The state of cage culture in Lake Victoria: A focus on sustainability, rural economic empowerment, and food security

Abstract Capture fisheries and aquaculture have remained important sources of food, nutrition, income and livelihoods to millions globally, with annual per capita consumption of fish in developing countries having increased from 5.2 kg in 1961 to 18.8 kg in 2013. On the contrary, low income food-deficit countries annual fish per capita consumption rose from 3.5 to 7.6 kg against 26.8 kg among industrialized countries. Increased demand for animal protein and declining capture fisheries has seen aquaculture grow rapidly than any other food production sector over the past three decades. Rapid global aquaculture growth is directly related to levels of technological advancement, adoption and adaption prompting aquaculture transition from semi-intensive to intensive and super intensive production systems among developing and developed countries. In light of the aquatic environment economic potential, cage culture in Lake Victoria is fast gaining prominence in aquaculture production contribution. This began with trials by Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute and Uganda’s National Fisheries Resource Research Institute and later by private investors at Dunga and Obenge beaches of Kenya, Source of the Nile in Uganda and Bulamba Beach Management Units in Bunda District of Tanzania. However, only Kenya has so far documented cage culture development recording 3,696 cages across the five riparian counties with an estimated production capacity of 3,180 MT valued at Kshs 955.4 Million (9.6 million USD), created over 500 jobs directly and indirectly created income opportunities for over 4,000 people. The sub-sector’s value chain, its supportive value chains and associated enterprises are rapidly expanding thus creating jobs, enhancing incomes and ensuring food security in rural and urban areas. As cage culture commercialization takes root, there is urgent need to address issues such as introduction of alien species, diseases, marine parks and maximum carrying capacity among other aspects. This will require trans-boundary policy to ensure sustainable utilization of the lake as a common resource.

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The Livestock Revolution - a view on implications for Africa

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s1463981500041650 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 51-65

Author(s):

D.M. Mwangi ◽

A. Omore

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Rapid Growth ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Per Capita ◽

Livestock Products ◽

Per Capita Consumption

A rapid growth in per capita consumption of livestock products is occurring in developing countries (Delgado et al., 1999; FOASTAT 1983-2002). In the last two decades and until 2020, the increase in the consumption of meat and milk has been estimated to be much higher in developing countries compared to developed countries (Delgado et al. 1999). This increase in consumption and demand is fuelling an increase in production.

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The Role of Livestock in Food Security and Environmental Protection

Outlook on Agriculture ◽

10.1177/003072709802700204 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 81-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Simeon Ehui ◽

Hugo Li-Pun ◽

Victor Mares ◽

Barry Shapiro

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Meat Products ◽

Meat Consumption ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Total Meat ◽

Per Capita ◽

Per Capita Consumption

Per capita consumption of milk and meat products in developing Asia (including China) grew by 2.4% and 5% respectively between 1975–79 and 1990–94. This growth can be attributed to high growth rate in income and rapid urbanization. For Latin America, per capita milk and meat consumption has stagnated over the same period, perhaps because the region is already largely urbanized. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) per capita consumption of milk and meat declined by 0.2 and 0.4% over the same period because of declining real incomes. The scope for further increases in demand for livestock production as a result of income increases and urbanization is still large in the developing regions. Projections indicate likely increases in income in developing countries ranging from 3% per annum in SSA and Latin America, and to about 6% in Asia. It is projected that more than four in every ten people will live in urban centres. Projection results indicate that while the share of total meat consumption in the developed countries as a group will decrease from 53 to 36% between 1993 and 2020, in the developing world the share of total meat consumption will increase from 47% to 64% over the same period.

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The Association between Cigarette Affordability and Consumption

10.1101/361287 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Yanyun He ◽

Ce Shang ◽

Frank J. Chaloupka

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

High Income ◽

Least Square ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Elasticity Of Demand ◽

