scholarly journals Impact of End User Development Technical and Environmental Factors on Software Cost

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 2203
Author(s):  
Archana Srivastava ◽  
Dr. S KSingh ◽  
Dr. Syed Qamar Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Software Project ◽  
Effort Estimation ◽  
End User ◽  
Software Cost ◽  
The Impact

Software project manager is confronted with the dilemma of accurate estimation at the very beginning of the project. Quantitative estimates are required at the early stages of development. Software cost estimation is accounted as an important factor while making estimations in Software Engineering. There is no simple way to make an accurate estimate of the effort required to develop software systems incorporating EUD/EUP because of many reasons like unclear user requirements, lack of knowledge on new technology, changing technology requirements and unavailability of solid information. End users were significantly more satisfied with applications they had developed themselves and which possess quality parameters as per their requirements. If the software incorporates End user development features then additional effort may be required in development and designing the EUD features. This paper discusses the impact of end user quality parameters on the overall effort of the software development. It includes a comparative analysis of UCP with my published model AUCP in terms of effort. It also ponders cases where End user development should be positively considered as an additional cost driver for effort estimation.  

scholarly journals EFFORT ESTIMATION MODELING OF E-GOVERNMENT APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT USING FUNCTION POINTS BASED ON TOR AND SRS DOCUMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Noorlela Marcheta
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Effort Estimation ◽  
Software Cost Estimation ◽  
Application Development ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Software Cost ◽  
Information Systems Management ◽  
Function Points ◽  
Requirements Specifications

Software cost estimation is important for information systems management and is generally taught in software engineering courses especially to terms of the ever-increasing development of E-Government. A significant challenge for Software Sizing (SS) is to determine cost estimates based on TOR documents that do not yet contain complete Software Requirements Specifications (SRS). This study uses Function Points as one of the measurement methods that can make cost estimates and expert needs based on the desired functional system. On the other hand, there are cases where estimation needs after the SRS document have been made. Thus in this study, the authors discuss the implementation of SS based on TOR and SRS documents for E-Government. The results of this study indicate the closeness of the actual and estimated values of 81.9% for TOR and 93.4% for SRS.

scholarly journals Influence of end user development on software project estimation

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1812
Author(s):  
Archana Srivastava ◽  
Dr. K. Singh ◽  
Dr Syed Qamar Abbas
Keyword(s):  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Point Method ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Software Project ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Effort Estimation ◽  
End User ◽  
Software Development Effort ◽  
Project Estimation

Use Case Point Method (UCP) is used to estimate software development effort. UCP uses a project’s use cases to produce a reasonable estimate of a project’s complexity and required man hours. Advance Use Case Point Method (AUCP) is an extension of UCP. AUCP extends UCP by adding the additional effort required in incorporating end user development (EUD) features in the software for overall project effort estimation. Today user needs are diverse, complex, and frequently changing hence need of EUD is also increasing. EUD features if incorporated in the software increases end user satisfaction exponentially but incorporating EUD features increases design time complexity and increases the effort significantly based on the end users requirements. This paper provides a case study to demonstrate the comparative analysis of UCP and AUCP using paired t-test. It also observes that there can be on an average 20% increase in overall effort of development on adding EUD features.  

scholarly journals Cost Estimation of the Models Using Harmony Search

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.32) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Dr T. Vijaya Saradhi ◽  
A Lakshmi Pravallika ◽  
M Manoj
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Harmony Search ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Software Project ◽  
Software Cost Estimation ◽  
Software Cost ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

To estimate the cost of model accurately on which the software is functioning is one of the most important things in the software project. But due to the varying nature of the software, and complexity, accurate cost estimation of software has become difficult. Ascertaining the cost of the software at the beginning stage is helpful for designing the other activities of software development. Former estimation of the needed exertion to Creating programming need benefited the advancement acknowledging those provision about Meta heuristic streamlining calculations. These calculations need aid possibility and might a chance to be connected Likewise functional devices for programming expense estimation. In the recent times Meta- heuristic algorithms with high accuracy have brought a great improvement in the field of the software engineering. In this paper we have discussed about the one of the algorithm which help in software cost estimation which is Harmony Search.  

