scholarly journals On the social content of local self-government

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman V. Petukhov
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Opinion Surveys ◽  
The Social ◽  
Basic Vocabulary

The author argues that the social studies devoted to the Russian local self-government are dominated by uncritical borrowing of the basic vocabulary and the axiomatics of the municipal law. Such studies reproduce ideal concepts enshrined in the legislation and legal doctrine to substitute for the critical analysis of the social reality processes. To understand the true meaning of what is referred to as local self-government the author proposes to consider the correlation between the legal-dogmatic concept and the results of empirical research. For that purpose, three constitutive features of local self-government are singled out:  inclusiveness, accessibility and autonomy of local authorities. Analyzing the data of the public opinion surveys, the author observes the lack of public confidence in the municipal authorities, their distancing from the local communities and proximity to the regional government.  As an example, the author examines cancelation of direct elections of heads of municipalities which brings into sharp focus contradictions between actual processes and the local self-government theory. At the same time, public perceptions of local self-government as a value and a directly observed phenomenon remain uncertain. Based on the results of the analysis, the author concludes that there is a principal divergence between the reality and the normative conception of local self-government which raises the issue of its rethinking in social sciences. The basis of the study is the data of the nationwide representative surveys conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Public Opinion Research Center and the Public Opinion Foundation. Acknowledgment. The paper is supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 14-28-00218-II “Dynamics of social transformation in modern Russia in socio-economic, political, socio-cultural and ethno-religious contexts”. 

scholarly journals The social aspects of genome editing: publics as stakeholders, populations and participants in animal research

2021 ◽  
pp. 002367722199315
Author(s):  
Gail Davies ◽  
Richard Gorman ◽  
Renelle McGlacken ◽  
Sara Peres
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Genetically Modified Food ◽  
The Public ◽  
Genomic Technologies ◽  
The Social

The application of genome editing to animal research connects to a wide variety of policy concerns and public conversations. We suggest focusing narrowly on public opinion of genome editing is to overlook the range of positions from which people are brought into relationships with animal research through these technologies. In this paper, we explore three key roles that publics are playing in the development of genome editing techniques applied to animals in biomedical research. First, publics are positioned by surveys and focus groups as stakeholders with opinions that matter to the development of research technologies. Learning lessons from controversies over genetically modified food in Europe, these methods are used to identify problems in science–society relations that need to be managed. Second, people are recruited into research projects through participating in biobanks and providing data, where their contributions are encouraged by appeals to the public good and maintained by public confidence. Thirdly, patients are increasingly taking positions within research governance, as lay reviewers on funding panels, where their expertise helps align research priorities and practices with public expectations of research. These plural publics do not easily aggregate into a simple or singular public opinion on genome editing. We conclude by suggesting more attention is needed to the multiple roles that different publics expect – and are expected – to play in the future development of genomic technologies.

A successful person, society and civic activism

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1800-1816
Author(s):  
G.B. Kozyreva ◽  
T.V. Morozova ◽  
R.V. Belaya
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
The Public ◽  
Civic Activism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Human And Social Capital ◽  
Person Model ◽  
Social Disparity

Subject. The article provides considerations on the formation and development of a successful person model in the modern Russian society. Objectives. The study is an attempt to model a successful person in the Russian society, when the ideological subsystem of the institutional matrix is changing. Methods. The study relies upon the theory of institutional matrices by S. Kirdina, theories of human and social capital. We focus on the assumption viewing a person as a carrier of social capital, which conveys a success, socio-economic position, social status, civic activism, doing good to your family and the public, confidence in people and association with your region. The empirical framework comprises data of the sociological survey of the Russian population in 2018. The data were processed through the factor analysis. Results. We devised a model of a successful person in today's Russian society, which reveals that a success, first of all, depends on the economic wellbeing and has little relation to civic activism. The potential involvement (intention, possibility, preparedness) in the social and political life significantly dominates the real engagement of people. The success has a frail correlation with constituents of the social capital, such as confidence in people and doing good to the public. Conclusions and Relevance. Based on the socio-economic wellbeing, that is consumption, the existing model of a successful person proves to be ineffective. The sustainability of socio-economic wellbeing seriously contributes to the social disparity of opportunities, which drive a contemporary Russian to a success in life.

ВИДОВИЩЕ ТА ВИДОВИЩНІСТЬ В СУЧАСНІЙ КУЛЬТУРІ УКРАЇНИ

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Admink Admink ◽  
Катерина Гайдукевич
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Social Regulation ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social

