scholarly journals Peer review – issues, limitations, and future development

Author(s):  
Johannes Velterop

Abstract Peer review is almost universally seen as the crux of scientific journal publishing. The role of peer reviewers is (1) to help avoid unnecessary errors in the published article, and (2) to judge publication-worthiness (in the journal that arranges for the review). This happens. Sometimes. But the notion of peer review is rather vague, and since most of it is anonymous, it is very difficult – arguably impossible – for researchers to know if the articles they read have been reliably peer reviewed and which criteria have been used to come to the decision to accept for publication. On top of that, peer review is very expensive. Not the peer review itself, as it is mostly done by researchers without being paid for it, but the process as arranged by publishers. This has several underlying causes, but it is clear that the actual cost of technically publishing an article is but a fraction of the average APC (Article Processing Charge) income or per-article subscription revenues publishers routinely realize. Some (e.g. Richard Smith, ex-Editor of the British Medical Journal) advocate abolishing peer review altogether. This is certainly not without merit, but even without abolishing it, there are ways to make peer review more reliable and transparent, and much cheaper to the scientific community.

1924 ◽  
Vol 70 (288) ◽  
pp. 76-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. McAlister

Ever since Wagner von Jauregg directed attention to the results of the treatment of general paralysis by various infective agencies, this matter has been the subject of active investigation in several centres. From a perusal of the literature it seems clear that the best results have been obtained from infection with benign tertian malaria. Moreover, this mode of treatment appears preferable to many others suggested, in view of the fact that it involves a minimum of risk in its application. Once a suitable malarial patient has been found, it is easy to inoculate many more from him, and the type of malaria which results can be controlled with great facility by means of quinine. An experiment of this sort has been in progress in the Royal Hospital at Morningside under the direction of Prof. George M. Robertson since March, 1922, and the results which have so far accrued are shown in the accompanying table. The method of inoculating the general paralytic and the details of the subsequent treatment need not be recapitulated here, as they are fully dealt with in the issue of the British Medical Journal dated October 20, 1923.


2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Fenner

Peer review is central to how we evaluate science and therefore how journal papers, grants and jobs are awarded. Peer review is done in many different ways, and has dramatically changed in the last 25 years. ...


2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rui Tato Marinho ◽  
José Manuel Silva

<p>Acta Médica Portuguesa is the only indexed Portuguese medical journal with a general scope, an audience of approximately 45,000 Portuguese doctors, other health professionals, reaching out to the general population. As such, the contribution of experts in several areas is crucial, supporting and identifying the most relevant issues, commenting on the relevance of the proposed studies and emphasizing innovative lines of the presented methodologies, amongst others.</p><p><br />To all and every one of you – that continuously maintain full recognition of ‘Peer-Review’ as a duty of the scientific community – a sincere acknowledgement of the Portuguese General Medical Council and Acta Médica Portuguesa.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 739-759
Author(s):  
Ilaria Riccioni ◽  
Ramona Bongelli ◽  
Andrzej Zuczkowski

Abstract The communication of a scientific finding as certain or uncertain largely determines whether that information will be translated into practice. In this study, a corpus of 80 articles published in the British Medical Journal for over 167 years (1840–2007) is analysed by focusing on three categories of uncertainty markers, which explicitly reveal a writer’s subjectivity: (1) I/we epistemic verbs; (2) I/we modal verbs; and (3) epistemic non-verbs conveying personal opinions. The quantitative analysis shows their progressive decrease over time, which can be due to several variables, including the evolution of medical knowledge and practice, changes in medical research and within the scientific community, and more stringent guidelines for the scientific writing (regarding types of articles, their structure and rhetorical style).


Author(s):  
Donald W. Winnicott

In this letter to the British Medical Journal on responsibility and freedom, Winnicott discusses the role of the state and personal medicine as it pertains to what would later be called socialized medicine.


2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Wai Tong Chien

To be high quality and international recognized scientific journal for health care professions, such as medical and nursing disciplines, a well-structured and effective peer review system is of an utmost importance. Beckstead (2009) in his guest editorial published in the September issue of International Journal of Nursing Studies suggested that it was important for authors, as well as editors and publishers, to have a clear understanding of whom the intended readers of the journal are; and for the peer reviewers, to answer a key question: <em>whom are we writing to?</em> and more importantly, to assure a transparent, rigorous and quality peer-review. Their questions and declarations stimulated us to think about two important issues: first, the importance of a high quality and effective peer-review in a scientific nursing journal and second, the peer-review system, its monitoring and contribution to quality improvement.


