scholarly journals Modelo de distribuição de recursos para o transporte escolar rural a partir dos princípios da igualdade e da equidade

TRANSPORTES ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Ricardo Da Silva ◽  
Yaeko Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural School ◽  
The Other ◽  
School Age ◽  
National Program ◽  
School Transportation ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
New Criterion

<p><strong>Resumo: </strong>O transporte escolar rural constitui um importante meio de proporcionar educação à população, em idade escolar, residente no campo. As regiões brasileiras são heterogêneas, tanto em aspectos econômicos e sociais quanto geográficos. No caso urbano, é desnecessário mencionar o nível dessa heterogeneidade; já na área rural, apesar da não interferência humana no <em>habitat </em>natural terrestre, existem localidades mais bem atendidas pelos seus gestores do que outras, ou localidades que apresentam uma geografia mais favorável ao atendimento das necessidades dessa população do que outras. Isso demonstra que deve ser dada maior atenção, por parte dos órgãos competentes, às regiões menos favorecidas, quanto à distribuição de recursos públicos. Assim, o objetivo desse artigo é propor um novo critério de distribuição dos recursos do PNATE – Programa Nacional de Apoio ao Transporte Escolar Rural, já incorporando os conceitos de igualdade e equidade, importantes no debate sobre a distribuição de recursos públicos.</p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Rural school transportation is essential for providing education to the school-age population living in rural areas. The regions of Brazil differ both in social and economics as well as geographical aspects. It is unnecessary to mention the extent of these differences in urban areas. On the other hand, some rural areas have their needs better met by their administrators than others. Furthermore, some locales present a geography that is most favorable for meeting their needs than others. That illustrates the need for public authorities to pay more attention to the distribution of public resources in the regions that are least favored. Accordingly, this paper puts forward a new criterion for allocating resources from PNATE – National Program of Support to the Rural School Transportation. This criterion incorporates the concepts of equality and equity, which are important in the distribution of public resources.

scholarly journals A SURVEY ON RURAL SCHOOL STUDENTS EDUCATION PERFORMANCE USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-212
Author(s):  
Suresh Solomon. G ◽  
Nancy Jasmine Goldina
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Rural School ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
School Students ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Education Performance

In India there exists a lot of Rural areas in which the educational performance of the rural school students are inferior when compared it to the performance of the urban areas due to the lack of facilities, environment, income, employment opportunities and exposure. Equality is one among the basic principle of our country, so it’s a mere responsibility of any research study to perform a detailed analysis towards the performance of rural school students by focusing on to the factors to be monitored and improved so that the Rural areas also raise to the equilant level of competition with the Urban areas. For this goal Data mining plays a vital role in order to handle the data in proper way for analysis and prediction of performances for the improvement of rural school student’s education domain results. This paper presents a survey on Data Mining strategies used for prediction and performance analysis of rural school students education improvements. KEYWORDS—Data Mining, Rural, Urban, Prediction, Performance

Suicide among Adolescents in Greece

1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavroula Beratis
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Mean

The mean suicide rate among 10–19–year-olds in Greece from 1980 to 1987 was 0.98/100 000 per year (male 1.07, female 0.89). Girls and boys demonstrated the greatest suicide rate at 16 and 19 years, respectively. The combined suicide rate was significantly higher in the rural areas (1.48) than in Athens (0.48) and the other urban areas (0.98). Boys committed suicide more frequently than girls in Athens and other urban areas, whereas girls did so in the rural areas. The suicide rate declined during the last three years of the study. Differences in the methods used and the reported reasons for suicide were observed among the adolescents in Athens, other urban areas, and the rural areas. Greek adolescents appear to be relatively protected from suicide, particularly those who live in the urban areas.

scholarly journals O PROCESSO EVOLUTIVO DO TRANSPORTE ESCOLAR RURAL BRASILEIRO NO MODO RODOVIÁRIO