Обґрунтовано, що видовища характеризуються специфічними ознаками, серед яких варто наголосити на культурній цінності, що виявляється у використанні видовищем різних складових культури. Доведено, що видовища є показниками суспільних зрушень у системі цінностей, ідеологій, наявних і латентних проблем, устремлінь та бажань громадськості. Показано, що в сучасній культурі України пріоритетною є функція соціальної регуляції й формування  суспільної думки, яка реалізується у форматі імітативних практик та множинних культурних інтерпретацій. Проаналізовано напрями, за якими розвиватимуться видовища й видовищність в Україні: зміцнення й популяризація традиційних видовищних заходів; усталення нових видовищних практик; збагачення видовищної культури інноваційними формами та практиками. It is substantiated that the spectacle is characterized by specific features, among which it is worth emphasizing the cultural value that is expressed in the use by the spectacle of different components of the culture. It has been proved that the spectacles are indicators of social shifts in the system of values, ideologies, existing and latent problems, aspirations and desires of the public. It is shown that in the contemporary culture of Ukraine the priority is the function of the social regulation and the formation of the public opinion that is implemented in the format of imitative practices and multiple cultural interpretations. The directions for development of the spectacles and entertainment in Ukraine are analyzed: strengthening and promoting traditional entertainment events; establishing new entertaining practices; the enrichment of the spectacular culture with innovative forms and practices.

Has Anyone Seen It?

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Radin ◽  
Aleksandar Džakula
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Sentiment ◽  
Public Opinion Surveys ◽  
Health Care Performance ◽  
Policy Arena ◽  
Care Performance

Over the past decade, public opinion surveys have shown that Croats are deeply dissatisfied with their health care system and asses it to be one of the most important issues. However, health care hardly makes it into any political discourse in Croatia. This study analyzes the results of a public opinion survey conducted before the 2007 parliamentary elections to find out what the public sentiment on health care performance in Croatia is and to analyze the reasons why health care is not addressed by political actors. Evidence suggests that while health care is the most salient issue today, the public often understands it poorly. Thus, in a political environment of competing issues, and given the complexity of tacking health care in the policy arena, politicians strategically avoid discussing the issue.

scholarly journals Nuevos usos espaciales en las estaciones ferroviarias de alta velocidad/New space use of high speed railway stations

2018 ◽  
pp. 86-105
Author(s):  
Carlos Hugo Soria Caceres
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Main Function ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Space

RESUMENLas infraestructuras de transporte presentes sobre el territorio condicionan las relaciones sociales y de comunicación de muchos espacios. Grandes estaciones, puertos o aeropuertos se presentan como ejes de centralidad sobre los que se distribuyen flujos de mercancías y personas, configurando a su vez el diseño y la funcionalidad de las ciudades. Hoy en día, con el avance producido en sectores como el ferrocarril de alta velocidad, las estaciones han transformado su función principal de nudo de intercambio, proyectándose como nuevos espacios comerciales y de negocio. En este artículo se analiza este nuevo fenómeno de transformación espacial y social vinculado a la alta velocidad ferroviaria, focalizando su ámbito en España. Se desgrana a su vez el papel de las comunidades sociales, políticas y empresariales para la ciudad y el espacio público presentes en las nuevas estaciones de ferroviarias. Palabras clave: ferrocarril; espacio público; urbanismo. ABSTRACTThis work aims to discuss the transport infrastructures presents on the territory and the conditions to the social and communication relations of many spaces. Large stations, ports or airports are presented as axes of centrality on which flows of goods and people are distributed, configuring in turn the design and functionality of cities. Nowadays, with the advance produced in sectors such as high-speed rail, the stations have transformed their main function as an exchange hub, projecting themselves as new commercial and business spaces. This article analyzes this new phenomenon of spatial and social transformation linked to high-speed rail, focusing its scope in Spain. At the same time, the role of the social, political and business communities for the city and the public space present in the new railway stations.Keywords: railroad; public space; urbanism.

scholarly journals The Limits of Income Inequality: Public Support for Social Policy across Rich Democracies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nate Breznau ◽  
Carola Hommerich
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Liberal Societies ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Income Concentration

Does public opinion react to inequality, and if so, how? The social harms caused by increasing inequality should cause public opinion to ramp up demand for social welfare protections. However, the public may react to inequality differently depending on institutional context. Using ISSP and WID data (1980-2006) we tested these claims. In liberal institutional contexts (mostly English-speaking), increasing income inequality predicted higher support for state provision of social welfare. In coordinated and universalist contexts (mostly of Europe), increasing inequality predicted less support. Historically higher income concentration predicted less public support, providing an account of the large variation in inequality within the respective liberal and coordinated contexts. The results suggest opinions in liberal societies – especially with higher historical inequality – reached the limits of inequality, reacting negatively; whereas in coordinated/universalist societies – especially with lower historical inequality – opinions moved positively, as if desiring more inequality.

Issues in agricultural and environmental biotechnology: identifying and comparing biotechnology issues from public opinion surveys, the popular press and technical/regulatory sources

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Hagedorn ◽  
Susan Allender-Hagedorn
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Biotechnology ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Opinion Surveys ◽  
The Social ◽  
Genetically Engineered Foods ◽  
International Aspects

The formation of public perceptions of science is a very complex and problematic process, but a major factor is the information that is available and presented most frequently to the public. Issues of public concern over agricultural and environmental biotechnology were identified from opinion surveys, the popular press and technical/regulatory sources. A frequency index based on content analysis was used to rank issues within categories of genetically engineered foods, plants, animals and microorganisms; and the social/legal, risk assessment/regulation, science education and international aspects. These issues were compared to those similarly identified from scientific/regulatory sources. Results revealed that the scientific/regulatory communities have dealt primarily with one subset of issues (research oriented), while the public is largely concerned with a different subset (issues of ethics, safety and value). This paper describes each issue in detail, and the implications of the two subsets of issues are briefly discussed.