Ergodesign ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Valeriy Spasennikov

The role of the scientific journal in the process of solving strategic tasks of information and educational activities is shown. The significance of a scientific article as a publication genre depending on the level of the scientific community and communication goals is revealed. Recommendations for writing and formatting a scientific article from both a substantive and formal point of view are given. The levels of novelty, radicality and originality of scientific articles are justified. The principles of compiling a list of references when writing a scientific article are highlighted.


Author(s):  
Lars Geschwind ◽  
Kristina Edström

AbstractPeer review is the most legitimate form of evaluation in academia, and a pillar of many decisions and processes in education, research, and other areas of life in higher education. Its legitimacy is based on the peer having relevant expertise to make judgements about the evaluand, and on its presumably external and disinterested character. However, in this chapter we identify what we call “peer advocacy”: when peer reviewers take on the role of promoter or advocate for the evaluand, or for any of the stakeholders involved. To explore this phenomenon, we analyse four cases in the context of Swedish higher education, based on documented studies and the authors’ own experiences. The cases are analysed to show how peer advocacy can be attributed not only to the peer reviewers themselves, but also to the evaluation model, conditions, and expectations. With a view to preserving the legitimacy and integrity of peer review, recommendations are made both to those who commission evaluations and to peer reviewers.


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Antonio Marcos Andrade

Em 2005, o grego John Loannidis, professor da Universidade de Stanford, publicou um artigo na PLOS Medicine intitulado “Why most published research findings are false” [1]. Ele que é dos pioneiros da chamada “meta-ciência”, disciplina que analisa o trabalho de outros cientistas, avaliou se estão respeitando as regras fundamentais que definem a boa ciência. Esse trabalho foi visto com muito espanto e indignação por parte dos pesquisadores na época, pois colocava em xeque a credibilidade da ciência.Para muitos cientistas, isso acontece porque a forma de se produzir conhecimento ficou diferente, ao ponto que seria quase irreconhecível para os grandes gênios dos séculos passados. Antigamente, se analisavam os dados em estado bruto, os autores iam às academias reproduzir suas experiências diante de todos, mas agora isso se perdeu porque os estudos são baseados em seis milhões de folhas de dados. Outra questão importante que garantia a confiabilidade dos achados era que os cientistas, independentemente de suas titulações e da relevância de suas descobertas anteriores, tinham que demonstrar seus novos achados diante de seus pares que, por sua vez, as replicavam em seus laboratórios antes de dar credibilidade à nova descoberta. Contudo, na atualidade, essas garantias veem sendo esquecidas e com isso colocando em xeque a validade de muitos estudos na área de saúde.Preocupados com a baixa qualidade dos trabalhos atuais, um grupo de pesquisadores se reuniram em 2017 e construíram um documento manifesto que acabou de ser publicado no British Medical Journal “Evidence Based Medicine Manifesto for Better Health Care” [2]. O Documento é uma iniciativa para a melhoria da qualidade das evidências em saúde. Nele se discute as possíveis causas da pouca confiabilidade científica e são apresentadas algumas alternativas para a correção do atual cenário. Segundo seus autores, os problemas estão presentes nas diferentes fases da pesquisa:Fases da elaboração dos objetivos - Objetivos inúteis. Muito do que é produzido não tem impacto científico nem clínico. Isso porque os pesquisadores estão mais interessados em produzir um número grande de artigos do que gerar conhecimento. Quase 85% dos trabalhos não geram nenhum benefício direto a humanidade.Fase do delineamento do estudo - Estudos com amostras subdimensionados, que não previnem erros aleatórios. Métodos que não previnem erros sistemáticos (viés na escolha das amostras, falta de randomização correta, viés de confusão, desfechos muito abertos). Em torno de 35% dos pesquisadores assumem terem construídos seus métodos de maneira enviesada.Fase de análise dos dados - Trinta e cinco por cento dos pesquisadores assumem práticas inadequadas no momento de análise dos dados. Muitos assumem que durante esse processo realizam várias análises simultaneamente, e as que apresentam significância estatística são transformadas em objetivos no trabalho. As revistas também têm sua parcela de culpa nesse processo já que os trabalhos com resultados positivos são mais aceitos (2x mais) que trabalhos com resultados negativos.Fase de revisão do trabalho - Muitos revisores de saúde não foram treinados para reconhecer potenciais erros sistemáticos e aleatórios nos trabalhos.Em suma é necessário que pesquisadores e revistas científicas pensem nisso. Só assim, teremos evidências de maior qualidade, estimativas estatísticas adequadas, pensamento crítico e analítico desenvolvido e prevenção dos mais comuns vieses cognitivos do pensamento.


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