scholarly journals Coccidiosis as A Predisposition Factor for Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry and Their Prevention

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Ening Wiedosari ◽  
Y Sani
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Change ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Enteric Disease ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Medication Costs ◽  
Intensive Use

<p>Coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis are both affecting the digestive tract of chicken and both are major enteric disease that mainly affect poultry. Among the enteric diseases, necrotic enteritis is a major problem. Coccidiosis is caused by the protozoan of Eimeria sp, and is commonly found as a predisposition factor for necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridum perfringens. Both diseases are commonly shown similar pathological change namely necrosis of epthelial cells in the intestinal mucosa. The diseases have great economic impact in poultry productions, due to the increased mortality, decreased performance and medication costs. Control of these diseases are commonly treated with antibiotics and ionophores. However, an intensive use of these drugs in feed may cause the emergence of drug-resistance against some strains of Eimeria sp.and Cl. Perfringens and an increased chance of contamination in animal products for human consumption. The paper is discussing the occurrence of necrotic enteritis especially due to the coccidian as a major predisposition factor and the development of alternative control strategies for avian coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis, by modulating intestinal health.</p>

scholarly journals Avian intestinal ultrastructure changes provide insight into the pathogenesis of enteric diseases and probiotic mode of action

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaniko Shini ◽  
R. Claire Aland ◽  
Wayne L. Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Villous Atrophy ◽  
Adherens Junction ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Ileal Mucosa ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Intestinal Infections

AbstractEpithelial damage and loss of barrier integrity occur following intestinal infections in humans and animals. Gut health was evaluated by electron microscopy in an avian model that exposed birds to subclinical necrotic enteritis (NE) and fed them a diet supplemented with the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 (H57). Scanning electron microscopy of ileal mucosa revealed significant villus damage, including focal erosions of epithelial cells and villous atrophy, while transmission electron microscopy demonstrated severe enterocyte damage and loss of cellular integrity in NE-exposed birds. In particular, mitochondria were morphologically altered, appearing irregular in shape or swollen, and containing electron-lucent regions of matrix and damaged cristae. Apical junctional complexes between adjacent enterocytes were significantly shorter, and the adherens junction was saccular, suggesting loss of epithelial integrity in NE birds. Segmented filamentous bacteria attached to villi, which play an important role in intestinal immunity, were more numerous in birds exposed to NE. The results suggest that mitochondrial damage may be an important initiator of NE pathogenesis, while H57 maintains epithelium and improves the integrity of intestinal mucosa. Potential actions of H57 are discussed that further define the mechanisms responsible for probiotic bacteria’s role in maintaining gut health.

A computer model of cadmium metabolism in the sheep with regard to the human food chain

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 15-15
Author(s):  
S.H. Prankel
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Kidney Cortex ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Human Food Chain

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential toxic heavy metal which is added to soil in phosphorous fertilizers and sewage sludge. Cd enters the human food chain via animals fed on crops from these soils, food of vegetable origin and smoking. In chronic exposure situations Cd accumulates in the liver and kidney of animals and man. Intake resulting in a Cd concentration of over 200μg/g wet weight in the kidney cortex results in kidney damage in humans (Friberg et al., 1974). With the prohibition of disposal of sewage sludge at sea in 1998, it is likely that more Cd will be deposited on soils. Current limits for Cd in animal feed are intended to prevent food from animal origin from exceeding legal Cd limits. This work examines the behaviour of Cd in the ovine body and models organ Cd from given intakes to investigate whether current limits in feed are safe and result in animal products fit for human consumption.

Alternative Control Strategies for Coal Flotation

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
J. A. Herbst ◽  
O. A. Bascur
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Coal Flotation

scholarly journals Edible insects unlikely to contribute to transmission of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dicke ◽  
J. Eilenberg ◽  
J. Falcao Salles ◽  
A.B. Jensen ◽  
A. Lecocq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Livestock Species ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses

In the context of food safety, edible insects are evaluated for biological hazards such as microbial pathogens according to regulations currently in place. When the European Food Safety Authority evaluated the hazards of edible insects as a potential source of pathogenic viruses for humans and livestock, the novel zoonotic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 had not yet emerged but other pathogenic coronaviruses such as SARS (SARS-CoV) and MERS (MERS-CoV) were known. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, animal sources of protein for human consumption are being evaluated for the risks of being a transmission vector of coronaviruses, like SARS-CoV-2. Insects lack a receptor that can bind SARS-CoV-2, thus preventing the virus from replicating in insects, unlike some vertebrate livestock species and companion animals. Despite extensive monitoring, coronaviruses have never been recorded in insect microbiomes. Contamination of insects produced for food or feed may occur during the production process, resulting from rearing substrate or from insect farmers. However, the currently permitted rearing substrates do not include animal products and the farming process is highly automated, thus limiting interactions between farmers and insects. If contamination would still occur, the fact that the insects in production are not hosts to SARS-CoV-2 precludes virus replication and the further processing of the insects will destroy the contamination. We conclude that the hazard of edible insects being a transmission vector of SARS-CoV-2 is extremely low.

