scholarly journals The Rising Incidence of Second Cancers: Patterns of Occurrence and Identification of Risk Factors for Children and Adults

2014 ◽  
pp. e57-e67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay M. Morton ◽  
Kenan Onel ◽  
Rochelle E. Curtis ◽  
Eric A. Hungate ◽  
Gregory T. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Genetic Susceptibility ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Second Cancer ◽  
Second Cancers ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Second Cancer Risk

As the population of cancer survivors has increased and continues to age, the occurrence of second cancers has risen dramatically—from 9% of all cancer diagnoses in 1975–1979 to 19% in 2005–2009. The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, a cohort of more than 14,000 childhood cancer survivors with detailed exposure data and long-term follow-up, has substantially contributed to our understanding of the roles of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in second cancer occurrence. In particular, dose-related risks have been demonstrated for second cancers of the breast, thyroid, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and sarcomas following radiation. Cytotoxic chemotherapy—which has long been known to be leukemogenic—also appears to contribute to risk for a range of other second cancer types. Individuals who develop a second cancer are at particularly high risk for developing additional second cancers. A genome-wide association study of survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma who received radiotherapy identified a locus on chromosome 6q21 as being associated with second cancer risk, demonstrating that recent advances in genomics are likely to prove invaluable for elucidating the contribution of genetic susceptibility to second cancer etiology. Among adults, risk of second cancers varies substantially by type of first and second cancer, patient age, and prevalence of second cancer risk factors, including primary cancer treatments, environmental and lifestyle exposures, and genetic susceptibility. Further research is needed to quantify second cancer risks associated with specific etiologic factors and to identify the patients at highest risk of developing a second cancer to target prevention and screening efforts.

Second cancer risk in childhood cancer survivors treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L. Casey ◽  
Danielle N. Friedman ◽  
Chaya S. Moskowitz ◽  
Patrick D. Hilden ◽  
Charles A. Sklar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy ◽  
Childhood Cancer Survivors ◽  
Second Cancer ◽  
Intensity Modulated ◽  
Second Cancer Risk

Meta-analysis of second cancer risk after radiotherapy among childhood cancer survivors

2011 ◽  
Vol 146 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Doi ◽  
M. N. Mieno ◽  
Y. Shimada ◽  
H. Yonehara ◽  
S. Yoshinaga
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Childhood Cancer Survivors ◽  
Second Cancer ◽  
Second Cancer Risk

scholarly journals Second Cancers After Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Cervix

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 967-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil K. Chaturvedi ◽  
Ruth A. Kleinerman ◽  
Allan Hildesheim ◽  
Ethel S. Gilbert ◽  
Hans Storm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
General Population ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Lung Cancer Risk ◽  
Second Cancer ◽  
Second Cancers ◽  
Second Cancer Risk

Purpose Although cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) are both caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, they differ in cofactors such as cigarette smoking. We assessed whether these cofactor differences translate into differences in second cancer risk. Patients and Methods We assessed second cancer risk among 85,109 cervical SCC and 10,280 AC survivors reported to population-based cancer registries in Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. Risks compared to the general population were assessed using standardized incidence ratios (SIR). Results Overall cancer risk was significantly increased among both cervical SCC survivors (n = 10,559 second cancers; SIR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.29 to 1.34) and AC survivors (n = 920 second cancers; SIR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.38). Risks of HPV-related and radiation-related cancers were increased to a similar extent among cervical SCC and AC survivors. Although significantly increased in both groups when compared with the general population, risk of smoking-related cancers was significantly higher among cervical SCC than AC survivors (P = .015; SIR for cervical SCC = 2.07 v AC = 1.78). This difference was limited to lung cancer (SIR for cervical SCC = 2.69 v AC = 2.18; P = .026). The increased lung cancer risk among cervical AC survivors was observed for both lung SCC and lung AC. SIRs for second cancers of the colon, soft tissue, melanoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were significantly higher among cervical AC than SCC survivors. Conclusion The second cancer profiles among cervical SCC and AC survivors mirror the similarities and differences in cofactors for these two histologies. Because smoking is not a cofactor for cervical AC, the increased lung cancer risk suggests a role for additional factors.

Health and cancer concerns among siblings of childhood cancer survivors: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS).

