Theoretical Aspects of the Digital Economy

The aim of the study is to verify the theoretical content of the digital economy. Within the framework of the set goal, the following tasks were solved: substantiation the fragmentation of private analytical developments and the lack of their necessary generalization for comprehensive disclosure of the essence of the phenomenon of the digital economy; characterization of current trends in financial markets, in the spheres of production and employment of the population; disclosure of the socio-economic essence of the virtual space; forecasting the main contours of the material basis of the future. The article discusses the basic provisions of the theory of digital economy, synthesizing the practical experience of its formation in the Russian society. The new content of commodity-money relations, the leading role of intangible assets in it, the objective nature of the monopoly of electronic money, which has lost a number of its specific functions, and the transformation of monetary institutions into multi-disciplinary financial concerns are substantiated.

Methodological principles of systematics of recreational goods

The article presents an overview of modern directions and approaches to systematics of recreational resources (goods). The purpose of our study is to develop methodological principles of systematics of recreational goods, taking into account their subject specificity and modern research approaches to the systematics of natural, historical, cultural and socio-economic conditions and resources. The article has been used development by domestic and foreign scientists, as well as preliminary author’s studies. Working-out of a scheme of recreational goods systematics took place on the basis of a dialectical approach, which requires all phenomena and processes in their development, interconnection, and interdependence. The article presents an overview of modern directions and approaches to the systematics of recreational goods and provides a general methodological scheme of systematics of recreational goods. The proposed scheme includes the division of recreational goods to natural, cultural and historical and socio-economic, as well as directions of use by recreational goods – public, collective and personality. The intersections of these categories are marked by the main methodological approaches to the evaluation of recreational conditions and recreational resources. For each direction of the classification and systematics of recreational goods, it is necessary to develop methodological principles and methodological means of inventory and assessing the corresponding combination of recreational conditions and resourceswith forms of use by recreation goods. Such justification also requires enclosed blocks of recreational conditions and resources and social varieties of use. Recreational conditions and resources of public usage are available for all users without restrictions of property rights; they are considered as global civilization goods as the “property” of the world community; they do not have the content of the goods and do not form appropriate market relations, as a rule, a global or regional spatial scale. Recreational conditions and resources of collective usage form natural and geographical objects and phenomena with different forms of ownership (state, corporate) and collective (group) use. They can be shared by common goods, do not have a form of commodity and not take part in market commodity- money circulation. Recreational conditions and resources of individual usage are private or group property of vacationers. They remain outside the economic assessment, but can also form their market environments with competitive relations and be objects of commodity-money circulation.

KONSEP UANG DALAM ISLAM

Dari pembahasan yang dijabarkan, dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa Uang adalah benda-benda yang disetujui oleh masyarakat sebagai alat perantara untuk mengadakan tukar menukar/perdagangan. Disetujui adalah terdapat kata sepakat di antara anggota-anggota masyarakat untuk menggunakan satu atau beberapa benda sebagai alat perantara dalam kegiatan tukar menukar.Perbedaan konsep uang dalam ekonomi Islam dan konvensional terdapat pada uang yang tidak identik dengan modal, uang adalah public goods, modal adalah private goods, uang adalah flow concept, dan modal adalah stock concept dalam konsep uang secara Islam. Sedangkan konsep uang dalam konvensional yaitu uang seringkali diidentikkan dengan modal, uang (modal) adalah private goods, Uang (modal) adalah flow concept bagi Fisher, dan Uang (modal) adalah stock concept bagi Cambridge School.Kemudian dalam perubahan fungsi uang terbagi menjadi tiga yaitu commodity money atau uang barang, token money atau uang kertas serta deposit money atau uang giral.

Advantages and disadvantages of electronic identification using a mobile digital signature (MOBILE ID) in modern civil law

Problem setting. Due to the rapid impact of information and communication technologies on commodity-money relations, which are in the sphere of civil turnover in Ukraine, the number of contracts concluded in electronic form is significantly increasing. The scope of electronic documents both in contractual civil law relations and in general in the relations of individuals with government agencies, courts and other public law entities has a clear tendency to expand and grow. Thus, in many areas of commodity-money exchange, the interaction of executors and customers (clients) has reached a completely new organizational and legal level and is carried out exclusively online, because the territorial remoteness and implementation of quarantine measures against COVID-19 is not always possible to sign an agreement on paper. These statements determine the relevance of the chosen research topic. The object of the study is the civil legal relationship using a mobile digital signature (Mobile ID). The subject of the research is the advantages and disadvantages of electronic identification with the use of mobile digital signature in civil circulation. The state of research of the problem. Such scientists as M. I. Anokhin, Yu. V. Borodakiy, N. P. Varnovsky, V. M. Glushkov, M. V. Denisova, M. M. Dutov, A.V. Kobets, G.I. Kupriyanova, A. Matvienko, V. A. Onegov, I. A. Semaev, V. A. Shakhverdov, M. N. Tsyvin, V. V. Yashchenko and others. The target of research is to study the features of the legal regulation of electronic digital signature of a person and his legal status with the analysis of issues arising from the use of such a signature in civil turnover, the formulation of proposals for their solution. Article’s main body. The possibility of using mobile digital signatures in the document flow is provided by the relevant regulations. The Law of Ukraine “On Electronic Digital Signature” adopted on May 22, 2003, defines the legal status of an electronic digital signature and regulates the relations that arise when using an electronic digital signature. This Law does not apply to relations arising from the use of other types of electronic signatures, including digitized images of handwritten signatures. At the same time, the provision of Part 3 of Article 207 of the Civil Code of Ukraine on the use of facsimile reproduction of the signature by means of mechanical, electronic or other copying, as well as electronic signature or other analogue of handwritten signature with the written consent of the parties, which must contain samples handwritten signatures. The legislative base on electronic signatures is currently constantly growing, a passport of a citizen of Ukraine in the form of a card with a contactless electronic carrier (and an electronic digital signature) has been introduced into the continuum of indirect electronic reality. The Law of Ukraine "On Electronic Commerce" of September 3, 2015 regulates the legal regulation of the field of electronic commerce in Ukraine, defines the procedure for electronic transactions with the use of information and telecommunications systems. The legal basis for the provision of electronic trust services, including cross-border, the rights and obligations of the subjects of legal relations in the field of electronic trust services are subject to the Law of Ukraine "On electronic trust services" of October 5, 2017. The number of diverse legal material causes some difficulties in the practical application of a mobile digital signature. Differences in national terminology, which are contained in different sources, as well as existing legal gaps determine the relevance of this problem and require appropriate research. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The scientific novelty of the study is a comprehensive consideration of this topic, namely: the pros and cons of using a mobile digital signature, making suggestions for improving existing legislation with concepts and functions related to the use (Mobile ID).