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willer Luciano Carvalho ◽  
Poliana De Sousa Leite ◽  
Heitor Pereira Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Rural School ◽  
School Transportation ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Education Access ◽  
The Road ◽  
Brazilian Students ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
Home And School

RESUMO: Os estudantes brasileiros, especialmente os que residem em zonas rurais, enfrentam várias dificuldades para terem acesso à educação, como os longos trajetos entre a casa e a escola. O oferecimento do serviço de transporte escolar gratuito é fundamental nesse processo a fim de assegurar um direito constitucional. Diante disso, o Governo Federal criou o programa “Caminho da Escola”, que tem como meta a renovação da frota, além de estudos, juntamente com universidades federais, para melhor conhecer a realidade desse serviço, e promover melhorias no sistema. Dessa forma, esse trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a evolução do transporte escolar rural no Brasil a partir da implantação do programa Caminho da Escola e do desenvolvimento dos estudos a partir de 2005 pelo Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação – FNDE com o apoio de Universidades. Assim, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo abrangendo todo o território brasileiro, coordenada pelo FNDE, e a Universidade Federal do Tocantins, onde foram pesquisados 450 municípios, permitindo caracterizar o transporte escolar rural do Brasil, e comparar os resultados encontrados com os obtidos no início dos estudos e antes da implantação do programa. Como resultado, foi observada melhoria no Transporte Escolar Rural no Brasil. Assim, o trabalho atinge o seu objetivo em mostrar o processo evolutivo desse serviço ao longo dos anos, apontando os efeitos das políticas públicas implementadas.&#13; &#13; ABSTRACT: Brazilian students, especially those living in rural areas face a number of difficulties to education access, such as long commutes between home and school. The offer of free school transport service is essential in this process to ensure a constitutional right. Thus, the Federal Government created the program "Road to School", which aims to fleet renewal, as well as studies, along with federal universities, to better understand the service reality, and improve the system. Thus, this study aims to assess the development of rural school transportation in Brazil since the implementation of the Road to School program and the development of studies from 2005 by the National Fund for Education Development - FNDE with the support of universities. Thus, a field survey covering the entire Brazilian territory was held, coordinated by the FNDE, and the Federal University of Tocantins, where they surveyed 450 municipalities, allowing characterize the rural school transportation in Brazil. Thus, the work reaches its goal to show the evolutionary process of this service over the years, indicating the effects of the implemented public policies.

scholarly journals The role of rural areas in the preservation of health

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Norbert Novák ◽  
Péter Miklós Kőmíves ◽  
Mónika Harangi-Rákos ◽  
Károly Pető
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Ecological Functions ◽  
Literature Overview ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Population

AbstractThe role of rural areas partly changed in the last decades. The countryside is still functioning as the main food producer of the world and this role became much more important because of the global population growth and because of the change in dietary habits. But other rural functions appeared just like recreation, health preservation, and on the other hand the different ecological functions' importance increased. The population living in the countryside is continuously decreasing as more and more people try to move into urban areas. One of the main aims of this article is to give a brief literature overview on the services needed in the rural areas in order to stop migration from the countryside to the cities. Based on extensive literature review the article summarizes the changing functions of the countryside and tries to list those developments which are needed to preserve rural population.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Hearing Status of School-Age Children from Rural and Urban Areas of Mid-Eastern Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4299
Author(s):  
Edyta Pilka ◽  
W. Wiktor Jedrzejczak ◽  
Krzysztof Kochanek ◽  
Malgorzata Pastucha ◽  
Henryk Skarzynski
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Pure Tone Audiometry ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of hearing loss in school-age children from rural and urban areas of mid-eastern Poland using standard audiological tests—pure tone audiometry (PTA), impedance audiometry (IA), and otoacoustic emissions (OAEs). (2) Methods: Data were collected from a group of 250 children aged 8 to 13, made up of 122 children from urban areas and 128 children from rural areas of mid-eastern Poland. Hearing was assessed in each of the subjects by means of PTA, IA (tympanometry), and transient-evoked OAEs (TEOAEs). Otoscopy was also performed. (3) Results: There were significantly fewer abnormal results in children from urban than rural areas: they were, respectively, 10.1% and 23.1% for IA, 3% and 9.7% for PTA, and 17.3% and 31.8% for TEOAEs. For hearing-impaired ears in rural areas (failed TEOAE), hearing thresholds were, on average, 11.5 dB higher at 0.5 kHz than for children in urban areas. Comparison of each PTA result with the corresponding IA showed that all cases of hearing loss were related to malfunction of the middle ear. (4) Conclusions: The results of all three hearing tests were significantly worse in children from rural areas compared to those from urban areas. This indicates that audiological healthcare in rural areas needs improvement and that universal hearing screening programs for school-age children would be helpful.