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 12117-12117
Author(s):  
Sonia Morales ◽  
Sedigheh Mirzaei Salehabadi ◽  
Deokumar Srivastava ◽  
Todd M. Gibson ◽  
Wendy M. Leisenring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Grade 3

12117 Background: Siblings of long-term survivors of childhood cancer can be at risk for persistent concerns regarding their future health and risk for cancer. We examined self-perceived future health and cancer risk concerns among such siblings. Methods: 3,969 siblings (median age 29 [range 18–56] years) of 5+ year matched pair cancer survivors (n= 3,969; age 25 [6–48] years; time since diagnosis 19.6 [9.6-33.8] years) in the CCSS self-reported physical/psychosocial problems, including concerns regarding future health and cancer risk (dichotomized as concerned vs not concerned). Chronic health conditions (CHC) were graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events system: mild (grade 1), moderate (grade 2), severe/disabling (grade 3),or life-threatening (grade 4). Sibling demographics, their matched survivor’s diagnosis, era and treatment components, complications (death, relapse, disfigurement) as well as self-reported health status and CHCs for siblings and survivors were examined as potential risk factors for concern using multivariable logistic regression. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. Results: The prevalence of siblings reporting concerns regarding health and cancer risk decreased based on decades of matched survivor diagnosis: 1970-79 (73.3%; 63.9%), 1980-89 (67.2%; 62.6%), 1990-99 (45.7%; 52.3%). Risk factors for concerns included sibling poor/fair current health (future health OR 3.65, 95% CI 2.37-5.62; cancer risk OR 1.54, 1.12-2.13) compared to good/very good/excellent health. Sibling grade 2 (future health OR 1.46, 1.23-1.74; cancer risk OR 1.20, 1.01-1.42) or grade 3-4 CHCs (future health OR 1.37, 1.09-1.71; cancer risk OR 1.28, 1.03-1.58) were associated with greater concerns compared to those with less than grade 2 CHCs. Survivor treatment with chemotherapy/radiation was associated with elevated cancer risk concerns (OR 1.51, 1.13-2.02) compared to surgery/no therapy. Siblings of survivors with grade 3-4 CHCs (OR 1.35, 1.12-1.63) had greater future health concerns compared to those with less than grade 2 CHCs. Sibling bereavement was a risk factor for future health (OR 1.45, 1.04-2.03) and cancer risk (OR 1.44, 1.05-1.99) concerns. Conclusions: The prevalence of sibling concerns regarding future health and cancer have diminished in more recent decades. Subgroups of siblings are at-risk for concerns over future health and cancer risk, partially determined by medical characteristics of their survivor and their own health status.

scholarly journals Genetic Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer in Multiethnic Indonesians

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irawan Yusuf ◽  
Upik A. Miskad ◽  
Ronald E. Lusikooy ◽  
Arham Arsyad ◽  
Akram Irwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Bayesian Variable Selection ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Risk ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

AbstractPurposeColorectal cancer is a common cancer in Indonesia, yet it has been understudied. We conduct a genome-wide association study focused on evaluation and discovery of colorectal cancer risk factors in Indonesians.MethodsWe administered detailed questionnaires and collecting blood samples from 162 colorectal cancer cases throughout Makassar, Indonesia. We also established a control set of 193 healthy individuals frequency matched by age, sex, and ethnicity. A genome-wide association analysis was performed on 84 cases and 89 controls passing quality control. We evaluated known colorectal cancer genetic variants using logistic regression and established a genome-wide polygenic risk model using a Bayesian variable selection technique.ResultsWe replicate associations for rs9497673, rs6936461 and rs7758229 on chromosome 6; rs11255841 on chromosome 10; and rs4779584, rs11632715, and rs73376930 on chromosome 15. Polygenic modeling identified 10 SNP associated with colorectal cancer risk.ConclusionsThis work helps characterize the relationship between variants in theSCL22A3,SCG5,GREM1, andSTXBP5-AS1genes and colorectal cancer in a diverse Indonesian population. With further biobanking and international research collaborations, variants specific to colorectal cancer risk in Indonesians will be identified.

scholarly journals Cigarette Smoking Prior to First Cancer and Risk of Second Smoking-Associated Cancers Among Survivors of Bladder, Kidney, Head and Neck, and Stage I Lung Cancers

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (35) ◽  
pp. 3989-3995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith S. Shiels ◽  
Todd Gibson ◽  
Joshua Sampson ◽  
Demetrius Albanes ◽  
Gabriella Andreotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Head Neck Cancer ◽  
Second Cancer ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Second Cancer Risk ◽  
Head Neck

