scholarly journals Banking on Digital Money: Swedish Cashlessness and the Fraying Currency Tether

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Peebles
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Payment Mechanism ◽  
Global Banking ◽  
The Future ◽  
Digital Money ◽  
Egalitarian Ethos

As cash has suddenly gone missing from Swedish life, a growing range of citizens and institutions have sounded the alarm that cash enabled a space of egalitarian access now under threat. But because commercial bank currency is gradually displacing public central bank currency, cashlessness in Sweden is not only threatening its egalitarian ethos but also the Swedish Central Bank’s capacity to provide a guaranteed state payment mechanism. The consequences of Sweden’s battles over cash-issuance may presage the future of our global banking system in a digital age, while also illuminating what is here called currency’s “tethering mechanism.” Because bank-issued currencies represent chains of credit/debt, exchanging and storing different currencies can tether and de-tether their users to different institutions, thereby offering anthropologists the possibility of mapping the waxing and waning of various dominant social institutions.  Sammanfattning Det svenska samhället har bara på några år kommit att bli ett kontantlöst samhälle. Nu larmar institutioner och medborgare om att bristen på kontanter hotar möjligheten för invånare att delta i samhället på ett likvärdigt sätt. Det kontantlösa samhället hotar inte bara dess jämlikhetsetos utan också den svenska centralbankens förmåga att tillhandahålla en garanterad statlig betalningsmekanism då affärsbanksvaluta gradvis förskjuter den offentliga centralbanksvalutan. Det svenska banksystemet fungerar därför som ett bra exempel utifrån vilket vi kan förutse konsekvenserna av ett kontantlöst globalt banksystem, samtidigt som det också kan belysa det som här kallas valutans “tethering mechanism”. Utbyte och lagerhållning av olika valutor kopplar eller skiljer användare till eller från olika institutioner, eftersom bankemitterade valutor representerar kedjor av kredit/skuld. Det ger antropologer möjlighet att studera och kartlägga dominerande sociala institutioners uppgång och fall.

Digital Money, Liquidity, and Monetary Policy (originally published in July 1997)

First Monday ◽  
2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander Berentsen
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Money Supply ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Electronic Payment ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Digital Money ◽  
Payment Mechanisms ◽  
Retail Payments

The term digital money refers to various proposed electronic payment mechanisms designed for use by consumers to make retail payments. Digital money products have the potential to replace central bank currency, thereby affecting the money supply. This paper studies the effect of replacing central bank currency on the narrowly defined stock of money under various assumptions regarding regulatory policies and monetary operations of central banks and the reaction of the banking system.

Central Bank Digital Currency and Financial Stability in a Dual Banking System

2020 ◽  
pp. 233-252
Author(s):  
Hichem Hamza ◽  
Khoutem Ben Jedidia
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Payment Mechanism ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Open Question

The digitization of payment and the development of private digital currencies have constrained central banks to examine the issuance of their own central bank digital currency (CBDC) in order to face the competition of the new peer-to-peer payment system and the decline of cash use. This chapter addresses the topic of CBDC and places the discussion within the context of dual banking intermediation and financial stability. The design of CBDC in term of accessibility, anonymity, interest rate, and payment mechanism depends on the cryptocurrency use and money characteristics regarding the use of cash and deposit. The CBDC Sharia compliant, free of interest or PLS-based, fulfilling money value stability might be a solution. The effects of CBDC on banking intermediation and financial stability depend importantly on the CBDC design and switch significance of banks deposit to CBDC but remain an open question given the pros and cons arguments. In a dual banking system, Islamic banks could limit the disintermediation effect and maintain financial stability under Sharia compliance.

scholarly journals Research of Money Characterstics in the Condutions of Segmentation of their Digital Analogues

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-151
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Voloshin ◽  
◽  
Viktoriya Gonchar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
World Market ◽  
Service Market ◽  
Global Banking ◽  
Commodity Money ◽  
The World ◽  
Digital Money

