Ethical Problems in Cartography: A Roundtable Commentary

1990 ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick McHaffie ◽  
Sona Karentz Andrews ◽  
Michael Dobson ◽  
Anonymous Anonymous
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
Ethical Conduct ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Ethical Discourse

The problem of defining and actualizing standards of ethical conduct troubles many professions, including cartography. In an attempt to formalize the ethical discourse in cartography the editors of Cartographic Perspectives invited five contributors to discuss what they perceive as important ethical problems in the discipline. The contributors were selected from the three major sectors of the cartographic enterprise: commercial mapping organizations, government mapping agencies, and university geography departments offering cartography programs. The contributors identify personal and institutional vigilance in product quality assurance, map plagiarism through violation of copyright law, and conflicts of interest as important ethical issues. The commentary concludes by questioning the nature and validity of cartography's claim to truth ("accuracy"), and asserts that cartographic ethics cannot be extricated from the values of the larger society which commissions the production of cartographic information.

Ethics in Couple and Family Psychotherapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Schaer ◽  
Célia Steinlin
Keyword(s):  
Family Therapy ◽  
Couple Therapy ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Couple And Family Therapy ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
The Enlightenment

In couple and family therapy, the focus is on relationships, interactions, and the dynamics within the system. The therapist should strive to maintain a balanced and trustful relationship with all members of the system, and at the same time do justice to their individual wishes and perspectives. Couples and families usually present themselves with conflicts of interest that they have failed to resolve. Dealing with conflicts of interest is therefore an important element of couple and family therapy. The existing ethical guidelines, defined by psychological professional associations and medical ethics experts, are not specific enough at representing the complexities which family and couple therapists are confronted with. As an alternative to the ethical guidelines, Beauchamp and Childress (2008) have worked out general ethical principles: respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. In this chapter, a number of ethical problems in couple and family therapy are discussed against the backdrop of these principles. Problems in family and couple therapy can be addressed based on the question who of the system members carries more blame and who can execute more control. Four models of help, i.e., the medical model, the compensatory model, the enlightenment model, and the moral model, are presented with regard to this question. Finally, it is argued that ethical issues in couple and family therapy are relational and context-dependent. They must therefore be resolved in the encounter with each other.

scholarly journals The ethics of explantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Ove Hansson
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Medical Implants ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Manufacturing Defects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Implanted Medical Devices

Abstract Background With the increased use of implanted medical devices follows a large number of explantations. Implants are removed for a wide range of reasons, including manufacturing defects, recovery making the device unnecessary, battery depletion, availability of new and better models, and patients asking for a removal. Explantation gives rise to a wide range of ethical issues, but the discussion of these problems is scattered over many clinical disciplines. Methods Information from multiple clinical disciplines was synthesized and analysed in order to provide a comprehensive approach to the ethical issues involved in the explantation of medical implants. Results Discussions and recommendations are offered on pre-implantation information about a possible future explantation, risk–benefit assessments of explantation, elective explantations demanded by the patient, explantation of implants inserted for a clinical trial, patient registers, quality assurance, routines for investigating explanted implants, and demands on manufacturers to prioritize increased service time in battery-driven implants and to market fewer but more thoroughly tested models of implants. Conclusion Special emphasis is given to the issue of control or ownership over implants, which underlies many of the ethical problems concerning explantation. It is proposed that just like transplants, implants that fulfil functions normally carried out by biological organs should be counted as supplemented body parts. This means that the patient has a strong and inalienable right to the implant, but upon explantation it loses that status.

Ethical Issues in Surgery

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira J. Kodner ◽  
Mary E. Klingensmith ◽  
Jason D. Keune
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Surrogate Decision Making ◽  
Do Not Resuscitate ◽  
Surgical Innovation ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Respect For Autonomy ◽  
Surgical Ethics ◽  
Do Not Resuscitate Orders ◽  
Surrogate Decision

To be a good surgeon, one must be technically good and scientifically sound, but also ethical to the degree that has traditionally been demanded by our profession. In this chapter, the authors discuss what ethical problems in surgery are and how they might be approached. Respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice define Principlism that forms the backbone of most discourse in clinical medical ethics. Consequentialism/utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, “ethics of care”, and casuistry are all covered. The authors then scrutinize several contemporary problems in surgical ethics. Described and discussed in depth are issues associated with the ‘end of life’; surrogate decision making, futility, “do not resuscitate” orders in the operating room, conflicts of interest, industry payments, and surgical innovation, informed consent, and refusal of care. This review is not meant to be an exhaustive treatment of surgical ethics but a survey highlighting the most common ethical problems. This review contains 2 figures, 3 tables, and 61 references.

Ethical Conduct of Clinical Trials, Institutional Review Boards, Informed Consent, and Financial Conflicts of Interest

2019 ◽  
pp. 545-548
Author(s):  
Christian B. Ramers
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Ethical Conduct ◽  
Institutional Review Board ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Financial Conflicts Of Interest

Describe the essential components of the ethical conduct of research, the role of the institutional review board, the process of informed consent, the potential areas of conflict of interest for clinicians participating in research, and other ethical issues related to research in HIV medicine.

