scholarly journals Comparison Between Lignocaine Hydrochloride and Ropivacaine Hydrochloride as Lumbosacral Epidural Anaesthetic Agents in Goats Undergoing Laparoscopy Assisted Embryo Transfer

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anubhav Khajuria ◽  
Mujeeb ur Rehman Fazili ◽  
Riaz Ahmad Shah ◽  
Maajid Hassan Bhat ◽  
Firdous Ahmad Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Regional Anaesthesia ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents ◽  
Group I ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Epidural Anaesthetic ◽  
Ropivacaine Hydrochloride ◽  
Surgical Manipulations

AbstractGoats (n=12) undergoing laparoscopy assisted embryo transfer were randomly allotted to two groups (I and II) and injected lignocaine hydrochloride (4mg/kg) or ropivacaine hydrochloride (1mg/kg) at the lumbosacral epidural space. The animals were held with raised hind quarters for the first three minutes following injection. Immediately after induction of regional anaesthesia, they were restrained in dorsal recumbency in the Trendelenburg position in a cradle. Laparoscopy was performed after creating pneumoperitoneum using filtered room air. The mean (± S.E) induction time in animals of group I was significantly shorter (5.33 ± 0.61 min) than those belonging to group II (12.66 ±1.99 min). Complete analgesia developed throughout the hind quarters and abdomen for 30 min and 60 min in group I and II animal’s respectively. Unlike animals of group I, group II goats continued to show moderate analgesia for 180 minutes. The motor activity returned after a lapse of 130.00 ± 12.64 min and 405.00 ± 46.31 min respectively. Occasional vocalization and struggling was noticed in two goats one from each group irrespective of the surgical manipulations during laparoscopy. The rectal temperature and respiration rates showed only non-significant increase, but the heart rate values were significantly higher (P < 0.5) up to 150 min in animals of both the groups when compared to their baseline values. From this study, it was concluded that both anaesthetic agents produced satisfactory regional anaesthesia in goats undergoing laparoscopy. However, considering the very long delay in regaining the hind limb motor activity, the use of ropivacaine may not be recommended for this purpose. Supplementation of sedative/tranquilizer with lumbosacral epidural anaesthesia needs evaluation.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Doses of Ropivacaine Hydrochloride for Lumbosacral Epidural Anaesthesia in Goats Undergoing Laparoscopy Assisted Embryo Transfer

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anubhav Khajuria ◽  
Mujeeb ur Rehman Fazili ◽  
Riaz Ahmad Shah ◽  
Firdous Ahmad Khan ◽  
Maajid Hassan Bhat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Epidural Anaesthesia ◽  
Motor Power ◽  
Trendelenburg Position ◽  
Regional Analgesia ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Ropivacaine Hydrochloride

Goats (n=12) undergoing laparoscopy assisted embryo transfer were randomly allotted to two groups (I and II) and injected same volume of ropivacaine hydrochloride at 1.0 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively, at the lumbosacral epidural space. The hind quarters of all the animals were lifted up for the first 3.0 minutes following injection. Immediately after induction the animals were restrained in dorsal recumbency in Trendelenburg position in a cradle. Laparoscopy was performed after achieving pneumoperitoneum using filtered room air. Regional analgesia and changes in physiological parameters were recorded. The mean induction time in animals of group I (n=6) was 12.666 ± 1.994 minutes. In these animals the analgesia extended up to the umbilical region and lasted for 60 minutes. Only two animals in group II were satisfactorily induced in 11.333 ± 2.333 minutes. In animals of group I, the time taken for regaining the full motor power was significantly long (405 ± 46.314 min) when compared to group II goats (95 ± 9.219 min). From this study it was concluded that ropivacaine did not produce adequate analgesia in most of the goats at 0.5 mg/kg. When used at 1.0 mg/kg, it produced satisfactory regional analgesia lasting for one hour but the prolonged motor loss precludes its use. Additional studies using ropivacaine hydrochloride at doses in between the two extremes used here may be undertaken before recommending it for lumbosacral anaesthesia in goats undergoing laparoscopy.

