„Unáhlené závěry“ u psychotických onemocnění: přehledová studie

This narrative review describes the most frequently investigated cognitive bias in psychosis – jumping to conclusions. This bias refers to deviance in reasoning, when person reach to the conclusion on the basis of little evidence than it is usual. Experimental studies describe presence of the bias across all psychotic continuum. Jumping to conclusions is most frequently studied in associations with delusions, there are discrepancies between results from metaanalyses and longitudinal studies about the nature of relationship between those two phenomena. Relationship between cognition and this bias remains also unclear. Methodology of measuring this bias is very fragmented, which brings o lots of problems descibed in the article. Last part is dedicated to posibilities and efectivity of metacognitive training, which could lead to decrease in jumping to conclusion and potentially nonfarmacologicaly influence delusion and other positive symptoms.

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Jumping to Conclusions Bias

Analyzing the Role of Cognitive Biases in the Decision-Making Process - Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-2978-1.ch007 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 188-213

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Cognitive Bias ◽

Psychological Disorders ◽

Extensive Study ◽

Decision Making Process ◽

Healthy Population ◽

Positive Symptoms ◽

Jumping To Conclusions ◽

High Level

Jumping to conclusions bias is a tendency to make decisions with a high level of haste, even taking into account that there is little evidence. The jumping to conclusions bias has been widely associated with patients with schizophrenia, above all, in those patients who have positive symptomatology, that is, delusions. This cognitive bias is involved in the onset, maintenance, and relapse of these positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Also, it has been found in other psychological disorders and in healthy populations, above all in individual with schizotypy personality traits. Due to the extensive study on this cognitive bias, a detailed explanation of it will be carried out in relation to certain psychological disorders, especially schizophrenia. Moreover, the chapter describes recent studies with healthy population to see how it affects the decision-making process.

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Pain Sensitivity in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Narrative Review of Recent Work

Psychiatry International ◽

10.3390/psychiatryint2010004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 48-58

Author(s):

Alexandre González-Rodríguez ◽

Javier Labad ◽

Mary V. Seeman

Keyword(s):

Pain Sensitivity ◽

Pain Perception ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Sensory Threshold ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽

Physical Pain ◽

Constant Pain ◽

Search For Information

Many patients with schizophrenia seem relatively immune to physical pain while others complain of constant pain. This may result from disturbances or alterations of the sensory threshold for pain in populations with psychosis, a possibility for which there is some preliminary evidence. The inconsistency in pain perception may, in part, be explained by the treatments patients receive, but treatment-naïve patients also exhibit differences in response to pain. This suggests that decreased pain sensitivity may represent a specific psychosis endophenotype. Thus far, few experimental studies have investigated sensory thresholds, pain modalities, or other factors contributing to the perception or expression of physical pain in psychosis. A digital search for information on this topic was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. The result is a non-systematic, narrative review focusing on recent clinical and experimental findings of pain sensitivity in patients with psychosis. Importantly, physical and mental pain are closely connected constructs that may be difficult to differentiate. Our hope is that the review provides some clarity to the field in the specific context of schizophrenia.

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Local Anesthetics and Recurrence after Cancer Surgery-What’s New? A Narrative Review

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10040719 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 719

Author(s):

Sarah D. Müller ◽

Jonathan S. H. Ziegler ◽

Tobias Piegeler

Keyword(s):

Tumor Cells ◽

Circulating Tumor Cells ◽

Local Anesthetics ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Perioperative Period ◽

Cancer Surgery ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Future Research ◽

Inflammatory Stress ◽

Research Activities

The perioperative use of regional anesthesia and local anesthetics is part of almost every anesthesiologist’s daily clinical practice. Retrospective analyses and results from experimental studies pointed towards a potential beneficial effect of the local anesthetics regarding outcome—i.e., overall and/or recurrence-free survival—in patients undergoing cancer surgery. The perioperative period, where the anesthesiologist is responsible for the patients, might be crucial for the further course of the disease, as circulating tumor cells (shed from the primary tumor into the patient’s bloodstream) might form new micro-metastases independent of complete tumor removal. Due to their strong anti-inflammatory properties, local anesthetics might have a certain impact on these circulating tumor cells, either via direct or indirect measures, for example via blunting the inflammatory stress response as induced by the surgical stimulus. This narrative review highlights the foundation of these principles, features recent experimental and clinical data and provides an outlook regarding current and potential future research activities.