The paper presents an attempt to study new qualitative characteristics of money that they will receive in the event of legalization of options for digital currencies in the world market. The logic of the development of the modern cryptocurrency segment is such that they will potentially be able to change the world market towards a complete rejection of the cash. This, in turn, will significantly change the system of commodity-money relations in favor of holders or managers of digital currencies, which will become uncontrollable from both their passive owners and the state. It is shown that the characteristics of digital money can gradually shift towards their endless illiquidity, as well as towards the gradual elimination of the concept of equivalence in commodity exchange. In this case it is possible to change the entire ideology of business, as the basis of the modern economy. Possibility to localize the likely excess composition of digital money, a large-scale growth of the service market is considered, as an alternative to the market of material goods. Digital money itself can be a system for irreversible changes in the conditions of controllability of any trading operations. Nowadays there are certain prerequisites for this: the global expansion of the services market as an active segment of the business, as an alternative to the goods market; a cryptocurrency with starting capabilities, as a reasonable currency with unlimited inflationary opportunities; the factor of counteraction to these changes on the part of the global banking system, as indirect evidence of such prerequisites, etc. The paper presents data on the calculation of risks associated with the financial instability of some countries’ economies during the transition from system cash to digital calculations. It is shown that a systemic transition to new rules for dealing with an infinite digital money supply can lead to the elimination of the system of equivalent exchange of the "commodity-money-commodity" type, into the area of uncontrolled expansion of the services market, as a commodity segment capable of hiding digital unsecured money supply.

ECOSYSTEM: THE FUTURE OR THE MODERN REALITY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan Ahmedov ◽  
Egor Stupaev
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
The Future

The article discusses some approaches to the concept of “ecosystem”, provides examples of modern foreign and Russian banking ecosystems. The main possible models for building an ecosystem around a commercial bank are highlighted. The prospects for the development of this trend in the banking sector are determined. The significance of this economic and legal phenomenon for the modern banking system is indicated.

Monetary Policy Implications of Electronic Money

First Monday ◽  
1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander Berentsen
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Electronic Payment ◽  
Electronic Money ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Digital Money ◽  
Payment Mechanisms ◽  
Retail Payments

The term digital money refers to various proposed electronic payment mechanisms designed for use by consumers to make retail payments. Digital money products have the potential to replace central bank currency, thereby affecting the money supply. This paper studies the effect of replacing central bank currency on the narrowly defined stock of money under various assumptions regarding regulatory policies and monetary operations of central banks and the reaction of the banking system.

EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL CURRENCIES OF CENTRAL BANKS OF THE FUTURE OR THE NEW BRETTON WOODS 2.0

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
E. V. Zenkina ◽  
◽  
A. S. Kharlanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Payment Instruments ◽  
The Future ◽  
Digital Money ◽  
The Moment

The relevance and importance of the article is due to the increasing practical importance of the evolution of the digital currencies of the central banks of the future due to the fact that globalization requires new payment instruments. We analyzed the understanding of the essence of money and its future, the reasons for the appearance, features and risks of the digital currency of the central bank. Recommendations are proposed to change the functions of national banks, in the field of the need to make digital money of central banks anonymous and facilitate payment by them. It was concluded that at present the digital currency of the central bank is a fashionable answer to the transition to the new digital world, but at the moment it is losing competition to cryptocurrencies.

scholarly journals The Market of International Banking Services and their Implications on the Economy of the Republic of Moldova

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
Alexandru Gribincea ◽  
Corina Gribincea
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
High Tech ◽  
International Banking ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Global Banking ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Set Up