scholarly journals Caudal tramadol bupivacaine combination for postoperative pain releif in subumbilical paediatric surgery

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Md Shafiqul Islam ◽  
Md Tajul Islam ◽  
Dilip Kumar Bhowmick ◽  
Moinul Hossain ◽  
AKM Akhtaruzzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Paediatric Surgery ◽  
Physical Status ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents ◽  
Group I ◽  
Caudal Analgesia ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Control Study

Background Regional anaesthesia in children provides the advantage of reduced requirements of other anaesthetic agents and of excellent analgesia introduction. Rational use of adjuvant with local anaesthetic in caudal route for prolonged optimal analgesia in paediatric population. Objectives To evaluate the quality and duration of postoperative analgesia in children undergoing subumbilical surgeries with caudally administered mixture of tramadol and bupivacaine. Methods Sixty children of ASA physical status I & II scheduled for elective subumbilical surgery were included in this prospective case-control study. Children were randomly assigned to receive caudal analgesia with plain bupivacaine (Group-I) and a mixture of tramadol-bupivacaine (Group-II) respectively. Blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation and duration of analgesia were recorded postoperatively. Results Study revealed that mean duration of caudal analgesia in Group-I and Group-II were 245.67 ± 6.94 and 612.05 ± 16.49 minutes respectively which was significantly longer (P<0.001) in Group-II. Mean number of postoperative analgesics were 2.97±0.50 and 1.78±0.50 in Group-I and Group-II which was statistically highly significant (P=0.000). Postoperative nausea and vomiting was significantly high in Group-II (P=0.019). Conclusion Combination of tramadol with bupivacaine results in prolonged analgesia when administered in caudal route. In addition, tramadol is more useful in young children considering less respiratory depression than other opioids. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v23i2.18172 Journal of BSA, 2009; 23(2): 42-46

scholarly journals ADVANTAGES OF INTRATHECAL BUPIVACAINE AND DEXMEDETOMIDINE COMBINATION OVER BUPIVACAINE AND CLONIDINE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN GYNAECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruna Mahanta ◽  
Keshav Saran Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Regional Anaesthesia ◽  
Motor Block ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Sensory Block ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Regional Analgesia ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background: most of the gynaecological interventions are generally done under regional anaesthesia. Currently dexmedetomidine came out as a beneficial adjunct for regional analgesia as well as anaesthesia. It is a highly selective α-2 agonist. Aims & objectives: to compare the effects & behavior of dexmedetomidine with clonidine when both are used with bupivacaine for spinal analgesia. Material and Methods: 100 cases of ASA grade 1 & 2 who were undergoing elective gynaecological surgical intervention were studied. They were divided into two groups (50 each). Group I received combination of bupivacaine & clonidine while group II received combination of bupivacaine + dexmedetomidine. Results: Average duration of onset of sensory block was earlier in group II. Arrival of motor block in Group I was slightly on lower side than Group II. Ten cases in Group I and eighteen cases from group II had notable bradycardia and hypotension. Discussion: Our study concludes that dexmedetomidine when used in combination with bupivacaine is very effective in gynaecological surgical interventions that demand longer duration & have comparatively lesser side effects. Keywords: dexmedetomidine, clonidine, Bupivacaine, gynaecological procedures.

scholarly journals Levobupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for primary knee and hip arthroplasty

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
K. Yu. Ukolov ◽  
V. L. Ayzenberg ◽  
M. V. Kapirina ◽  
M. E. Mikitina
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Hip Arthroplasty ◽  
Postoperative Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents ◽  
Group I ◽  
Primary Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Knee And Hip Arthroplasty

