scholarly journals Metode Dakwah: Syiar Islam Ala Masyarakat Nusantara Abad 9-15 M

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Dewi Fatimah Leppa
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Natural Factor ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Historical Relationship

Bukti arkeologi meninggalkan jejak, termasuk jejak untuk menelusuri awal mula agama Islam masuk ke Indonesia, antara abad ke-7 hingga ke-8 Masehi. Arkeolog Uka Tjandrasasmita menegaskan pentingnya bukti-bukti arkeologi dalam karyanya ‘Arkeologi Islam Nusantara’. Dalam karya tersebut, Uka mengungkapkan data-data arkeologi baik berupa makam-makam batu nisan, pecahan keramik dan ragam hiasan maupun arsitektur bangunan keraton yang merupakan material penting sebagai sumber sejarah. Semua itu bisa dimanfaatkan untuk mengetahui dan merekonstruksi bagaimana kedatangan Islam ke Tanah Air. Misalnya, makam di Nusantara memiliki persamaan tulisan dengan makam Islam yang ada di Gujarat, India. Persamaan tersebut dapat ditemukan pada makam Malik Ibrahim dibuat tahun 1419 H di Gresik, Jawa Timur dan makam Samudra Pasai pada tahun 882 H. Makam-makam yang ada di Gujarat dan Tanah Air juga memiliki bahan baku yang sama yaitu batu pualam. Dengan adanya persamaan tersebut bisa disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang aktif, terutama hubungan dagang antara Gujarat, Samudra Pasai, dan Jawa Timur. Melalui perdagangan tercipta interaksi antara penduduk Tanah Air dan para pedagang Muslim dari Gujarat. Melalui interaksi ini juga para pedagang Muslim dari Gujarat tak hanya melakukan aktivitas dagang tetapi juga menyebarkan ajaran agama Islam di Tanah Air. Sejak zaman sebelum Islam Pelabuhan Banten merupakan Pelabuhan terpenting di tanah Sunda. Hal itu disebabkan oleh letak geografisnya yang berada di tengah-tengah teluk Banten dengan jaringan Sungai Cibanten dan beberapa anak sungainya. Faktor alamiah ini merupakan hal yang sangat menguntungkan bagi pihak yang mengelola pelabuhan para pedagang. Keadaan ini yang mengakibatkan Pelabuhan Banten menempatkan diri dalam dunia perdagangan internasional di Asia.[Archaeological evidence always leaves a trail, and these include traces to track earlier times when Islam arrived in Indonesia between the 7th and the 8th centuries (CE). Archaeologist Uka Tjandrasasmita stressed the importance of the archaeological pieces of evidence in his work ‘Archaeology of Islam Nusantara’, which reveals some archaeological data in tombs decorated with ceramic fragments and palace architecture, which were considered essential materials as historical sources. All of these can be used to find out and reconstruct how Islam came to Indonesia. For example. The tombs have the same writings as the Islamic tombs in Gujarat, India. The similarities are found in Malik Ibrahim’s tombs, created in 1419 H in Gresik, East Java, and the tomb of Samudra Pasai of Aceh in 882 H. The tombs in Gujarat and Indonesia have the same raw material made from marble. Given these facts, there is a historical relationship between Gujarat, India, and Indonesia, and this could happen due to trade relations between Gujarat and Samudra Pasai and East Jawa. Through trades, interactions between the Muslim traders of Gujarat and Muslim Indonesians took place, and through these interactions, Muslim Gujarati not only carried out trading activities but also spread the teachings of Islam in Indonesia. Some historical facts show that for a long, Banten Port had become the most important port in the land of Sunda. This is due to its geographical location is in the middle of Banten Bay connected with Cibanten River networking and some of its tributaries. This natural factor is very profitable for the Sultan in managing the trades. As a result, the Banten port played a significant role in international trade in Asia.]

Parafia unicka w Rachaniach do 1811 roku/ The Uniate Parish in Rachanie until 1811

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Adam Frykowski
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Holy Communion ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
Ancillary Equipment

AbstractThe following paper depicts the history of Saint Simeon Stylites Uniate Parish in Rachanie since it became known in historical sources until 1811- that is the time it ceased to be an independent church unit. The introduction of the article contains the geographical location of the parish, its size and the position within the hierarchical structure of the Church. Having analysed post-visit inspection protocols left by Chelm Bishops, the appearance as well as fittings and ancillary equipment of the church in Rachanie in that particular period are reported. Moreover, the list of 4 local clergymen is recreated and their benefice is determined. As far as possible, both the number of worshipers and the number of Holy Communion receivers is determined.

Development of transportation types and their usage on caravan roads in middle ages

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Jahongir Yunusugli Ergashev
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Sand Storm ◽  
Natural Climate ◽  
Daily Load ◽  
Daily Distance

During the existence of the Bukhara khanate, the economic and trade relations with neighboring countries on the territory of Central Asia have been largely based on transport system of the old network of roads. Along with the formation and development of communication routes, transportation vehicles also improved based on the natural climate and geographical location of different regions.  In the following article the info is given on the means of the transport used in the caravan routes in the trade-economic relations of khanate of Bukhara with neighboring countries in medieval times. Included there, the starting of domestication and usage of horse drawn vehicles, camels, donkeys and others, the capacity of daily load of camels, horses, donkeys which were core of caravans, their daily distance, the necessary tasks in the incidents occurred in caravan routes (injuries, bruises, contagious diseases) the stopping regulation of caravans (sand storm, in heat and frost) is thoroughly analyzed.