scholarly journals Optimization Criteria for Effort Estimation using Fuzzy Technique

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish Mittal ◽  
Pradeep Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Triangular Fuzzy Number ◽  
Exact Science ◽  
Effort Estimation ◽  
Software Cost Estimation ◽  
Software Projects ◽  
Software Cost ◽  
Models Comparison ◽  
Effective Cost ◽  
Single Number

Effective cost estimation is the most challenging activity in software development. Software cost estimation is not an exact science. Cost estimation process involves a series of systematic steps that provide estimate with acceptable risk. Some prevalent LOC based models are- Bailey Basili model, Alaa F. Sheta G.E. Model, and Alaa F. Sheta, Model 2 .Two new models, based on fuzzy logic sizing, are presented in this paper. Rather than using a single number, the software size is regarded as a triangular fuzzy number. We can optimize the estimated effort for any application by varying arbitrary constants for these models. The developed models are tested on 10 NASA software projects, on the basis of four criterions for assessment of software cost estimation models. Comparison of all the models, cited above, is done and it is found that the developed models provide better estimation.

Applicability of Machine Learning Methods on Mobile App Effort Estimation: Validation and Performance Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 23-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamta Pandey ◽  
Ratnesh Litoriya ◽  
Prateek Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Effort Estimation ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
Software Cost ◽  
Absolute Residual

Software cost estimation is one of the most crucial tasks in a software development life cycle. Some well-proven methods and techniques have been developed for effort estimation in case of classical software. Mobile applications (apps) are different from conventional software by their nature, size and operational environment; therefore, the established estimation models for traditional desktop or web applications may not be suitable for mobile app development. The objective of this paper is to propose a framework for mobile app project estimation. The research methodology adopted in this work is based on selecting different features of mobile apps from the SAMOA dataset. These features are later used as input vectors to the selected machine learning (ML) techniques. The results of this research experiment are measured in mean absolute residual (MAR). The experimental outcomes are then followed by the proposition of a framework to recommend an ML algorithm as the best match for superior effort estimation of a project in question. This framework uses the Mamdani-type fuzzy inference method to address the ambiguities in the decision-making process. The outcome of this work will particularly help mobile app estimators, development professionals, and industry at large to determine the required efforts in the projects accurately.

scholarly journals Cost Analysis of Chaff Harvesting Concepts in Germany

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannike Sophie Unger ◽  
Christoph Glasner
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Base Case ◽  
End User ◽  
Harvesting Process ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harvesting Costs ◽  
Harvest Residue

This work assesses the costs of exploiting the biomass feedstock chaff. Chaff is a harvest residue generated during the conventional grain harvesting process and usually remains on the field. In this paper, the costs of collecting and supplying chaff to the end user with different harvesting methods and supply chains are analyzed. The costs are estimated for a base case defining a set of general assumptions. The impact of these assumptions is analyzed in a sensitivity analysis by means of tornado diagrams. A full costing method based on the VDI guideline 2067 part 1 is applied for the cost estimation. The cost analysis reveals that ceasing the fractioning of grain, straw and chaff during harvesting and transporting them as a mixture reduces the harvesting costs significantly. The costs are decreased due to a reduction in agricultural operations and processing large amounts of material. The lowest total costs originate from the production of chaff-straw bales. Harvesting chaff as a single fraction leads to the highest costs with the investigated supply chains. Comparing the costs of chaff supply to potential revenues shows that an exploitation of the harvest residue can be economically feasible.