scholarly journals Human capital of school-age population in West Sumatera: measurement and determinant

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Firlan Firlan ◽  
Werry Darta Taifur ◽  
Indrawari Indrawari
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Parent Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
School Age ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Human Capital Measurement

Information on human capital, especially for school- age population is still limited. Most of Indicators of human capital only consider the dimensions of education, while human capital is formed by various dimensions not only education. Recent human capital measurement is displayed in macro level so that difficult to analys in micro level. Based on recent condition of human capital information, this study aims to measure the human capital of the school-age population of 7-18 years old using the fuzzy set approach by considering several dimensions of human capital investment and analysis the determinant. The data source is from West Sumatera Socio-Economic Survey that held by National Bureau of Statistic in March 2017. Measurement human capital of 9,950 samples of school age population shows that urban areas have higher human capital than the rural areas. Internal factors, household and spouse characteristics such as income, parent education and occupation have impact in their children human capital. External factors such as subsidies and rural-urban development inequality also have impact and tend to be larger than internal factor. The strategy of increasing human capital under conditions of limited resources can be achieved by increasing the index of indicators which have greatest weight and also reducing development inequality between urban and rural areas. The other policy is to realize growth economic that have positive impact to entire society. In terms of methodology, this approach can be adapted to regional conditions, the development of theory and related research. Adjustments can be made at the stage of selecting investment indicators, data types and weight of indicator

scholarly journals Health promotion in Swiss municipalities: towards proportionate universalism

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Amstutz ◽  
O Villa ◽  
A Georges ◽  
A Lutz ◽  
K Zuercher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Proportionate Universalism

Abstract Background Health promotion goes beyond the health sector. Municipalities, the local public authorities in Switzerland, have a crucial role to promote population health in all their decisions. Initially developed by Promotion Santé Valais, the label “Healthy municipality” exists in the canton of Vaud since 2015. The label takes stock of existing measures in health promotion and prevention in all sectors and incentivise new interventions. The labelling process respects different criteria and is validated by an external committee. It is voluntarist, free of charge for the municipality but requires time and intersectoral communication. This abstract explores equity in the uptake of the label. Results In Vaud, 17 municipalities have been labelled “healthy”. Two external evaluations by Swiss universities highlighted that small villages are less involved in the label than urban areas. To achieve health equity, we need to identify and approach municipalities with limited human and financial resources, that might be less active in health promotion and/or whose population is socioeconomically disadvantaged. Preliminary results indicate that municipalities below 1000 inhabitants, in rural areas, should be targeted first. We are currently investigating the barriers and facilitators for them to enrol in the label. Lessons As labels rewarding healthy cities are expanding worldwide, it is important to document and reflect on who benefits from them, and who does not. Our practice is now focusing more on villages in rural areas, with less resources than urban settings. We investigate their needs regarding the type of support that we, public health professionals, can provide. Proportionate universalism principles should also apply to advocacy for health promotion, at the municipality level. Key messages To achieve health in all policies, the role of municipalities is essential. More efforts in health promotion should target specifically small and rural municipalities, with limited resources.