Postawy wobec osób z niepełnosprawnością a postawy osób z niepełnosprawnością ruchową wobec ludzi z innym rodzajem niepełnosprawności – próba porównania

2018 ◽  
Vol LXXVIII (5) ◽  
pp. 342-352
Author(s):  
Monika Skura
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
General Public ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Motor Disabilities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Patterns ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The topic of society's attitudes toward people with disabilities is very frequently explored by researchers, who want to show the transformation and stability of society's beliefs. Analyzing the results that demonstrate communities’ perceptions and attitudes in interactions with people whose appearance and functioning are different, authors attempt to show reasons, changes in attitudes and the level of integration that is taking place. The article attempts to compare the findings of Polish research on the attitudes of nondisabled people toward people with disabilities, and the attitudes of people with motor disabilities to people with disabilities different than their own. The paper includes the results of research conducted by the researchers of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and the Public Opinion Research Center (CBOS) as well as the results of the author’s own research in which 90 people with motor disabilities expressed their position on people with different disabilities. The article aims to show the attitudes of the study participants and attempts to evaluate if their attitudes differ from the position of the general public. A diagnostic survey was used in the study. The findings indicate that people with motor disabilities, similarly to their environment, copy the social patterns of perception and judgment regarding different groups of people with disabilities. The participants agreed with popular beliefs not only on the question of support for integration and assistance, but also on preferences and judgments concerning different groups of people with disabilities. The study conducted suggests that it is difficult for people with motor disabilities, as it is for nondisabled people, to open up to relationships with people with various disabilities.

THE GENESIS OF THE PUBLIC LAW ENTITIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-106
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Chochowski
Keyword(s):  
Public Law ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
The Public ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The Social ◽  
Litmus Paper ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Public law entities currently play an important role in the social and economic life of our country. The activity of local government, professional and business self-governments, as well as public law entities such as the Polish Red Cross, the Polish Academy of Sciences or the Bank Guarantee Fund, significantly contributes to the improvement of the quality of life in Poland. It is difficult to imagine effective state functioning without the existence of this category of legal entities. Being independent in their actions, they are at the same time a part of the state apparatus, whose activity is based on the systemic principle of decentral-ization and the participation of citizens in the exercise of public authority. It can be said that their existence and conditions of operation constitute a kind of litmus paper test of realizing the idea of a democratic legal state. This article presents considerations regarding the genesis of public law entities. It presents the views of the legal doctrine concerning entities governed by public law, starting from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, through the 19th centuryand XX century, ending with the contemporary times.

scholarly journals La Creation de L’image des Cultures Non-Occidentales

Afrika Focus ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Antoon de Baets
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Cultural Relativism ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Images ◽  
Public Opinion Surveys ◽  
The Third World

Images of Non-Western Cultures. The influence of history textbooks on public opinion in Dutch-speaking Belgium 1945-1984. This Ph.D. study tries to answer the question “Do history textbooks have an impact on people’s ideas about other cultures?”, by comparing the contents of a large sample of influential history textbooks and curricula (covering 1945-1984) with the results of a wide array of public opinion surveys about the Third World and immigrants (covering 1949-1987). The theoretical part reviews ethnocentrism, cultural relativism and racism as dimensions of cultural images, focuses attention on the phenomenon and mechanism of influence, and assesses the place of the textbook in the complex network of factors acting upon youngsters and adults, inside and outside the school. The methodological part discusses the value of the two sources (relevance, validity and reliability of surveys; availability and use of history textbooks; comparability of both). Universes of both sources are constructed and samples drawn from them. These samples are analysed with mutually attuned question batteries. The double empirical analysis leads to two series of conclusions and trends that are compared with each other. Five parallel trends are found in textbooks and surveys (dominant but decreasing ethnocentrism; decreasing nationalism; absence of racism; poor awareness of other cultures; social-evolutionist thinking). They coincide in time, while, for textbooks to have influence, trends there should precede these in the public. Four other trends only partially coincide, or diverge. In the case of still two other trends, mutual influence could be plausibly postulated. In globo, no firm evidence was found for the thesis that history textbooks autonomously influence the public. It rather is the general climate of opinion that, with years of delay, acts upon the textbook authors. The role of these authors, the immediate influences upon them (editors, curricula planners, academics, inspectors, teachers, parents and pupils), their biographies and their degree of representativeness vis-à-vis public opinion, are largely discussed. As a conclusion, the study argues that, by presenting cultural diversity more accurately, new history textbooks could become master cards in the construction of open and tolerant intercultural views and mentalities.

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