Introduction. Spinal anesthesia is widely used in major orthopedic. Primary hip and knee arthroplasty are major surgical procedures associated with significant potential morbidity in elderly patients. This increases requirement to surgical and anesthetic procedures. Some studies provide evidence that levobupivacaine when used as an alternative to bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia is less cardiotoxic and neurotoxic. Aim: To compare the efficacy and safety of these two spinal anaesthetic agents in elderly patients undergoing primary hip or knee replacement. Patients and methods. The study included 90 patients performed arthroplasty with spinal anesthesia. I group patients received spinal anesthesia bupivacaine 0,5%, II group patients received intrathecal levobupicavaine 0.5%. Group I (n=60), 22 (37%) underwent primary hip arthroplasty, and 38 (63%) patients that underwent primary knee arthroplasty with mean age (65,4 + 6,5). Group II (n=30), 18 (60%) patients that underwent primary total hip arthroplasty and 12 (40%) patients that underwent primary knee arthroplasty with mean age (65,5 + 8,1). Anesthesia algorithm did not differ for both groups. Results. Vital parameters and adverse effects in relation to spinal anesthesia were observed. Decrease of heart rate was more significant in group II. Blood pressure parameters were comparable to both groups though, 10% of Group I patients received infusion of norepinephrine for treatment of hypotension. The two groups were comparable with glucose and lactate variations as well as the duration of analgesia and postoperative nausea and vomiting. No postoperative delirium was noted in both groups. Conclusion. Spinal anesthesia with levobupivacaine is more safe for elderly patients undergoing knee and hip arthroplasty.

Effects of Propofol, Ketamine and their Combination (ketofol) as Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) on Haematological, Serum Biochemical and Hormonal Profile in the Surgical Management of Canine Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basanta Saikia ◽  
Kushal Konwar Sarma ◽  
Kalyan Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Anaesthetic Agent ◽  
Anaesthetic Machine ◽  
Hormonal Profile ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents ◽  
Group I ◽  
Biochemical Evaluation ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Group Ii

Background: The non-availability of the sophisticated anaesthetic machine and the necessary equipment to administer inhalant anaesthetic in the field hospitals make their use practically unfeasible for the field veterinarians. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of propofol, ketamine and their combination ‘Ketofol’ as a TIVA on certain haematological, serum biochemical and hormonal profiles in atropine and xylazine premedicated dogs. Methods: The study was conducted in eighteen clinical cases of dogs of either sex. The animals were randomly divided into three groups with six animals in each group. All the three groups were premedicated with Atropine sulphate @ 0.04mg/kg body weight and xylazine HCl @ 0.5mg/kg body weight intramuscularly. In group-I, propofol @ 5mg/kg body weight, in group-II, ketamine @ 5mg/kg body weight and in group-III, ketofol @ 4mg/kg body weight was administered intravenously for induction after 15 minutes of pre-anesthetic administration. Surgical anaesthesia was maintained for 90 minutes in all three groups viz. group-I, group-II and group-III with propofol @ 2.5mg/kg. b.w., ketamine @ 2.5mg/kg b.wt. and ketofol @ 2mg/kg b.wt. respectively by intermittent bolus injection (IBI) technique. Haematological, serum biochemical and hormonal profile were evaluated before administration of the anaesthetic agent (0 minutes) then at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes during and after administration of anaesthetic agents. Result: The study revealed that Hb, PCV and TEC were significantly decreased in all the groups at 60 mints and 30 mints respectively. The biochemical evaluation revealed that blood glucose level was significantly increased in all the groups until the end of the experiment. BUN and creatinine value was a significant increase in group-I and group-II than group-III at different time intervals up to the end of the experiment. In all the groups’ alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values significantly increased up to 60th minutes during TIVA whereas AST value was significantly increased in group-II at 30th and 60th minute of the experiment in compare to group-I and group-III. A higher level of cortisol values was recorded in group-I animals for the entire period of observation. There were no changes observed in the case of T3. Transient variables of haemato-biochemical have been reported following propofol, ketamine and their combination (ketofol) as total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). Thus, it has been concluded that diligent monitorization and electrolyte support are essential during the period of anaesthesia. 