Per Capita ◽

Per Capita Consumption ◽

Cigarette Prices

AbstractObjectivesTo calculate cigarette affordability for 78 countries worldwide from 2001 to 2014 using the Relative Income Price (RIP) ratio defined as the percentage of per capita GDP required to purchase 100 packs of cigarettes using the lowest price from Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) database, examine the association between cigarette affordability and cigarette consumption, and calculate the affordability elasticity of demand.Design and MethodsRIP (2001-2014) was calculated for 16 low-income economies, 19 lower middle-income economies, 13 upper middle-income economies, and 30 high-income economies. Ordinary least square regressions were used to analyze the association between cigarette affordability and consumption.Results and ConclusionsPer capita consumption continued to rise in low-income countries and decreased slightly in lower middle-income countries as the RIP of cigarette consistently declined in low- and lower middle-income economies from 2001 to 2014. The real cigarette prices continued to decline in low- and lower middle-income countries and continued to rise in upper middle- and high-income countries. Though cigarettes were more expensive in HICs than were in LMICs, cigarettes were more affordable in HICs than were in LMICs. The regression results show a 10% increase in the RIP of cigarettes led to a 2% decrease in per capita consumption. The affordability elasticity of demand differed significantly between HICs and LMICs. However, the effect of cigarette affordability on consumption has not changed over time. To control the smoking epidemic, low- and lower middle-income countries should further increase cigarette prices. The rate of price increase should exceed the rate of economic growth and outpace the inflation rate to make cigarettes less affordable and thereby reducing tobacco use.

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Mature developed countries meat market record little per capita consumption growth

OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2010 - OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook ◽

10.1787/agr_outlook-2010-table6-en ◽

2010 ◽

Keyword(s):

Developed Countries ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Consumption Growth ◽

Per Capita ◽

Meat Market ◽

Per Capita Consumption

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Global food demand and the contribution of livestock as we enter the new millennium

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s0263967x00032043 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

pp. 27-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

C. L. Delgado ◽

C. B. Courbois ◽

M. W. Rosegrant

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Meat Consumption ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Poverty Level ◽

The Past ◽

Per Capita ◽

Livestock Products ◽

The Impact ◽

Per Capita Consumption

AbstractPeople in developed countries currently consume about three to four times as much meat and fish and five to six times as much milk products per capita as in developing Asia and Africa. Meat, milk and fish consumption per capita has barely grown in the developed countries as a whole over the past 20 years. Yet poor people everywhere clearly desire to eat more animal protein products as their incomes rise above the poverty level and as they become urbanized. Growth in per capita consumption and production has in fact occurred in regions such as developing Asia and most particularly China. Per capita consumption of animal proteins and use of cereals for animal food in Asia have both grown in the 3 to 5% per annum range over the past 20 years. By 2020, according to the International Food Policy Research Institute's IMPACT model projections, the share of developing countries in total world meat consumption will expand from 47% currently to 63%. Of the global total projected increase in meat consumption, 40% is from pork, 30% is from poultry and 24% is from beef. The latter helps mitigate the otherwise much larger decline in real beef prices expected through 2020. Projected annual growth in meat consumption in China of 3.2% per annum through 2020, up from 8.3% per annum from the early 1980s to the early 1990s, drives these results.A rapidly expanding supply of feedgrains will be essential to achieving the desired production increases for livestock products without undue upwards pressure on grain prices, especially in view of the rôle of monogastrics and the relative increase in industrial production in developing countries. IMPACT projections under various technical and economic assumptions suggest that there is enough production supply response in world systems to accomplish these production increases smoothly. Sensitivity analysis of the impact of restrictions on China's ability to produce more feedgrains illustrates that in a system of linked global markets for cereals and livestock products, such restrictions are not effective at lowering Chinese livestock consumption, which is driven by global trade in manufactures, although they do lower Chinese livestock production. The resulting imbalance raises world food costs by one-third in 2020 over anticipated levels, encourages increased livestock exports from Latin America, discourages livestock exports from the USA and reduces meat and cereals imports and consumption in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia.

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Market Analysis of the Per Capita Consumption of Smoke Condensate and Nicotine in the Federal Republic of Germany Between 1961 – 1970/Trendanalysen zum Problem des Verbrauches an Nikotin und Rauchkondensat in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für die Jahre 1961-1970

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2013-0266 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

J. Misfeld ◽

J. Timm

Keyword(s):

Federal Republic ◽

Market Analysis ◽

Cigarette Consumption ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Federal Republic Of Germany ◽

Research Results ◽

Bundesrepublik Deutschland ◽

Per Capita ◽

Per Capita Consumption

AbstractOn the basis of numerous research results and data on the development of nicotine and condensate contents of German cigarettes, of their respective shares in the market, the smoked length of cigarettes, and of the pro capita consumption of cigarettes in the Federal Republic of Germany, an estimate has been prepared on the yearly pro capita consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic covering the years 1961-1970. The values for 1961 amount to 40.2 g of smoke condensate (crude) and to 2.04 g of nicotine. The values for 1970 are found to be only 29.4 g and 1.63 g respectively. That means that the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic has decreased during the last ten years. The share of smokers having remained almost the same, the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine per smoker is, as well, found to have decreased by about 27 % and 20 % respectively during the years between 1961 and 1970 despite an increased cigarette consumption.

