scholarly journals Proposing Additional Indicators for Indonesia Youth Development Index with Smaller Level Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-227
Author(s):  
Suryo Adhi Rakhmawan
Keyword(s):  
Youth Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Valid Measure ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Factor Method ◽  
Level Analysis

South Kalimantan is a province in Indonesia with many youths and has the lowest score in Indonesia Youth Development Index (YDI) 2017. However, the lowest score is the gender and discrimination dimension which incomplete to be analyzed because there are some indicators that are not included in the dimension. To solve the problems, it is necessary to build a measurement that can monitor a smaller level. Through this research, the author provides a measurement for describing the level of youth development in classifications for South Kalimantan in 2018. This index is built with the analysis factor method. It consists of five dimensions used in Indonesian YDI 2017 with some additional indicators. The result of this research shows that the index is a valid measure due to its significant correlation with Indonesia YDI 2017. The other result is the youth living in urban areas tend to have a higher index than youth who live in rural areas. While the youth who are male, also tend to have a higher development index than the female population. The suggestion for the South Kalimantan government is to improve the youth, the development priority for every classification can be started from the classification and dimension of youth index with the lowest achievement.

scholarly journals Trends in prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Zhejiang Province, China, 2016–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wang ◽  
Ru-Ying Hu ◽  
Wei-Wei Gong ◽  
Jin Pan ◽  
Fang-Rong Fei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Annual Prevalence

Abstract Background Limited population-based studies have investigated the secular trend of prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in mainland China. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GDM and time trends in Chinese female population. Methods Based on Diabetes Surveillance System of Zhejiang Province, 97,063 diagnosed GDM cases aged 20–50 years were identified from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018. Annual prevalence, prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) and average annual percentage change with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Results The age-standardized overall prevalence of GDM was reported to be 7.30% (95% CI 7.27–7.33%); 9.13% (95% CI 9.07–9.19%) in urban areas and 6.24% (95% CI 6.21–6.27%) in rural areas. Compared with 20–24 years age group, women in advanced age groups (25–50 years) were at higher risk for GDM (PRRs ranged from 1.37 to 8.95 and the 95% CIs did not include the null). Compared with rural areas, the risk for GDM was higher in urban areas (PRR: 1.69, 95% CI 1.67–1.72). The standardized annual prevalence increased from 6.02% in 2016 to 7.94% in 2018, with an average annual increase of 5.48%, and grew more rapidly in rural than urban areas (11.28% vs. 0.00%). Conclusions This study suggested a significant increase in the prevalence of GDM among Chinese female population in Zhejiang province during 2016–2018, especially in women characterized by advanced age and rural areas.

scholarly journals Design of a Development Index for Spanish Municipalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8910
Author(s):  
Ana Nieto Masot ◽  
Gema Cárdenas Alonso ◽  
Ángela Engelmo Moriche
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Diversity ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Variables

Currently, the demographic vacuum and poor development suffered by most areas of Spain are some of the most worrying issues from a territorial point of view, which is why this study is necessary. In this paper, the objective is to create a Development Index with which to study the different realities of rural and urban spaces through demographic and socioeconomic variables of the Spanish municipalities. Principal Component Analysis is carried out, with whose results the index has been prepared. This is then explored with a Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis. The results show that most developed Spanish municipalities and most of the population are concentrated in coastal areas and in the main cities of the country. In opposition, there are interior rural areas with less developed municipalities at risk of disappearance due to their increasing ages and levels of depopulation. Thus, in this paper, new variables and methods are used in the study of the social and economic diversity of rural and urban areas, verifying the inequality that still exists between both.

Suicide among Adolescents in Greece

1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavroula Beratis
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Mean

The mean suicide rate among 10–19–year-olds in Greece from 1980 to 1987 was 0.98/100 000 per year (male 1.07, female 0.89). Girls and boys demonstrated the greatest suicide rate at 16 and 19 years, respectively. The combined suicide rate was significantly higher in the rural areas (1.48) than in Athens (0.48) and the other urban areas (0.98). Boys committed suicide more frequently than girls in Athens and other urban areas, whereas girls did so in the rural areas. The suicide rate declined during the last three years of the study. Differences in the methods used and the reported reasons for suicide were observed among the adolescents in Athens, other urban areas, and the rural areas. Greek adolescents appear to be relatively protected from suicide, particularly those who live in the urban areas.

scholarly journals Do women in rural areas of Serbia rarely apply preventive measures against cervical cancer?