scholarly journals Comparison of Ketamine and Pentazocine with Fentanyl and Propofol combination for anaesthesia during laparoscopic tubal ligation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1525
Author(s):  
Ovais Nazir ◽  
Asif Hussain Bhat ◽  
Hamid Yatoo ◽  
Sanjeevni Gupta ◽  
Rajesh Misra
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Postoperative Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Tubal Ligation ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents ◽  
Minimally Invasive Surgical ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Laparoscopic tubal ligation have advantages of minimally invasive surgical technique, without risk of major haemorrhage, early postoperative ambulation and alimentation, making it suitable for ambulatory surgery. The choice of aneasthesia for laparoscopic ligation hence should consider the anaesthetic agents with a rapid onset of action and fast recovery time, with minimal problems for intraoperative control of haemodynamic, airway and pain relief as well as take consideration of the safety, quality, efficacy, and utilization of resources available to the given situation.Methods: A total of 100 patients aged from 18 to 45 years who were scheduled to undergo laparoscopic tubal ligation  were divided into Group I-  Ketamine plus pentazocine group (n=50), Group II- Propofol plus fentanyl group (n=50) and studied  for the intraoperative parameters (hemodynamic and respiratory profile), recovery time, postoperative side effects and discharge time.Results: Intraoperatively MAP and HR were consistently higher in group I as compared to group II. Incidence of apnea and need for bag and mask ventilation was significantly more in Group II than in Group I as was the incidence of Bradycardia. Postoperative nausea and vomiting, psychomimetic effects were significantly more in Group I than in Group II. The time to reach modified PADSS ≥9 (discharge time) was significantly longer in group I (140.3±12.82 min than in group II 102.2±9.2 min), P<0.01.Conclusions: Combination of ketamine and pentazocine gives good anaesthetic conditions during procedure with less incidence of airway and haemodynamic complications intraoperatively but more incidence of postoperative side effects like nausea, vomiting, psycomimetic effects, and time to meet discharge criteria, compared to propofol plus fentanyl.

scholarly journals Xylazine, diazepam and midazolam premedicated ketamine anaesthesia in White Leghorn cockerels for typhlectomy

2006 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Maiti ◽  
R. Tiwary ◽  
P. Vasan ◽  
A. Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Blood Electrolytes ◽  
Group I ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Single Comb ◽  
Surgical Operations

Thee different combinations of ketamine hydrochloride were used to induce general anaesthesia for surgical operations (typhlectomy) in 30 adult, single-comb White Leghorn cockerels. They were randomly divided into three groups, each comprising 10 birds. Birds in Group I received xylazine-ketamine combinations at the dose rate of 2 mg xylazine and 10 mg ketamine per kg i.v., whereas birds of Group II received diazepam (2.5 mg / kg i.v.) and 5 min later ketamine (75 mg / kg i.m.). In the Group III, midazolam (2 mg / kg i.m.) and 5 min later ketamine (50 mg / kg i.v.) was administered. The onset of sedation / anaesthesia was shortest (1.60 + 0.27 min) in Group I, followed by Group II (8.40 + 0.83 min) and Group III (17.10 + 1.71 min). Recovery period was shortest in the Group I (65-75 min) followed by Group II (80-85 min) and Group III (92-105 min). Sedation, muscle relaxation and surgical anaesthesia was optimal and excellent in Group I compared with the other two groups. Torticollis, salivation and dyspnoea were observed in Group III. Short-term limb contractions were present in all birds in Groups II and III, up to 20 min of observation. Recovery from anaesthesia was smooth in all three groups. A Surgical procedure (typhlectomy) was performed on all birds. Hypothermia was observed in Group II, whereas heart and respiratory depression was recorded in Group I. Blood sugar level did not vary significantly in any anaesthetic regime. The reduction of haemoglobin was maximum in Group II compared with Groups I and III. Hypoxaemia and hypercapnaea were elevated in all birds in Groups II and III. Blood electrolytes did not vary significantly from the baseline values among the three groups of birds during the period of observation (120 min). The xylazine-ketamine combination was found to be the best anaesthesia for surgical intervention in chickens.