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Level and Pattern of Consumption Expenditure of Rural Households among Different Regions of Punjab

Indian Journal of Economics and Development ◽

10.35716/ijed/20230 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 468-473

Keyword(s):

Rural Households ◽

Household Consumption ◽

Farm Households ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Primary Data ◽

Consumption Expenditure ◽

Large Farm ◽

Per Capita ◽

Per Capita Consumption

The present study, dealing with the inequality in consumption of the rural households across the different regions, is based upon the primary data of the Punjab state. The analysis showed that Malwa excelled other two regions in the per capita consumption. The highest average propensity to consume was observed for Doaba, and it was the lowest for Malwa. All the rural households except large farm of all the three regions and medium farm households of Malwa and Majha were in deficit. Considering all households together, the inequality of household consumption expenditure was relatively high in all three regions, with the same being highest in Majha, followed by Malwa and Doaba. The concentration of consumption expenditure among the land-owning households was greater than the landless households.

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Targeting the Poor: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia

The American Economic Review ◽

10.1257/aer.102.4.1206 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 102 (4) ◽

pp. 1206-1240 ◽

Cited By ~ 143

Author(s):

Vivi Alatas ◽

Abhijit Banerjee ◽

Rema Hanna ◽

Benjamin A Olken ◽

Julia Tobias

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Elite Capture ◽

The Poor ◽

Per Capita ◽

Consumption Community ◽

Per Capita Consumption

This paper reports an experiment in 640 Indonesian villages on three approaches to target the poor: proxy means tests (PMT), where assets are used to predict consumption; community targeting, where villagers rank everyone from richest to poorest; and a hybrid. Defining poverty based on PPP$2 per capita consumption, community targeting and the hybrid perform somewhat worse in identifying the poor than PMT, though not by enough to significantly affect poverty outcomes for a typical program. Elite capture does not explain these results. Instead, communities appear to apply a different concept of poverty. Consistent with this finding, community targeting results in higher satisfaction. (JEL C93, I32, I38, O12, O15, O18, R23)

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Analyzing the Role of the Permanent and Temporary Shocks in Peru Using the Co-Movements Approach

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v13n11p115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 115

Author(s):

Cesar R. Sobrino

Keyword(s):

Empirical Work ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Quarterly Data ◽

Common Trend ◽

The Common ◽

Per Capita ◽

A Minor ◽

Capita Output ◽

Per Capita Consumption

In this study, we use the co-movements approach to examine the role of permanent (common trend) and temporary (common cycle) shocks on per capita output, per capita consumption, and per capita investment in Peru, a small open commodity-based economy. Using quarterly data from 1993: Q1 to 2019: Q1, the effects of the temporary shocks are short-lived, and, on average, are a minor source of the variations of macro time series, over 10 quarters. This evidence suggests that the main source of per capita output and per capita consumption variations is the common trend shock which must be related to the 1990s reforms. Moreover, per capita output and per capita consumption are less responsive to unfavorable (favorable) common cycle shocks than per capita investment is. This outcome indicates that per capita investment has a much more volatile cycle than per capita private output and per capita consumption which is consistent with a previous empirical work.

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An International Comparative Study Of Per Capita Consumption Of Import: Implications For U.S-Japan Trade

Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) ◽

10.19030/jabr.v17i1.2066 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tyler T. Yu ◽

Miranda M. Zhang

Keyword(s):

Bilateral Trade ◽

Trade Deficit ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Trade Barriers ◽

Font Size ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Per Capita ◽

International Comparative ◽

Per Capita Consumption ◽

The U.S

This paper discusses the per-capita consumption of imports aspect of international trade.  A research hypothesis is tested to investigate if there is a significant difference among G-7 countries in per-capita consumption of imports and the implication of the testing results for the U.S. - Japan bilateral trade deficit.  The results of the ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test yield insignificant variation in per-capita consumption of imported goods/services among the G-7 countries.  The study recapitulates the reason(s) for the U.S. trade deficit with Japan and essentially states that factors other than trade barriers and restrictions cause the U.S. trade deficit with Japan.  While this result may initially seem counterintuitive and inconsistent with popular wisdom, it may actually help uncover the true causes for the sustained trade deficit with Japan.

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