scholarly journals Prevalence of netB-positive Clostridium perfringens in Italian poultry flocks by environmental sampling

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Profeta ◽  
Cristina E. Di Francesco ◽  
Andrea Di Provvido ◽  
Massimo Scacchia ◽  
Alessandra Alessiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Environmental Sampling ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Enteric Disorders ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Very High ◽  
Turkey Flock

Clostridium perfringens type G is one of the pathogens involved in enteric diseases in poultry. NetB, a pore-forming toxin, is considered the main virulence factor responsible for necrotic enteritis during C. perfringens infection. We carried out a field study involving 14 farms to evaluate the occurrence of netB-positive C. perfringens and the impact of infection in Italian poultry flocks. Environmental samples ( n = 117) and 50 carcasses were screened by microbiologic and molecular methods. Microbiologic investigations yielded 82 C. perfringens isolates. DNA was extracted from all samples and screened for α-toxin and NetB encoding genes by real-time PCR. The C. perfringens α-toxin gene was detected in 151 of 167 extracts (90.4%), and 31 of 151 (20.5%) were netB gene positive also. Sixteen isolates from a turkey flock with mild enteric disorders were also netB positive, demonstrating their occurrence not only in broiler but also in turkey flocks. A pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol was optimized to evaluate the diversity among isolates and revealed high genetic heterogeneity. The complete NetB toxin-coding gene of 2 C. perfringens isolates from turkey and broiler flocks were analyzed and showed very high relatedness with analogous sequences worldwide.

scholarly journals Impacts of feeding less food-competing feedstuffs to livestock on global food system sustainability

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (113) ◽  
pp. 20150891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schader ◽  
Adrian Muller ◽  
Nadia El-Hage Scialabba ◽  
Judith Hecht ◽  
Anne Isensee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Food System ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Human Food ◽  
By Products

Increasing efficiency in livestock production and reducing the share of animal products in human consumption are two strategies to curb the adverse environmental impacts of the livestock sector. Here, we explore the room for sustainable livestock production by modelling the impacts and constraints of a third strategy in which livestock feed components that compete with direct human food crop production are reduced. Thus, in the outmost scenario, animals are fed only from grassland and by-products from food production. We show that this strategy could provide sufficient food (equal amounts of human-digestible energy and a similar protein/calorie ratio as in the reference scenario for 2050) and reduce environmental impacts compared with the reference scenario (in the most extreme case of zero human-edible concentrate feed: greenhouse gas emissions −18%; arable land occupation −26%, N-surplus −46%; P-surplus −40%; non-renewable energy use −36%, pesticide use intensity −22%, freshwater use −21%, soil erosion potential −12%). These results occur despite the fact that environmental efficiency of livestock production is reduced compared with the reference scenario, which is the consequence of the grassland-based feed for ruminants and the less optimal feeding rations based on by-products for non-ruminants. This apparent contradiction results from considerable reductions of animal products in human diets (protein intake per capita from livestock products reduced by 71%). We show that such a strategy focusing on feed components which do not compete with direct human food consumption offers a viable complement to strategies focusing on increased efficiency in production or reduced shares of animal products in consumption.

Enteric disease episodes and the risk of acquiring a future sexually transmitted infection: a prediction model in Montreal residents

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1159-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Caron ◽  
Robert Allard ◽  
Lucie Bédard ◽  
Jérôme Latreille ◽  
David L Buckeridge
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Enteric Disease ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Disease Episode

Abstract Objective. The sexual transmission of enteric diseases poses an important public health challenge. We aimed to build a prediction model capable of identifying individuals with a reported enteric disease who could be at risk of acquiring future sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Materials and Methods. Passive surveillance data on Montreal residents with at least 1 enteric disease report was used to construct the prediction model. Cases were defined as all subjects with at least 1 STI report following their initial enteric disease episode. A final logistic regression prediction model was chosen using forward stepwise selection. Results. The prediction model with the greatest validity included age, sex, residential location, number of STI episodes experienced prior to the first enteric disease episode, type of enteric disease acquired, and an interaction term between age and male sex. This model had an area under the curve of 0.77 and had acceptable calibration. Discussion. A coordinated public health response to the sexual transmission of enteric diseases requires that a distinction be made between cases of enteric diseases transmitted through sexual activity from those transmitted through contaminated food or water. A prediction model can aid public health officials in identifying individuals who may have a higher risk of sexually acquiring a reportable disease. Once identified, these individuals could receive specialized intervention to prevent future infection. Conclusion. The information produced from a prediction model capable of identifying higher risk individuals can be used to guide efforts in investigating and controlling reported cases of enteric diseases and STIs.

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