Purpose Data on smoking and second cancer risk among cancer survivors are limited. We assessed associations between smoking before first cancer diagnosis and risk of second primary smoking-associated cancers among survivors of lung (stage I), bladder, kidney, and head/neck cancers. Methods Data were pooled from 2,552 patients with stage I lung cancer, 6,386 with bladder cancer, 3,179 with kidney cancer, and 2,967 with head/neck cancer from five cohort studies. We assessed the association between prediagnostic smoking and second smoking-associated cancer risk with proportional hazards regression, and compared these estimates to those for first smoking-associated cancers in all cohort participants. Results Compared with never smoking, current smoking of ≥ 20 cigarettes per day was associated with increased second smoking-associated cancer risk among survivors of stage I lung (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.26; 95% CI, 0.92 to 11.6), bladder (HR = 3.67; 95% CI, 2.25 to 5.99), head/neck (HR = 4.45; 95% CI, 2.56 to 7.73), and kidney cancers (HR = 5.33; 95% CI, 2.55 to 11.1). These estimates were similar to those for first smoking-associated cancer among all cohort participants (HR = 5.41; 95% CI, 5.23 to 5.61). The 5-year cumulative incidence of second smoking-associated cancers ranged from 3% to 8% in this group of cancer survivors. Conclusion Understanding risk factors for second cancers among cancer survivors is crucial. Our data indicate that cigarette smoking before first cancer diagnosis increases second cancer risk among cancer survivors, and elevated cancer risk in these survivors is likely due to increased smoking prevalence. The high 5-year cumulative risks of smoking-associated cancers among current smoking survivors of stage I lung, bladder, kidney, and head/neck cancers highlight the importance of smoking cessation in patients with cancer.

scholarly journals Risk factors for subsequent endocrine-related cancer in childhood cancer survivors

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. R299-R321 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Wijnen ◽  
M M van den Heuvel-Eibrink ◽  
M Medici ◽  
R P Peeters ◽  
A J van der Lely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Childhood Cancer Survivors ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Ovarian Insufficiency ◽  
Radiation Induced

Long-term adverse health conditions, including secondary malignant neoplasms, are common in childhood cancer survivors. Although mortality attributable to secondary malignancies declined over the past decades, the risk for developing a solid secondary malignant neoplasm did not. Endocrine-related malignancies are among the most common secondary malignant neoplasms observed in childhood cancer survivors. In this systematic review, we describe risk factors for secondary malignant neoplasms of the breast and thyroid, since these are the most common secondary endocrine-related malignancies in childhood cancer survivors. Radiotherapy is the most important risk factor for secondary breast and thyroid cancer in childhood cancer survivors. Breast cancer risk is especially increased in survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma who received moderate- to high-dosed mantle field irradiation. Recent studies also demonstrated an increased risk after lower-dose irradiation in other radiation fields for other childhood cancer subtypes. Premature ovarian insufficiency may protect against radiation-induced breast cancer. Although evidence is weak, estrogen–progestin replacement therapy does not seem to be associated with an increased breast cancer risk in premature ovarian-insufficient childhood cancer survivors. Radiotherapy involving the thyroid gland increases the risk for secondary differentiated thyroid carcinoma, as well as benign thyroid nodules. Currently available studies on secondary malignant neoplasms in childhood cancer survivors are limited by short follow-up durations and assessed before treatment regimens. In addition, studies on risk-modifying effects of environmental and lifestyle factors are lacking. Risk-modifying effects of premature ovarian insufficiency and estrogen–progestin replacement therapy on radiation-induced breast cancer require further study.

scholarly journals Genetic risk factors for colorectal cancer in multiethnic Indonesians

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irawan Yusuf ◽  
Bens Pardamean ◽  
James W. Baurley ◽  
Arif Budiarto ◽  
Upik A. Miskad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Bayesian Variable Selection ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Risk ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

AbstractColorectal cancer is a common cancer in Indonesia, yet it has been understudied in this resource-constrained setting. We conducted a genome-wide association study focused on evaluation and preliminary discovery of colorectal cancer risk factors in Indonesians. We administered detailed questionnaires and collecting blood samples from 162 colorectal cancer cases throughout Makassar, Indonesia. We also established a control set of 193 healthy individuals frequency matched by age, sex, and ethnicity. A genome-wide association analysis was performed on 84 cases and 89 controls passing quality control. We evaluated known colorectal cancer genetic variants using logistic regression and established a genome-wide polygenic risk model using a Bayesian variable selection technique. We replicate associations for rs9497673, rs6936461 and rs7758229 on chromosome 6; rs11255841 on chromosome 10; and rs4779584, rs11632715, and rs73376930 on chromosome 15. Polygenic modeling identified 10 SNP associated with colorectal cancer risk. This work helps characterize the relationship between variants in the SCL22A3, SCG5, GREM1, and STXBP5-AS1 genes and colorectal cancer in a diverse Indonesian population. With further biobanking and international research collaborations, variants specific to colorectal cancer risk in Indonesians will be identified.

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