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Antic ◽  
Bosiljka Djikanovic ◽  
Dejana Vukovic ◽  
Vladimir Kaludjerovic
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Gynecological Examination

Background/Aim. The incidence of cervical cancer in Central Serbia has the higher rate as compared with that in other European countries. Considering mortality rate for cervical cancer, the standardized rate in Serbia is 10.1 per 10,000 females, which is the second highest one after that in Romania with 13.0. The aim of this study was to examine application of preventive measures for cervical cancer in women both from rural and urban areas in Serbia and if they are associated with sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviour. Methods. We analyzed secondary data of the 2006 National Health Survey of the population of Serbia focused on characteristics of adult females aged 25 to 65 years (5.314 in total) taking into consideration that programme of the organized screening will include female population aged over 25 years. Results. Respondents from rural areas have gynecological examination less than once a year in comparison with those from urban areas (OR = 0.60, 95% Cl 0.54-0.68). Less women from rural areas did Pap test during the last 12 months in comparison with respondents from urban areas (OR = 0.55, 95% Cl 0.48- 0.64). Respondents from urban areas less often do the Pap test on doctor's advice in comparison with those from rural one (OR = 0.55, 95% Cl 0.42-0.62). Conclusion. This study shows that women in rural areas rarely implement preventive gynecological measures againt cervical cancer in comparison with those in urban areas. Implementation of preventive measures among rural women is conditioned by lower levels of education and lower socioeconomic status.

scholarly journals Modelo de distribuição de recursos para o transporte escolar rural a partir dos princípios da igualdade e da equidade

TRANSPORTES ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Ricardo Da Silva ◽  
Yaeko Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural School ◽  
The Other ◽  
School Age ◽  
National Program ◽  
School Transportation ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
New Criterion

<p><strong>Resumo: </strong>O transporte escolar rural constitui um importante meio de proporcionar educação à população, em idade escolar, residente no campo. As regiões brasileiras são heterogêneas, tanto em aspectos econômicos e sociais quanto geográficos. No caso urbano, é desnecessário mencionar o nível dessa heterogeneidade; já na área rural, apesar da não interferência humana no <em>habitat </em>natural terrestre, existem localidades mais bem atendidas pelos seus gestores do que outras, ou localidades que apresentam uma geografia mais favorável ao atendimento das necessidades dessa população do que outras. Isso demonstra que deve ser dada maior atenção, por parte dos órgãos competentes, às regiões menos favorecidas, quanto à distribuição de recursos públicos. Assim, o objetivo desse artigo é propor um novo critério de distribuição dos recursos do PNATE – Programa Nacional de Apoio ao Transporte Escolar Rural, já incorporando os conceitos de igualdade e equidade, importantes no debate sobre a distribuição de recursos públicos.</p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Rural school transportation is essential for providing education to the school-age population living in rural areas. The regions of Brazil differ both in social and economics as well as geographical aspects. It is unnecessary to mention the extent of these differences in urban areas. On the other hand, some rural areas have their needs better met by their administrators than others. Furthermore, some locales present a geography that is most favorable for meeting their needs than others. That illustrates the need for public authorities to pay more attention to the distribution of public resources in the regions that are least favored. Accordingly, this paper puts forward a new criterion for allocating resources from PNATE – National Program of Support to the Rural School Transportation. This criterion incorporates the concepts of equality and equity, which are important in the distribution of public resources.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF DEMONETIZATION ON INDIAN ECONOMY - A MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-44
Author(s):  
Dr.Honnappa.S
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Reserve Bank ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Reserve Bank Of India

Indian government adopted demonetization on 08 November 2016 to tackle with black money and make India a cashless digital economy. As per the yearly report of Reserve Bank of India of 31 March 2016 that total currency notes in circulation is 16.42 lac crore of old Rs. 500 and Rs.1000 banknotes. As per the report of RBI dated on 14-12-2016, the total amount of old notes of value of Rs. 12.44 lac crore has been deposited by the customers till 10-12-2016. Banks started accepting deposits from 10 November but within a period of 15 days approximately half money has been received by the banks. India is the second most populated country in the world with nearly a fifth of the world's population. Out of the total 121 crore Indians of Indian population, 83.3 crore of population live in rural areas while 37.7 crore stay in urban areas, said the Census of India 2011. As a rural populated country most of the rural population are engaged in agricultural activities as most of the population of rural areas depends on agriculture. Agriculture forms the backbone of the country’s economy. The agricultural sector like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 17% of the GDP contributes most to the overall economic development of India KEY WORDS: Demonetization, Cashless Transactions, , tax evasion, Cash Crunch, Digital Economy.

scholarly journals Impact of Pesticide Exposure among Rural and Urban Female Population. An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9907
Author(s):  
Bouchra Dahiri ◽  
José Martín-Reina ◽  
Pilar Carbonero-Aguilar ◽  
José Raúl Aguilera-Velázquez ◽  
Juan Bautista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Many Sources

