Paupers and Pensioners: Past and Present

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Pension Policy ◽  
Poor Law ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
State Pension ◽  
Pension Benefits

ABSTRACTThis article compares treatment of the elderly today and in the mid-nineteenth century. The starting point is David Thomson's recent claim (Ageing and Society, 4, 1984) that welfare-state pension benefits are not as valuable, relative to the incomes of non-pensioners, as were the poor-law pensions of Dickensian England. Thomson's calculations of incomes and of the value and availability of pensions in the mid-nineteenth century are critically reassessed. It is argued that welfare-state pensions are superior to poor-law pensions not only in absolute terms but also as a proportion of average working-class incomes. The paper concludes with some comments on long-term trends in pensioners' living standards and the implications for pension policy.

Historiography, Narrative, and the Nineteenth Century

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Price
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
British History ◽  
Master Narrative ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Growth And Change ◽  
The Moment

The narrative stories of nineteenth-century British history have been pulled seriously out of joint. At one time, not too long ago, the master narrative of nineteenth-century history seemed fairly straightforward. The nineteenth century raised the curtain on the modern age; its politics, economics, social relations, and culture presaged the world we know from our own times. If there was one organizing principle that the historiography privileged above all others, it was the idea of change. This was the century of growth and change—generally of a progressive kind. But new stories are now being told that force us to reconsider this picture. The spotlight is being directed toward themes of continuity that challenge the representation of the nineteenth century as the moment of modernity. It is this shift from change to continuity as the basic organizing principle of the field that is the starting point for this article.The touch of continuity is everywhere. The traditional historiography rested secure in the conception that the nineteenth century was shaped and dominated by the fact of Britain as the first industrial nation. But current research has dissolved the Industrial Revolution into the long-term trends of economic growth; now the very name itself is jeopardized. Whereas the nineteenth century was once regarded as the age of the bourgeoisie, it is the landed elites and their various allies who now occupy center stage. The urban middle class has been returned to the provincial peripheries.

The Relief of Poverty in Mid Nineteenth-Century Colyton

Rural History ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Robin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Poor Law ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Person ◽  
The Welfare State

The welfare state emerged in 1948 when the National Assistance Act finally abolished the New Poor Law Forty-two years later, as politicians and bureaucrats struggle to keep increasing expenditure within bounds, the existence of the welfare state in its present form is under threat. Just over 150 years ago, the Old Poor Law was presenting parish ratepayers with a similar problem of rising costs, leading in 1834 to a fundamental reorganisation into the New Poor Law It may therefore be profitable to see how effective in practice the New Poor Law was when it replaced a system widely regarded as profligate, and to consider the extent to which benefits payable through the welfare state were available a hundred years or more ago.This study examines in detail how the New Poor Law, and other forms of relief, affected the whole population of the rural parish of Colyton, in south Devonshire, during the thirty years from 1851 to 1881. It will first describe the sources from which a poor person in Colyton in the mid nineteenth century could look for relief; next discuss how widespread poverty was and who the poor were; then look at what kinds of relief were available, under what conditions; and finally assess the comparative importance to the poor of the different agencies providing assistance.

Social policy in increasing the efficiency of pension provision in the Kyrgyz Republic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samat Kazbekovich Imanbaev
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Pension Policy ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
State Pension

This article examines the pension policy, which is usually attributed to the direction of the state’s social policy. Designed to improve the well-being of the population and ensure a high standard and quality of life. The state pension policy is the basic and one of the most important state guarantees for the stable development of society, since it directly affects the interests of the able-bodied and disabled population. The results of an online survey revealed that the most important condition for creating an effective system of social support for pensioners in the current reality is the improvement of pension policy, as well as the system of social services, the development of new social technologies to provide assistance to the population, in particular the elderly, and the formation of a network of specialized institutions. social services to the population, an increase in the volume and expansion of the list of social services provided by them.

scholarly journals Poverty, old age and gender in nineteenth-century England: the case of Hertfordshire

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIGEL GOOSE
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Male ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Local Sources ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
And Gender

This article examines the relative incidence of poverty among the elderly in nineteenth-century Hertfordshire with special reference to gender. Both national and local sources are employed to highlight the particular difficulties experienced by the elderly, male poor under the New Poor Law, and the short and long term problems they faced as a result of seasonal unemployment and an overstocked labour market. For elderly women, the extent to which their poverty was relieved by employment in cottage industry, almshouse accommodation, the continuing receipt of out-relief and a higher incidence of family support are examined to provide an assessment of the manner in which poverty was gendered in the nineteenth century.

Structure of the Local Tiers in Germany

2016 ◽  
pp. 51-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Franzke
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Long Term Trends

This chapter analyses basic long-term trends in local governance in Germany in their functional, political, territorial and administrative dimensions. The traditions and legal framework of German local self-government form the starting point of the chapter. Subsequently, the role of the local level in the German federal system and the level of its autonomy are analysed. After that, the most important political-administrative actors in local governance examines, such as councilors, mayors, local administration, local branches of political parties and free voters associations. In describing the long-term trends and challenges in German local politics, special attention is paid to local public management, local democracy and citizen participation. Finally, the chapter ends with a summary of the most important aspects of the development of the municipalities and districts in Germany and with a view towards further reform.