By progressing technological and scientific revolution it enters in various fields of the economy. The banking sector is able to compete with large high-tech companies, online banks ensuring effective and inexpensive communication with customers. The banking sector in the future will compete with large high-tech companies such as Facebook or Amazon, considering online banks on the forefront of the competitive fight due to efficient interaction with the customers and lower costs. The main difference between online banks and traditional is the absence of large office network: interaction with customers is mainly realized through websites, mobile banking, social networks or by phone. These banks usually develop their own high-tech platforms. Since the last decades, Moldovan banks have aligned their activities with the new legislative framework in relation to the implementation of Basel III standards by implementing the CRD IV package, which will be implemented in stages by 2020. At the same time, the National Bank of Moldova continues the process of promoting the banking sector reforms, focusing on shareholders 'transparency to attract new investors to meet higher quality requirements, establishing strong corporate governance in the banking sector, identifying bank affiliates and timely reflecting unfavorable loans in banks' balance sheets. The IT Park is set up in Moldova. The main objective of the initiative is to accelerate the development of the IT industry by accelerating the implementation of technologies in various fields, opening new jobs, attracting both internal and external investments and specialists. The concept of the Moldova IT Park model claims to be an ambitious and landmark project for the development of other areas; a community that will grow every year, to which new companies and projects will join and who will make new successes. All project actors want Moldova IT Park to become a useful and efficient project offering rich digital content and advanced information services, which in turn will increase the level of economic competitiveness and welfare of the population. Lately we witness spectacular changes in banking services. The banking system cooperates with IT companies to gain a competitive advantage. Thus, any bank is able to develop and deliver innovative solutions to consumers, streamlining the work and concept of banking services. These innovations offer unprecedented opportunities in financial activity. In the future, banking cards will be excluded, bank cards, branches and subsidiaries will be optimized, and banks will turn from service / product vendors to developers of consumer options and dreams. Any whim and transaction will be possible from any corner of the Earth. This research aims to elucidate trends in the global banking market and prospects for the Moldovan market. Keywords: banking sector, the future of banks, virtual banks, bank mergers, bank competitiveness

scholarly journals Reserve assets as sources of replenishing resource base of banking sector and improving its stability

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Haidar Diphil Shubbar ◽  
Andrey Vladimirovich Girinsky
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Reserve Requirement ◽  
Reserve Requirements

The paper focuses on the importance of using reserve assets in order to increase the bank financial stability and the banking system as a whole. The essential requirements for reserving commercial banks have been presented. The methods of regulating the required reserves have been studied. The specific features of applying the required reserves in banking activities (reserve requirements and liquidity, monetary policy, reserve requirements as a monetary tool, reserve requirements as a fiscal tool) have been revealed. The schedule of averaging periods of required reserves for 2019 is being considered. The general principles which credit organizations are guided by when creating reserves are the following: obligatory availability of reserves for all credit organizations throughout their existence; forming reserves in relation to liabilities to legal entities and individuals; possibility of removing from the list obligations for which reserves have been created. It has been mentioned that the main objectives of the reserve requirement system are to provide banks with sufficient liquidity and to regulate the money supply. Particular attention is paid to the Central Bank as a reserve requirements regulator. In accordance with the changes of the Central Bank of July 1, 2019, the established standards on reserve requirements for deposits in national currency are set at 4%, in foreign currency at 14%. Manipulating the required reserve rate will provide the Central Bank with the opportunity to adjust the liquidity and solvency both of an individual bank and the entire banking system. The method of averaging required reserves includes the possibility for a commercial bank not to transfer reserves to the Central Bank based on a certain sum of money. The averaging coefficient is set at 0.25 to the standard volume of required reserves

Arah Kebijakan Pengawasan terhadap Perbankan Syariah dalam Sistem Perbankan Nasional di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Andrew Shandy Utama
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Islamic Bank ◽  
Independent Direction ◽  
National Banking System

This research aims to explain the direction of policy regarding supervision of Islamic banking in the banking system in Indonesia. The method used in this research is normative legal research using the statutory approach. The results of this research explain that the policy regarding supervision of Islamic banking in the national banking system in Indonesia is headed toward an independent direction. In Law Number 7 of 1992 and Law Number 10 of 1998, it is stated that supervision of Islamic banking is done by Bank Indonesia as the central bank. Based on Law Number 21 of 2008, supervision of Islamic banking is strengthened by not only being supervised by Bank Indonesia, but also by the National Sharia Council of the Majelis Ulama Indonesia by placing Sharia Supervisory Councils in each Islamic bank. After the ratification of Law Number 21 of 2011, supervision of Islamic banking moved from Bank Indonesia to an independent institution called the Financial Services Authority.

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