scholarly journals Short term results of percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with isolated traumatic vertebral compression fractures

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-409
Author(s):  
О.S. Voloshchuk ◽  
O.P. Krasylenko
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Percutaneous Vertebroplasty ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vertebral Compression Fractures ◽  
Short Term ◽  
General Group ◽  
Compression Fractures ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Objective — to analyze the effectiveness of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) in the short term postoperative period in patients with isolated traumatic vertebral compression fractures (IT VCF). The analysis of short term results of PV for IT VCF in patients (n=160) of two age groups: I — up to 60 years (n=106) and II — 60 years and older (n=54). The criteria for inclusion in the study were: high-energy spinal injury resulting a road accident or a high level fall; absence of signs of osteoporosis. The average pain intensity (M ± σ) before PV matched a severe pain (8.21±1.41 points according VAS in the general group). At 3 days after surgery, the pain radically decreased to insignificant (0.91±0.98 points), gradually decreased to 0.76±0.82 points during the first 3 months; there was a further tendency for its decreasing within the insignificant (up to 0.71±0.76 points after six months). At the same time, before the operation and during the nearest postoperative period, patients of group I had a somewhat lower intensity of pain than in group II. Dependence on painkillers observed in 100% of patients before surgery, in the first 3 days after PV 78.1% of all patients have lost it (80.2% — in group I, 74.0% — in group II); in 3 months — 95,6%, 96,2%, 94,5%, respectively; after 6 months — 96.2%, 97.2%, 94.5%, respectively. Motor activity before surgery was reduced in all patients (45.0% of them to the degree of bedbound). In 3 days after PVP, 60.6% of all patients returned to usual motor activity at home (65.1% in group I, 51.8% in group II), 93.7%, 3 months later, respectively, 2%, 87.0%; in 6 months — 96,3%, 99,1%, 90,7%. The persons of physical work who were employed at the time of injury, remained disabled 3 days after the PVP. Within 3 months, they all returned to work: to their usual work 83.7% in the former group, 90.7% in the first group and 52.9% in the second group; 16,3%, 9,3% and 47,1% of the patients, respectively, for work with facilitated conditions. After 6 months, the number of patients with full physical recovery in these groups reached 94.6%, 97.3% and 82.4%, respectively. Oswestry disability index (ODI), which before the operation was (57.7±20.1)% in the whole group, (55.7±20.85)% — in the first group and (59.6±18.54)% — in group II, and responded to severe disability, 3 days after surgery significantly (p<0.001) decreased and amounted to (31,2±15,89)%, (30,3±16,62)% and (31, 9±14,46)%, respectively, indicating moderate disability. After 3 months, ODI decreased to (18.8±17.45)% (p<0.05) in the general group and to (18.2±18.56)% and (19.1±15.18)% — in the relevant age groups, indicating a minimal disability. After 6 months, there was a tendency for further decrease of ODI (to (18.5±17.1)%) and (17.9±18.08)% and (19.0±15.24)%, respectively). So, in the short term after PV, the degree of disability of patients of both age groups decreased significantly. Thus, PV in patients with IT VCF provides rapid pain regression and improvement in the functional status of patients of both age groups — up to 60 years and 60 years and older. The most radical changes occur within the first 3 days after surgery. Further improvement of most options during the first 6 month is progressing gradually. The rates and completeness of the functional recovery are slightly higher in patients of the age group up to 60 years, compared with the group of 60 years and older.

scholarly journals PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL EFFECT OF LEAD ACETATE ON THE HISTOLOGY OF FRONTAL CORTEX AND MOTOR ACTIVITY IN WISTAR RATS