Optimizing Design of Fuzzy Model for Software Cost Estimation Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 2050005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Chhabra ◽  
Harvir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Software Cost

Estimation of software cost and effort is of prime importance in software development process. Accurate and reliable estimation plays a vital role in successful completion of the project. To estimate software cost, various techniques have been used. Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is amongst most prominent algorithmic model used for cost estimation. Different versions of COCOMO consider different types of parameters affecting overall cost. Parameters involved in estimation using COCOMO possess vagueness which introduces some degree of uncertainty in algorithmic modelling. The concept of fuzzy logic can deal with uncertainty involved in Intermediate COCOMO cost driver measurements via Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). In the proposed research, an effort has been made wherein, for each cost driver, an FIS is designed to calculate the corresponding effort multiplier. Proposed research provides an insight through evolutionary-based optimization techniques to optimize fuzzy logic-based COCOMO using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. The magnitude of relative error and its mean, calculated using COCOMO NASA2 and COCOMONASA datasets are used as evaluation metrics to validate the proposed model. The model outperforms when compared to other optimization techniques like Genetic Algorithm.

Improved Software Cost Estimation Method Based on COCOMO Model and Linear Regression

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 1497-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Yang
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Software Development ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Software Project ◽  
Software Cost Estimation ◽  
Software Cost ◽  
Replication Experiment ◽  
Cocomo Model ◽  
Project Data

Software cost estimation is the key step to software development management. In order to make COCOMO model applicable to Chinese enterprises, an improved software cost estimation method based on COCOMO model and linear regression was proposed in this paper. Then the replication experiment was taken by using the historical software project data of given enterprises, and then compared experience estimation with the new improved method proposed in this paper about the forecasting accuracy. The results verified that the improved cost estimation method has more practical value to software development.

Optimization of software cost estimation model based on biogeography-based optimization algorithm

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Aman Ullah ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Jinfang Sheng ◽  
Jun Long ◽  
Muhammad Asim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Flower Pollination Algorithm ◽  
Manhattan Distance ◽  
Software Project ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Software Cost ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Cost Estimation Model ◽  
Cocomo Ii

Estimating of software cost (ESC) is considered a crucial task in the software management life cycle as well as time and quality. Prior to the development of a software project, precise estimations are required in the form of person month and time. In the last few decades, various parametric and non-algorithmic or non-parametric regarding the estimating of software costs have been developed. Among them, the constrictive cost model (COCOMO-II) is a commonly used method for estimating software cost. To further improve the accuracy of this model, researchers and practitioners have applied numerous computational intelligence algorithms to optimize their parameters. However, accuracy is still a big problem in this model to be addressed. In this paper, we proposed a biogeography-based optimization (BBO) method to optimize the current coefficients of COCOMO-II for better estimating of software project cost or effort. The experiments are conducted on two standard data sets: NASA-93 and Turkish Industry software projects. The performance of the proposed algorithm called BBO-COCOMO-II is evaluated by using performance indicators including the Manhattan distance (MD) and the mean magnitude of relative error (MMRE). Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm obtained high accuracy and significant error minimization compared to original COCOMO-II, particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm, flower pollination algorithm, and other various baseline cost estimation models.

scholarly journals A CASE Study on Software Project Development Cost, Schedule & Effort Estimation

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Prabhakar Rao ◽  
Seetha Ramaiah
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Software Project ◽  
Effort Estimation ◽  
Development Cost ◽  
Workforce Scheduling ◽  
Project Development ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Point Analysis

This paper theme is to provide a case study of Software Project Development cost, effort, and schedule estimation. From recent past, a remarkable research takes place in developing different techniques on software effort and cost estimation. Making estimation before start of any project is necessary to be able to plan and manage any project. The estimate is an intelligent guess for the project resources. Nowadays, software has become a major contributor to economic growth for any nation. Making an estimate before starting any software project is vital for the project managers and key stakeholders. Major project milestones such as project schedules, budgeting, resource allocation, and project delivery dates are set on theeffort and cost estimates. Thus, the reliability of the estimation leads any project success or otherwise fail. In this article, author’s idea is to work with function point analysis and include the concept of workforce scheduling in a better way while taking the decision in the contract phase. That leads to strengthening the relations between the developer and the customer. Basically, size is a main measured unit of the software project. Based on the size and other functionalities, the software managers estimate the total effort required to develop the project. From the effort and work schedule, the total cost can be estimated. 

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