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Sowing the seeds of doubt: a narrative review on metacognitive training in schizophrenia

Clinical Psychology Review ◽

10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 358-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 161

Author(s):

Steffen Moritz ◽

Christina Andreou ◽

Brooke C. Schneider ◽

Charlotte E. Wittekind ◽

Mahesh Menon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Narrative Review ◽

Metacognitive Training

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Physical exercise, IGF-1 and cognition A systematic review of experimental studies in the elderly

Dementia & Neuropsychologia ◽

10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-020003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 114-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Angelica Miki Stein ◽

Thays Martins Vital Silva ◽

Flávia Gomes de Melo Coelho ◽

Franciel José Arantes ◽

José Luiz Riani Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

Longitudinal Studies ◽

Web Of Science ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

The Elderly ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Assessment Results

ABSTRACT One of hypothetical mechanisms related to cognition is exercise-induced IGF-1. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of exercise on IGF-1 levels and cognition in the elderly. Methods: The article searches were conducted on Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Scielo databases and reviewed according to PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria were: [1] original articles published up to 2017; [2] samples including elderly; [3] protocols including physical exercise; [4] longitudinal studies having exercise as main outcome; [5] assessment of IGF-1; [6] cognition assessment. Results: Seven studies were included in this review. Three of the studies showed an exercise-induced increase in IGF-1; three found stable IGF-1 levels and one found a reduction in IGF-1; with and without improvement in cognition. Conclusion: Disparities in the type of physical exercise, protocols and samples under different conditions hinder the establishment of a consensus on IGF-1, cognition and physical exercise.

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A Narrative Review of Libidibia ferrea: Botanical Aspects, Ethnopharmacological Properties, Phytochemical Characteristics, Toxicity, and Experimental Tests

European Journal of Medicinal Plants ◽

10.9734/ejmp/2021/v32i1230432 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 16-30

Author(s):

Nayanne C. O. da S. Almeida ◽

Silvania da C. Furtado ◽

José F. M. Barcellos

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Narrative Review ◽

In Vivo Models ◽

Methodological Guidelines

Introduction: Jucá or pau-ferro (Libidibia ferrea) is an arboreal plant from the Fabaceae family. It is commonly used in traditional medicine in the treatment of various diseases, including inflammatory process. Aims: The objective of this narrative review is to present botanical aspects, ethnopharmacological properties, phytochemical characteristics, toxicity highlighting, and experimental models with L. ferrea. Results: Botanical Aspects: Jucá has several uses such as in landscaping (stem and canopy), in arborization of urban areas. Ethnopharmacological Properties: It is used in the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, flu, asthma and, inflammatory processes of which different parts are used (root, stem bark, leaves, fruits, seeds). Phytochemical Characteristics: Phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and terpenoids are among the compounds monthly used. Toxicity: In vivo models have been used to verify toxicity and in most studies the plant presented no toxicity in its use. Experimental studies: Animals, such as mice, dogs, rats, etc. and different models of studies to analyze the action of the plant were used. Conclusions: Such low toxicity, associated with its widespread use in folk medicine and its various effects demonstrated in the studies included in this Review have corroborated for the continuity of the research with L. ferrea. New studies, however, ought to follow methodological guidelines, such as the Animal Research: reporting in vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) so that, a methodological design secures more homogeneous studies capable of quantifying the actual size of the effect in the plant may have in clinical studies.

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