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-12
Author(s):  
SALEH NUHU ◽  
HAUWA IDRIS AHMAD ◽  
AISHA MUHAMMAD GARBA ◽  
TASIU ABDULLAHI SULAIMAN
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Objectives: The objective of this study was to find the histologic and motor activity effect of lead on prenatally and postnatally exposed Wistar rats. Methods: In this study, twelve Wistar Rats were used and grouped into four groups of two females and one male. Group I rats served as the control and allowed feed and water freely. The rats in Group II were administered 500ppm of Pb through drinking water from gestation day 8 (GD8) to parturition (GD21). While Group III rats were given 500ppm of Pb in drinking water from postnatal day 1 (PND1) to PND21. The rats in the fourth group (Group IV) were given 500ppm of Pb from GD8 to PND21. Palmer grasp reflex was conducted to assess the motor activity of the rat pups. The animals were then humanely sacrificed and the frontal cortices were isolated for routine histological processing. Results: The histological study has shown normal neurons in the control group while degenerating cells exhibiting karyolysis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, vacuolation were seen in the lead-treated groups. Group II and Group IV showed considerate deficit in their motor activity while Group III showed mild effect. Conclusion: From this study, lead exposure of Wistar rats at both prenatal and postnatal period of development has effect on the histology of the frontal cortex as well as on their motor activity.

303 INDUCED MOTILITY OF MESA/TESE SPERMATOZOA IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION RATES IN HUMAN

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Zheng ◽  
L. J. Fengand
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Testicular Sperm Extraction ◽  
Obstructive Azoospermia ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Nutritional Elements ◽  
Group I ◽  
Patient Âgé ◽  
Implantation Rates ◽  
Group Ii

The key for human IVF using the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedure is to find moving and living sperm in azoospermic men. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of induced sperm motility on the fertilization and implantation rates in humans. Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) medium containing sperm stimulators and nutritional elements is specially designed for male factor and/or poor quality sperm with lower motility. Men with obstructed or absent ejaculatory ducts were treated by using a microepididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) procedure. Sperm are aspirated directly from the epididymis for use in the ICSI procedure. Men with non-obstructive azoospermia were treated by using the TESE procedure. Small samples of testicular tissue are obtained by needle or microsurgical biopsy and a few sperm are painstakingly dissected out of the tissue for use in the ICSI procedure. Sperm specimens either from epididymis or testis were divided into the two respective groups. In Group I, the specimens were washed in a TESE medium plus 10% human serum albumin (HSA), and then incubated with TESE medium containing 10% HSA in a 5% CO2 incubator to induce sperm motility. In Group II, the specimens were washed in human tubal fluid (HTF) medium plus 10% HSA, and then incubated with HTF containing 10% HSA in a 5% CO2 incubator. After 1 h of incubation, the motility of spermatozoa was evaluated under a microscope. The ICSI procedure was performed under an inverted microscope. Fertilized eggs were cultured in HTF medium containing 10% serum substitute supplement (SSS) until Day 3 for embryo transfer. Patients' pregnancy was followed after embryo transfer. This study demonstrated that incubation of spermatozoa from MESA and TESE procedures in TESE medium, as compared with HTF medium, results in significantly increased sperm progression (MESA sperm: 2-3 vs. 0-1; TESE sperm: 1-1.5 vs. 0-0.1) and motility (MESA sperm: 12.0 � 1.8% vs. 3.3 � 0.5%; TESE sperm: 4.5 � 0.2% vs. 0.15 � 0.02%) all respectively. Induced motility of spermatozoa in TESE medium, as compared with HTF medium, is associated with a significantly increased fertilization rate (MESA sperm: 74.5 � 3.5% vs. 60.2 � 3.1; TESE sperm: 73 � 4.3% vs. 48.4 � 3.7%) and implantation rate (MESA sperm: 29.8 � 3.8% vs. 19.4 � 2.7%, for patient age 32 � 3.0, in Group I, n = 13, and in Group II, n = 12; TESE sperm: 23.2 � 3.3% vs. 15.4 � 2.8%, patient age 33 � 2.8%, in Group I, n = 11, and in Group II, n = 9), and significantly decreased the ICSI performing time (30 � 10 vs. 120 � 20 min), all respectively. TESE medium can significantly increase the motility of spermatozoa from TESE/MESA, because it contains specific sperm stimulators and nutritional elements that directly resulted in the increase of fertilization and implantation rates.

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