PRINCIPLE OF AUTONOMY IN LETTER OF CREDIT: MALAYSIAN PRACTICE

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosmawani Che Hashim ◽  
Ahmad Azam Othman ◽  
Akhtarzaite Abdul Aziz
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Letter Of Credit ◽  
Relevant Case ◽  
Method Of Payment ◽  
Almost All

The term letter of credit (LC) is not uncommon in international trade as it is the most frequently used method of payment by seller and buyer in their sales contract. LC serves its significant role by facilitating payment between buyer and seller from different countries, who are always prejudiced towards each other on the issue of payment, especially when the deal involves a huge amount of money. By using LC, the seller and buyer will be represented by their own bankers whose function, among others is to issue an LC for the buyer and pay on presentation of seller’s documents which strictly comply to LC requirements. It is well-known that LC is governed by the principle of autonomy or also referred to as the principle of independence1 which indicates LC, being a contract of payment is totally separate from the underlying sales contract. Banks are concerned with documents only and not with the goods. LC transaction can be governed by the Uniform Custom and Practice for Documentary Credit, known as the UCP through express incorporation which provides the rules relating to LC matters and is adopted in almost all LC transactions. This paper discusses the nature, background and significance of principle of autonomy in LC transaction. In elaborating the provisions on the principle of autonomy in the UCP 600, comparisons between relevant articles in the UCP 500 are highlighted. The discussion also focuses on relevant case law and on the application of the autonomy principle in conventional and Islamic LC. The paper concludes with the finding that Malaysian bankers fully subscribe to the principle of autonomy as outlined by the UCP 600.

scholarly journals Forecast of International Trade of Lithium Carbonate Products in Importing Countries and Small-Scale Exporting Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Zhiliang Dong ◽  
Sen Liu ◽  
Peixiang Jiang ◽  
Cuizhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Structure Of Trade

As the raw material of lithium-ion batteries, lithium carbonate plays an important role in the development of new energy field. Due to the extremely uneven distribution of lithium resources in the world, the security of supply in countries with less say would be greatly threatened if trade restrictions or other accidents occurred in large-scale exporting countries. It is of great significance to help these countries find new partners based on the existing trade topology. This study uses the link prediction method, based on the perspective of the topological structure of trade networks in various countries and trade rules, and eliminates the influence of large-scale lithium carbonate exporting countries on the lithium carbonate trade of other countries, to find potential lithium carbonate trade links among importing and small-scale exporting countries, and summarizes three trade rules: (1) in potential relationships involving two net importers, a relationship involving either China or the Netherlands is more likely to occur; (2) for all potential relationships, a relationship that actually occurred for more than two years in the period in 2009–2018 is more likely to occur in the future; and (3) potential relationships pairing a net exporter with a net importer are more likely to occur than other country combinations. The results show that over the next five to six years, Denmark and Italy, Netherlands and South Africa, Turkey and USA are most likely to have a lithium carbonate trading relationship, while Slovenia and USA, and Belgium and Thailand are the least likely to trade lithium carbonate. Through this study, we can strengthen the supply security of lithium carbonate resources in international trade, and provide international trade policy recommendations for the governments of importing countries and small-scale exporting countries.

scholarly journals The role of factoring in international trade financing

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Tural Alasgarli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic System ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Trade Finance ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trade Financing

As 20th century ends, international economic system has gained new characteristics, international trade and its finance has reached at a different aspect. Parallel to the increasing trade relations, new technics of foreign trade finance has been widely available. Among them, factoring was evaluated in this study.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONIC STOCK TRADING: MECHANISM OF FUNCTIONING AND CURRENT TRENDS

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (20) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Andriy Syshchuk ◽  
Viktoria Khirova
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Stock Exchanges ◽  
Stock Trading ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Stock Indices ◽  
Trading Mechanism

Abstract. Modern international electronic stock trading is becoming increasingly important in the organization of the system of international trade relations. Several studies of the domestic and foreign scientists have highlighted various aspects of the place and role of electronic exchanges in trade relations between countries. At the same time, the peculiarities of the mechanism of functioning of the international e-commerce, which is constantly evolving and improving, need to be studied both from the point of view of theory and practice. Electronic exchanges have created and implemented their own mechanism of functioning, which turns them into the most organized form of international trade. It is substantiated that trends and key features of the development of electronic exchanges can be tracked and forecasted with the help of relevant stock indices. The main features and the most important aspects of the development of electronic exchanges are determined, based on the analysis of stock indices of the two largest electronic exchanges in the world, the geographical structure of electronic stock exchanges and the dynamics of the use of artificial intelligence in the exchange trading process. Here also highlighted the negative and positive interdependencies regarding the future development of international e-commerce.

scholarly journals European Union: Spearhead of the Environment Protection Movement

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Sorin Burnete ◽  
Abiola E. Ogunmokun
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Trade ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Waste Trade

Abstract Industrialization laid the foundation for contemporary civilization but also begot environmental problems, which have been building up and remained unsolved to this day. There is widespread belief that, if industrial manufacturing lies at the root of environment degradation through endless spewing of residual waste, trade among nations is to blame for scattering residual waste the world over. Yet paradoxically, it is the very international trade that might be the ground for major remedies thereto. The 20th century witnessed the shift from free trade to fair trade; it is about time to shift from fair trade to clean trade. Nevertheless, such serious problems had barely been dealt with until the post-World War II period. An awareness-raising effort in this line was made by the European Union (EU) which, since the early 1970s, has been dealing with environmental and social issues, especially the ones deriving from international trade, in a decisive and responsible manner. Still, EU’s new policy in the field of environment protection has a downside in that it affects trade relations with partners from outside the Union, both developing and developed countries, thereby drawing fierce international reaction. The good part is that EU’s actions will most likely prompt other nations to follow suit.

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