Anticorruption in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Britain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Knights
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Eighteenth Century Britain

This chapter takes the premodern divide, which is framed in English historiography as the end of “old corruption,” as the starting point for a long-term overview of anticorruption in Britain and its colonies. Focusing on anticorruption movements, it adds another dimension to the paradox of modernization by showing that although a transition took place in the period between the late-sixteenth century and the nineteenth century, it was by no means a linear one: anticorruption measures to ensure the scrutiny of public accounts could be introduced in the late-seventeenth century, abandoned and then reintroduced later in the eighteenth century. The chapter also argues that there is a relationship between late-sixteenth-century Reformation and eighteenth-century reforms, both of which involved an attack on corruption.

Mortality Rates and Trends in Massachusetts Before 1860

1972 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maris A. Vinovskis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Different Sources

The study of mortality rates and trends in the United States before 1860 has been rather unsystematic to date. Most scholars have been content to estimate the mortality rate at some point in time and only a few serious efforts have been made to ascertain the long-term trends in mortality. Particularly lacking are efforts to relate estimates of mortality in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to those of the nineteenth century. In addition, the few studies that have attempted to discuss long-term trends in American mortality have been forced to rely on estimates of mortality gathered from different sources and based on different techniques of analysis. Unfortunately, almost no efforts have been made to estimate possible biases introduced when comparing mortality data from different types of records.

Long-term use of benzodiazepines: Definitions, prevalence and usage patterns – a systematic review of register-based studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1037-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A.T. Kurko ◽  
L.K. Saastamoinen ◽  
S. Tähkäpää ◽  
A. Tuulio-Henriksson ◽  
T. Taiminen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Clinical Patient ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Usage Patterns

AbstractBackgroundNumerous treatment guidelines recommend that long-term use of benzodiazepines (BZD) should be avoided primarily due to development of tolerance and a risk for BZD dependence. Despite this, long-term BZD use remains a controversial subject in clinical patient care with “for and against” debates. However, there is no explicit understanding of what is meant by long-term BZD use in real world. The aim of this study was to assess different definitions, usage patterns, prevalence and other characteristics of long-term BZD use based on published register-based studies. Synthesis of these characteristics is essential to derive a meaningful definition of long-term BZD.MethodsSystematic review of register-based studies on long-term BZD use published in 1994–2014.ResultsFourty-one studies met our predetermined inclusion criteria. The length of BZD use defined as “long-term” varied in these studies ranging from one month to several years. The most common definition was six months or longer during a year. The prevalence of long-term BZD use in the general population was estimated to be about 3%. The relative proportion of long-term BZD users (all definitions) in adult BZD users ranged from 6% to 76% (mean 24%; 95% CL 13–36%). The estimates were higher in studies only on the elderly (47%; 95% CL 31–64%). Long-term use involved typically steady treatment with low BZD doses. However, in elderly patients long-term BZD use and exceeding recommended doses was relatively common. Several characteristics associated with long-term use were found.ConclusionsLong-term BZD use is common and a clinical reality. Uniform definitions for “long-term”, which is in line with population-based evidence, is needed to have more comparable results between studies. Our systematic review suggests that duration of BZD treatment over six months, the most common definition for long-term BZD use in the included studies. As also recommended previously, it is a useful starting point for further analyses on disadvantages but also potential advantages associated with long-term BZD use.

scholarly journals The image of the elderly in German advertising: A systematic review

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Otrebski
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Key Aspects

Background: Despite the wealth of literature across disciplines on the image of the elderly in German advertising, no-one has successfully managed to pull the existing work together and review the entire literature in a way that gives full consideration to the quality, validity and explanatory power of the findings. This paper is a first step to assess and systemise key aspects of 31 original studies, which were published between 1975 and 2010, on the topic. Objectives: The objectives of the paper are threefold: Firstly, to identify existing original research on the image of the elderly in German advertising; secondly, to assess the quality of the existing works; and thirdly, to systemise key aspects regarding the topic. Method: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was utilised to synthesise the available research and offer a scholarly critique of literature. 11 quality criteria were derived from SLR literature and general guidelines for good scientific practice in order to evaluate the studies’ transparency – i.e., clarity about how, when, where, etc. the knowledge was generated. During this process, particular attention was paid to accommodate the high share of qualitative research within the field. Results: Despite the specificity of the topic at first glance, the research turned out to be very heterogeneous, with studies addressing a combination of different aspects in order to investigate the image of the elderly in German advertising. Nevertheless, similar structural features could be identified. The quality assessment indicated an overall mediocre transparency for the studies found, with particular deficits concerning sample justification, placing findings into existing context and implications for practice and/or research. Conclusions: Research on the topic has a long tradition in Germany, but lacks standardisation and sufficient transparency. Almost all studies worked to some extent in a vacuum – i.e., ignored each other. Moreover, the heterogeneity impedes the findings’ comparability and makes deductions of long term trends mostly impossible. Consequently, only a select number of research is suitable for future alignment, as their findings can be sufficiently assessed for reliability.

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