ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

Almost All

Abstract Porbeagles throughout the North Atlantic have experienced severe population decline through overfishing, with the northeastern population listed as critically endangered. Management of this population is constrained by the paucity of data on porbeagle population structure, distribution and behaviour in this region. Here we use a long-term (47 year) Irish capture-mark-recapture dataset to investigate the population structure, spatial distribution and seasonal movements of this species. From 1970–2017, a total of 268 sharks (9 recaptures) were ID tagged, with most individuals likely being juvenile based on length at maturity estimates (mean total length = 143.9 cm, SD = 35.4). Almost all captures were recorded at three distinct locations near angling hubs along the south, west and north coasts with catches peaking in August. Long-term trends in capture date indicated a shift towards earlier capture dates in the northern site (n = 153). Our findings suggest Irish waters may act as a persistent summer aggregation site for juveniles, which show evidence for seasonal site fidelity, returning to nearby locations between years. These findings demonstrate the utility of such programmes, which can be implemented, with minimal expense by engaging with the angling sector, to elucidate the population structure and distribution of wide-ranging fish species.

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Comparison of three carbon determination methods on naturally occurring substrates and the implication for the quantification of 'soil carbon'

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr10103 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 27 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

M. K. Conyers ◽

G. J. Poile ◽

A. A. Oates ◽

D. Waters ◽

K. Y. Chan

Keyword(s):

Soil Carbon ◽

Annual Variation ◽

Organic Substrates ◽

Test Procedures ◽

Organic C ◽

Soil C ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

Carbon Determination ◽

Almost All

Accounting for carbon (C) in soil will require a degree of precision sufficient to permit an assessment of any trend through time. Soil can contain many chemically and physically diverse forms of organic and inorganic carbon, some of which might not meet certain definitions of ‘soil carbon’. In an attempt to assess how measurements of these diverse forms of C might vary with analytical method, we measured the C concentration of 26 substrates by three methods commonly used for soil C (Walkley–Black, Heanes, and Leco). The Heanes and Leco methods were essentially equivalent in their capture of organic C, but the Leco method captured almost all of the inorganic C (carbonates, graphite). The Heanes and Walkley–Black methods did not measure carbonates but did measure 92% and 9%, respectively, of the C in graphite. All three of the common soil test procedures measured some proportion of the charcoal and of the other burnt materials. The proportion of common organic substrates (not the carbonates, graphite, or soil) that was C by weight ranged from ~10% to 90% based on the Heanes and Leco data. The proportion of the organic fraction of those same substrates, as measured by loss-on-ignition, that was C by weight ranged from 42% to 100%. The relationship between Walkley–Black C and total C (by Heanes and Leco) showed that Walkley–Black C was a variable proportion of total C for the 26 substrates. Finally, the well-known, apparent artefact in the Cr-acid methods was investigated: dichromate digestion should contain at least 7–10 mg C in the sample or over-recovery of C might be reported. Our observation that common soil C procedures readily measure C in plant roots and shoots, and in burnt stubble, means that there will likely be intra-annual variation in soil C, because avoidance of these fresh residues is difficult. Such apparent intra-annual variation in soil C will make the detection of long-term trends problematic.

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Population Development in Czechia in 2020

Demografie ◽

10.54694/dem.0295 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 246-261

Author(s):

David Morávek ◽

Jana Koukalová

Keyword(s):

Population Development ◽

Demographic Processes ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

And Migration ◽

Almost All

The population development of Czechia in 2020 was significantly affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Epidemiological measures or the pandemic itself were reflected in almost all monitored demographic processes, and in many cases long-term trends were interrupted. In addition, existing minimums or maximums were rewritten within the period of the last ten years. The article focuses on the main demographic processes, namely births, deaths, marriages, divorces and migration. The beginning of the examined period is the year 2011, in which the census took place, and then the following years, especially the period 2015–2020.

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The ‘distribution question’: measuring and evaluating trends in inequality

Data in Society ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447348214.003.0015 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 187-198

Author(s):

Stewart Lansley

Keyword(s):

Public Awareness ◽

Data Sets ◽

Top Incomes ◽

National Debate ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

The Uk ◽

Key Aspects ◽

The Impact ◽

The Way

This chapter examines the role played by key data sets and statistical analysis in the growing debate about inequality in the UK and elsewhere. It reviews the evidence from studies of long term trends in the share of top incomes in the UK and other countries, and the remarkable impact of the findings on the politics of the inequality debate. It shows the way the studies came to challenge key aspects of prevailing economic orthodoxy, and their profound influence on public awareness of how the economic cake is shared. It then examines the revived debate around the impact of rising inequality on economic growth and stability. Finally, it draws some lessons from the way UK official statistics on inequality have been used by government in the national debate about trends in the income gap.

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Paupers and Pensioners: Past and Present

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x0001401x ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 407-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

E. H. Hunt

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Welfare State ◽

The Elderly ◽

Pension Policy ◽

Poor Law ◽

Starting Point ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

State Pension ◽

Pension Benefits

ABSTRACTThis article compares treatment of the elderly today and in the mid-nineteenth century. The starting point is David Thomson's recent claim (Ageing and Society, 4, 1984) that welfare-state pension benefits are not as valuable, relative to the incomes of non-pensioners, as were the poor-law pensions of Dickensian England. Thomson's calculations of incomes and of the value and availability of pensions in the mid-nineteenth century are critically reassessed. It is argued that welfare-state pensions are superior to poor-law pensions not only in absolute terms but also as a proportion of average working-class incomes. The paper concludes with some comments on long-term trends in pensioners' living standards and the implications for pension policy.

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The Long-Term Trends of the Association Between Falls Among the Elderly in Taiwan and their Utilization of Medical Facilities

International Journal of Gerontology ◽

10.1016/j.ijge.2016.08.003 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 161-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kai-Huang Chen ◽

Hui-Min Hsieh ◽

Chun-Min Chen ◽

Herng-Chia Chiu ◽

I-Chen Lee

Keyword(s):

The Elderly ◽

Medical Facilities ◽

Long Term Trends

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Long-term life history predicts current elderly gut microbiome

10.21203/rs.3.rs-130812/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jeroen Raes ◽

Jiyeon Si ◽

Ann Gregory ◽

Jorge Vázquez-Castellanos ◽

Lindsey Decommer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Explanatory Power ◽

Later Life ◽

The Elderly ◽

Study Cohort ◽

Medication History ◽

History Effects

Abstract Extensive scientific and clinical microbiome studies have explored contemporary variation and dynamics of the gut microbiome in human health and disease1–4, yet the role of long-term life-history effects is underinvestigated. Here, we analyzed the current microbiome composition in the elderly Bruneck Study cohort (n = 304; age 65–98) with extensive clinical, demographic, lifestyle, and nutritional data collected over the past 26 years. Combined analysis with the Flemish Gut Flora Project cohort (FGFP; n = 2,215; age 18–85) showed community richness increasing during aging linked to increased observation of low-abundance bacteria. Multivariate analysis of historical variables indicated that medication history, historical physical activity, past dietary habits, and specific past laboratory parameters explain a significant fraction of current elderly quantitative microbiome variation, enlarging the explanatory power of contemporary covariates by 33.4%. Prediction of current enterotype by past host variables revealed good levels of predictability (AUC > 0.7) for the Prevotella and dysbiotic Bacteroides 2 enterotypes with information from up to 15 years past. These findings demonstrate long-term life history effects on the microbiota and provide first insights into lifestyle variables and their role in maintaining a healthy gut microbiota in later life.

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