Ethical Issues in Surgery

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira J. Kodner ◽  
Mary E. Klingensmith ◽  
Jason D. Keune
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Surrogate Decision Making ◽  
Do Not Resuscitate ◽  
Surgical Innovation ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Respect For Autonomy ◽  
Surgical Ethics ◽  
Do Not Resuscitate Orders ◽  
Surrogate Decision

To be a good surgeon, one must be technically good and scientifically sound, but also ethical to the degree that has traditionally been demanded by our profession. In this chapter, the authors discuss what ethical problems in surgery are and how they might be approached. Respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice define Principlism that forms the backbone of most discourse in clinical medical ethics. Consequentialism/utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, “ethics of care”, and casuistry are all covered. The authors then scrutinize several contemporary problems in surgical ethics. Described and discussed in depth are issues associated with the ‘end of life’; surrogate decision making, futility, “do not resuscitate” orders in the operating room, conflicts of interest, industry payments, and surgical innovation, informed consent, and refusal of care. This review is not meant to be an exhaustive treatment of surgical ethics but a survey highlighting the most common ethical problems. This review contains 2 figures, 3 tables, and 61 references.

Ethical Issues in Surgery

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira J. Kodner ◽  
Mary E. Klingensmith ◽  
Jason D. Keune
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Surrogate Decision Making ◽  
Do Not Resuscitate ◽  
Surgical Innovation ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Respect For Autonomy ◽  
Surgical Ethics ◽  
Do Not Resuscitate Orders ◽  
Surrogate Decision

To be a good surgeon, one must be technically good and scientifically sound, but also ethical to the degree that has traditionally been demanded by our profession. In this chapter, the authors discuss what ethical problems in surgery are and how they might be approached. Respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice define Principlism that forms the backbone of most discourse in clinical medical ethics. Consequentialism/utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, “ethics of care”, and casuistry are all covered. The authors then scrutinize several contemporary problems in surgical ethics. Described and discussed in depth are issues associated with the ‘end of life’; surrogate decision making, futility, “do not resuscitate” orders in the operating room, conflicts of interest, industry payments, and surgical innovation, informed consent, and refusal of care. This review is not meant to be an exhaustive treatment of surgical ethics but a survey highlighting the most common ethical problems. This review contains 2 figures, 3 tables, and 61 references.

Ethical Issues in Clinical Psychology

2010 ◽  
pp. 183-210
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Ethics Code ◽  
Canadian Psychological Association

This chapter examines how ethical issues are approached differently by two prominent psychological associations, how they are encountered by psychologists, the formal complaints they give rise to, and how they can be approached systematically to avoid missteps. Included are basic assumptions about ethics; the unique approaches to developing a ethics code taken by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA), and what each of these two codes provides; empirical data about what ethical problems psychologists encounter and what formal complaints they face; four major sets of ethical issues that are particularly complex and challenging (confidentiality, informed consent, competence, and boundaries); an area of major controversy (clinical psychology and national security); steps in ethical decision-making; and four possible lines of future research.

Death, taxes and uncertainty: Economic motivations in end-of-life decision making

2021 ◽  
pp. 147775092110114
Author(s):  
George Slade Mellgard ◽  
Jacob M Appel
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Ethical Conflicts ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
End Of Life Decision ◽  
Death Taxes

Economic motivations are key drivers of human behavior. Unfortunately, they are largely overlooked in literature related to medical decisionmaking, particularly with regard to end-of-life care. It is widely understood that the directions of a proxy acting in bad faith can be overridden. But what of cases in which the proxy or surrogate appears to be acting in good faith to effectuate the patient’s values, yet doing so directly serves the decision-maker’s financial interests? Such situations are not uncommon. Many patients care as deeply about economic wellbeing of their families as they do for their own lives and health. This brief work examines three scenarios that raise ethical issues regarding the role of pecuniary motives in making critical medical decisions. Each scenario presents a potential financial conflict of interest between an incapacitated patient and a third-party decision-maker and offers a framework for integrating ethical and legal concerns into clinical care. It is our hope that this work prepares physicians for unexpected ethical conflicts of interest and enables them to further the interests of his or her patients.

scholarly journals Ethical issues relating to qualitative research

2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jelsma ◽  
S. Clow
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Scientific Rigour ◽  
Hands On

Qualitative research or naturalistic research has moved from the sidelines into the mainstream of health research and an increasing number of qualitative research proposals are being presented for ethical review Qualitative research presents ethical problems that which are unique to the intensive hands-on paradigm which characterises naturalistic research. This paper briefly outlines the most common methodologies used in this research. The four ethical principles of benevolence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice will be used as a framework to explore specific ethical issues related to this form of inquiry. The need for scientific rigour will also be explored as research that is scientifically unsound can never be ethical.

scholarly journals Audit Fee Research on Issues Related to Ethics

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. A1-A22 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
International Ethics ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Audit Fee ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Non Audit Services

SUMMARY Audit fees are related to important ethical issues for auditors. There has been increasing research on audit fees recently, including research on potential ethical risks regarding audit fees, which helps to illuminate some of these professional issues. The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) is very interested in this area and asked me to prepare a paper reviewing the relevant research. This summary reviews research that became available from 2006 to 2016 on four issues related to audit fees—fee level, dependence, non-audit fees, and firms that have a significant non-audit services business. Examining the research shows consistent evidence about two issues, namely that audit fees for new engagements are lower and that non-audit services affect independence in appearance. There are two further issues about which there is some concern. First, there are occasional studies reporting evidence that non-audit services provided by an auditor are associated with a loss of independence indicated by lower audit quality, even though most research does not support this conclusion. Second, there has been recent concern about growth in non-audit services to non-audit clients and there is some preliminary evidence that audit quality is lower in firms that have more extensive non-audit businesses. In general, although audit fee research does not convey a message that there are widespread ethical problems, the body of research shows that there are some risk areas.

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