scholarly journals Birth attendance in rural Bangladesh: practices and correlates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fozlul Korim
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
Skilled Birth Attendants ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Birth Attendants ◽  
Birth Attendance ◽  
Skilled Attendants

AbstractIntroductionThe maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and neonatal mortality rate (NMR) are higher in the rural regions of Bangladesh compared to the urban areas or the national average. These two rates could be reduced by increasing use of skilled birth attendance in rural regions of this country. Although the majority of Bangladeshi population lives in rural areas, there has been a little investigation of the practices and determinants of delivery attendance in this region of Bangladesh. This study investigated the practices and determinants of attendance during child-births in rural Bangladesh.MethodsData were collected by the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS 2014). After reporting the distribution of deliveries by types of attendance and distribution of selected factors, logistic regression was applied to calculate the crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values.ResultsMore than half of the deliveries (53.1%) were conducted by traditional attendants; community skilled attendants were present in only a small number of deliveries. The following factors were positively associated with deliveries by skilled attendants: 25-34 years age group of women (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.8), a higher education level of women (AOR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.7-4.9), or their husbands (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.6-3.7), receiving antenatal care (AOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.6-2.7), and higher wealth quintiles (AOR of the richest wealth quintile vs the poorest: 3.5; 95% CI: 2.3-5.3). On the other hand, women having a higher parity (i.e., number of pregnancy, ≥2) led to a lower likelihood of delivery by skilled birth attendants. The proportion of deliveries attended by skilled attendants was significantly lower in the other six divisions compared to Khulna.ConclusionsSocioeconomic factors should be considered to design future interventions to increase the proportion of deliveries attended by skilled delivery attendants. Awareness programs are required in rural areas to highlight the importance of skilled attendants. Further re-evaluation of the community skilled birth attendants program is required.

scholarly journals Cadenas de Markov aplicadas al aprendizaje a nivel preescolar

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Montecillo-Puente ◽  
Renato López-Enriquez ◽  
María de la Luz Cruz-Loera
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Markov Chain ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Work Study ◽  
Ministry Of Education

The objective of this work is to present the use of video games for mobile devices applied to learning process of children at preschool level using Markov chains. In this work, study goals stated by the Mexican Ministry of Education were reviewed at the preschool level and some educators were interviewed to determine main key goals. On the other hand, the use of mobile technologies by infants is currently common in urban areas and medium to low use in rural areas. From the above, it was proposed to develop some applications that strengthen the learning of official content at the preschool level. However, an always difficult task is to determine and evaluate the level of learning in the video game a Markov chain was proposed. The main contribution of this work is the use of artificial intelligence techniques to evaluate the learning of official contents using mobile devices.

scholarly journals Proposing Additional Indicators for Indonesia Youth Development Index with Smaller Level Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-227
Author(s):  
Suryo Adhi Rakhmawan
Keyword(s):  
Youth Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Valid Measure ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Factor Method ◽  
Level Analysis

South Kalimantan is a province in Indonesia with many youths and has the lowest score in Indonesia Youth Development Index (YDI) 2017. However, the lowest score is the gender and discrimination dimension which incomplete to be analyzed because there are some indicators that are not included in the dimension. To solve the problems, it is necessary to build a measurement that can monitor a smaller level. Through this research, the author provides a measurement for describing the level of youth development in classifications for South Kalimantan in 2018. This index is built with the analysis factor method. It consists of five dimensions used in Indonesian YDI 2017 with some additional indicators. The result of this research shows that the index is a valid measure due to its significant correlation with Indonesia YDI 2017. The other result is the youth living in urban areas tend to have a higher index than youth who live in rural areas. While the youth who are male, also tend to have a higher development index than the female population. The suggestion for the South Kalimantan government is to improve the youth, the development priority for every classification can be started from the classification and dimension of youth index with the lowest achievement.

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