Pesticides are substances that have become widely used in agriculture and the human exposure to these substances may cause adverse health outcomes. Non-occupational exposure to them can come from many sources, such as food or water. For occupational exposure, many studies have been conducted in men, as they have been mostly in charge of work related to these substances. Nonetheless, the information available concerning the exposure in women is very scarce. In addition, an important differentiation between rural and urban areas has been established, rural areas being known as the most exposed ones due to plantation fields. However, the application of higher concentrations of herbicides in small urban areas is taking a lot of importance currently as well. Regardless of gender, the conditions of exposure, and the environment, the exposure to these pesticides can have different effects on health from early life stages, resulting in different outcomes ranging from neurodevelopmental effects in newborns to different types of cancers. In this review, we discussed the toxicity of the most commonly used pesticides and the main impact on the health of the general population, focusing mainly on the effect in women from both rural and urban areas, and the different stages of development, from pregnancy or lactation to the outcomes of these exposures for their children.

scholarly journals The role of rural areas in the preservation of health

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Norbert Novák ◽  
Péter Miklós Kőmíves ◽  
Mónika Harangi-Rákos ◽  
Károly Pető
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Ecological Functions ◽  
Literature Overview ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Population

AbstractThe role of rural areas partly changed in the last decades. The countryside is still functioning as the main food producer of the world and this role became much more important because of the global population growth and because of the change in dietary habits. But other rural functions appeared just like recreation, health preservation, and on the other hand the different ecological functions' importance increased. The population living in the countryside is continuously decreasing as more and more people try to move into urban areas. One of the main aims of this article is to give a brief literature overview on the services needed in the rural areas in order to stop migration from the countryside to the cities. Based on extensive literature review the article summarizes the changing functions of the countryside and tries to list those developments which are needed to preserve rural population.

Latin-American Immigrant Women and Mental Health: Differences according to their Rural or Urban Origin

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 843-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Kirchner ◽  
Camila Patiño
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Health Differences ◽  
Psychological Symptomatology ◽  
American Immigrant

Spain is one of the EU countries that receive most immigrants, especially from Latin America. The process of migration implies a high level of stress what may have repercussions for the mental health of immigrants. The purposes of this study were: (a) to determine whether the degree of mental health of immigrant women differs according to their rural or urban origin, (b) to compare the mental health of immigrant women with that of the female normative sample of host population (Spain). A sample of 186 Latin American immigrant women (142 from urban areas and 44 from rural areas) was recruited in Barcelona by means of a consecutive case method. A structured interview and the SCL-90-R were administered. The results indicated that the immigrant women from rural origin reported higher levels of psychological symptomatology than those from urban areas. Immigrants reported higher levels of psychological symptomatology than the native female population and in most of the psychological symptoms exceeded 90% of the native Spanish population. Migration is a powerful stressor which may lead to psychological distress. Being female of rural origin and being in an illegal situation is related with an increase in symptomatology.

scholarly journals Birth attendance in rural Bangladesh: practices and correlates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fozlul Korim
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
Skilled Birth Attendants ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Birth Attendants ◽  
Birth Attendance ◽  
Skilled Attendants

AbstractIntroductionThe maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and neonatal mortality rate (NMR) are higher in the rural regions of Bangladesh compared to the urban areas or the national average. These two rates could be reduced by increasing use of skilled birth attendance in rural regions of this country. Although the majority of Bangladeshi population lives in rural areas, there has been a little investigation of the practices and determinants of delivery attendance in this region of Bangladesh. This study investigated the practices and determinants of attendance during child-births in rural Bangladesh.MethodsData were collected by the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS 2014). After reporting the distribution of deliveries by types of attendance and distribution of selected factors, logistic regression was applied to calculate the crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values.ResultsMore than half of the deliveries (53.1%) were conducted by traditional attendants; community skilled attendants were present in only a small number of deliveries. The following factors were positively associated with deliveries by skilled attendants: 25-34 years age group of women (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.8), a higher education level of women (AOR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.7-4.9), or their husbands (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.6-3.7), receiving antenatal care (AOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.6-2.7), and higher wealth quintiles (AOR of the richest wealth quintile vs the poorest: 3.5; 95% CI: 2.3-5.3). On the other hand, women having a higher parity (i.e., number of pregnancy, ≥2) led to a lower likelihood of delivery by skilled birth attendants. The proportion of deliveries attended by skilled attendants was significantly lower in the other six divisions compared to Khulna.ConclusionsSocioeconomic factors should be considered to design future interventions to increase the proportion of deliveries attended by skilled delivery attendants. Awareness programs are required in rural areas to highlight the importance of skilled attendants. Further re-evaluation of the community skilled birth attendants program is required.

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