NORMATIVE REGULATION OF PROSTITUTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

Prostitution as a social phenomenon has been present in different forms and shapes of manifestation for centuries, adapting itself to various societal reactions that attempted to control it or eradicate it. Prostitution is present in the society regardless of a particular social class, nationality/ethnicity or territory, and therefore, different states apply different measures and regimes to repress or control this type of conduct. The notions on which the prohibitionist regime of prostitution is based prevail among the scholars, regarding prostitution as a form of social anomaly and immoral, deviant behavior given that the sexual practices of two people come down to commodity-money relations. The main subject of this paper is the legal regulation of prostitution in the Re-public of Serbia, as well as the analysis of legal regimes that regulate prostitution in the comparative law. In 2016, in the legislation of the Republic of Serbia, the law on public order and peace brought a novelty when it comes to regulating prostitution by adding a new form of action of committing the violation. The law now also prescribes the sanctioning of persons who use this type of sexual services.

The Theoretical Platform of the Digital Economy

The article discusses the basic provisions of the theory of the digital economy, synthesizing the practical experience of its formation in Russian society. The new content of commodity-money relations, the leading role of intangible assets in it, the objective nature of the monopoly of electronic money, which have lost a number of its specific functions, and the transformation of monetary institutions into multi-disciplinary financial concerns are substantiated. It is proved the need to exclude individuals from the sphere of taxation and its focus on the fiscal accounting of intellectual, digital property and capital, to turn the budget into a financial instrument of redistribution of gross public product in favor of non-working citizens. The concept of a two-tier economy is introduced, in which the class of intermediaries parasitizing on its achievements is gradually eliminated.

What is hiding behind the money accumulating in Utah?

Taking up the geographer's task of following and defetishizing the commodity, this research taps into the United States (US) federal banking data to locate the commodity “money”. Law is used to specify money's locations. Relative to the size of its economy, Utah's banks report a lopsided share of US money. This paper unmasks important social relations embedded in the money commodities located in Utah's banks by tracing the history of US banking law, which has played a leading role in the processes responsible for Utah's outsized share of the sub-national monetary landscape. Banking law determined the scope and type of business in which banking firms and their corporate affiliates could engage. Throughout the 20th century, investment banks and commercial firms struggled to claim legal rights to engage in business combinations once deemed illegal: combining non-banking business with a commercial bank. The state of Utah, in coordination with financial and commercial firms, has expanded the legal and financial space of Industrial Loan Banks (ILBs), historically idiosyncratic chartered banks exempt from regulations separating banking firms from non-banking business. Utah marketed their banking charters to global, systemically important financial institutions and large commercial conglomerates, which then established or acquired ILB subsidiaries within the state. From Utah, the die had been cast: the largest non-banking firms on the planet were now legally empowered to accumulate capital in ways that had heretofore been forbidden at other locations. American banking had been transformed.

PASTORAL ECONOMY OF THE KAZAKHS AT THE TURN OF THE XIX-XX CENTURIES. ECONOMIC ASPECT

In this article, based on the identified historical source, a number of facts are presented that reveal the features of nomadic cattle breeding of the Kazakhs at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The materials presented in the article allow us to understand how the economic relations between Russia and Kazakhstan were built, what was their main subject in the time interval under consideration, what characteristic features and features were inherent in them. The structure of the functioning of product sales markets is considered, the key figures of trade relations are identified. The change of the paradigm of exchange trade to commodity-money relations is shown. The features of the action of steppe fairs are revealed. Their role in ensuring the vital activity of steppe farms of the indigenous population of Kazakhstan is revealed. In general, the great importance of nomadic cattle breeding for the provision of meat, fat and various raw materials in Russia and a number of foreign countries is stated.

The Influence of the Global Perfumery Market on the Principles of the Formation of a Tourist Flow

Based on the research results, it was concluded that the formation of world tourist flows essentially depends on the level of development of the perfume industry within the country and the individualization of the population’s income in this direction.This material also describes the history of the production of perfumes, special attention is paid to the leading centers for the production of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products. To clarify the results, an analysis of the perfumery industry market was carried out for specific geographic regions, and the balance of forces in the global perfumery and cosmetics industry was determined. A typology of various countries of the world has been created according to the nature of perfumery and cosmetic products.The article’s authors also identified the key players in the global perfumery market, identified individual market segments and trends in their development. It became possible to explain the reasons for the development of world tourism in the growth of the perfume market. The work also proposes a definition of perfume tourism, which at its core takes into account the commodity-money relations that arise during the journey. The experimental part of the study made it possible to determine consumers’ attitudes to perfume tourism and its peculiarities.