scholarly journals Mixture and Transformation in Aristotle’s De generatione et corruptione

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-69
Author(s):  
Arman Zarifian
Keyword(s):  
Physical World ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Material Bodies ◽  
Small Parts ◽  
Substantial Change ◽  
Simple Combination

In his works on natural sciences, primarily in the Physics, Aristotle focuses on different forms of metabolē and distinguishes movement in general from substantial change. The On generation and corruption deals with the latter. When reading this treatise, one should pay particular attention to the concept of mixture. Apart from being the subject of a specific chapter (I 10), the problem of mixture permeates the whole work. But what exactly is mixture? Is it a simple combination of small parts? Can a compound of water and wine be called mixture? If so, is this mixture and nothing more? In the course of the discussion, it is argued that the Aristotelian idea of mixis does not correspond to the concept that is usually associated with it. Rather, it is shown that mixis is fundamental for comprehending the physical world and constitutes not only the term per quem the first elements of all material bodies originate, but also plays a fundamental role in all natural sciences, particularly, in biology.

Analogy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Algernon Charles Swinburne ◽  
Conceptual Tool ◽  
James Clerk Maxwell ◽  
Scientific Advancement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
Material Bodies ◽  
Michael Faraday

Analogy was a crucial conceptual tool for Victorian natural philosophers, who regarded the physical world less in terms of material bodies than formal relationships. Thus, even as they aimed for verisimilitude in their theoretical models, James Clerk Maxwell and Michael Faraday used analogical figures freely, for they understood nature itself to be structured around analogical relations. Like Maxwell, Algernon Charles Swinburne wrote an undergraduate essay on the subject of analogy, conceiving it as fundamental to both scientific advancement and poetic production, where its logic of equivalence subsumes not only metaphor but also rhythm and rhyme. Swinburne’s poems “Before the Mirror” and “Sapphics” dramatize the replacement of the traditional notion of metaphor by the structures of formal analogy.

Science and common sense in the study of international politics

1984 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-39
Author(s):  
Roger D. Spegele
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Humean View

The history of recent efforts to establish a science of international politics may be usefully viewed as elaborate glosses on David Hume's powerful philosophical programme for resolving, reconciling or dissolving a variety of perspicuous dualities: the external and the internal, mind and body, reason and experience. Philosophers and historians of ideas still dispute the extent to which Hume succeeded but if one is to judge by the two leading ‘scientific’ research programmes1 for international politics—inductivism and naive falsificationism —these dualities are as unresolved as ever, with fatal consequences for the thesis of the unity of the sciences. For the failure to reconcile or otherwise dissolve such divisions shows that, on the Humean view, there is at least one difference between the physical (or natural) sciences. and the moral (or social) sciences: namely, that while the latter bear on the internal and external, the former are concerned primarily with the external. How much this difference matters and how the issue is avoided by the proponents of inductivism and naïve falsification is the subject matter of this paper.

Modern Society and the Realms of Spirit

1961 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-36
Author(s):  
Glenn Tinder
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
The West ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
True Contact

There is a wide measure of agreement among contemporary observers that something is seriously wrong in modern industrial society. As to the exact nature of the disorder there are differences of opinion: some denounce above all a vulgarization of culture which they see as stemming from the supremacy of mass taste; others view modern men as victims of the illnesses of overorganization, with all spontaneity and uniqueness increasingly compressed within the patterns of public and private bureaucracies; still others believe that the crucial failure of present civilization in the West is that beneath the various forms of mass and organizational “togetherness,” the individual lies stranded, as it were, on the shores of nothingness, deprived of true contact with his fellowmen, with the physical world, or even with himself. Thus there is little agreement as to how the dehumanization of contemporary man is best to be described. That such dehumanization is a fact, however, is the subject of profound and widespread consensus.

James and Hume

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumiko Inukai
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
The Self ◽  
Ordinary Sense ◽  
Discrete Elements ◽  
Temporal Continuity ◽  
The World ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
Pure Experience ◽  
The Subject

James contends that the rejection of conjunctive relations in experience leads Hume to the empirically groundless notion of discrete elements of experience, which James takes as the critical point that differentiates his empiricism from Hume’s. In this chapter, I argue that James is not right about this: Hume not only allows but employs experienced conjunctive relations in his explanations for the generation of our naturally held beliefs about the self and the world. There are indeed striking similarities between their accounts: they both use the relations of resemblance, temporal continuity, constancy, coherence, and regularity, and the self. Also, objects are constructed out of basic elements in their systems—pure experience and perceptions, respectively. Although collapsing the inner and outer worlds of the subject and object into one world (of pure experience for James and of perceptions for Hume) may seem unintuitive, this is exactly what allows them to preserve our ordinary sense of our experiences of objects.

Józef Bremer. Elementy logiki [The Elements of Logic]

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-292
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Jastrzębska
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Foreign Literature ◽  
Successful Attempt ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Course

The Elements of Logic is conceived as an academic textbook that includes mainly material for a basic course in logic for students. Based on his own reflections as well as national and foreign literature on the subject (authors such as K. Ajdukiewicz, J. Lukasiewicz, T. Kotarbihski, G. Frege, L. Wittgenstein). Dr. Józef Bremer, S.J., presents in the following four chapters systematized knowledge of the problems embraced by the titles of each part of the book. The main aim of the author is the presentation of the problem of deductive reasoning. Another aim of this book is not only to teach how to formalize, but also to show why we generally do formalize. The Elements of Logic is a successful attempt to answer this question. Chapter I contains material related to logic and its understanding. In this chapter the author presents some texts on the historical development of the question: „what is logic about?" He also presents short texts on three related sciences: syntax, semantics and pragmatics.

#ALGORHYTHM – PARTICIPATE, CREATE, EXPERIMENT, PRODUCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-462
Author(s):  
Boris Georgiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Motivation To Learn ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation

This report is dedicated to the creation and implementation of a curriculum based on the STEM methodology. The subject #AlgoRhythm combines three areas (natural sciences, music and information technology) in order to increase creativity, motivation to learn and encourage the imagination of students.

Presence of Augustine of Hippo in Isidore of Seville : Some Provisional Remarks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Elfassi
Keyword(s):  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
Isidore Of Seville ◽  
The Subject

Augustine of Hippo is the most quoted author by Isidore of Seville. Isidore uses Augustine in all his works, without exception, and he knows at least 53 of Augustine’s works. However, Augustine’s presence in Isidore has rarely been studied, probably because scholars were discouraged by the extent of the task. It was only in 2013 that J.C. Martín published two general surveys on the subject, but in spite of their richness they are very brief (four pages each). In this chapter, I outline some lines of research: I give some details about the works of Augustine known to Isidore and I examine some unexpected ways in which the Sevillian used the works of his predecessor.

The Changing Views of a Philosopher of Chemistry on the Question of Reduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Electron Systems ◽  
Atomic Systems ◽  
Quantum Mechanical Description ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Relationship

The question of the reduction of chemistry to quantum mechanics has been inextricably linked with the development of the philosophy of chemistry since the field began to develop in the early 1990s. In the present chapter I would like to describe how my own views on the subject have developed over a period of roughly 30 years. A good place to begin might be the frequently cited reductionist dictum that was penned in 1929 by Paul Dirac, one of the founders of quantum mechanics. . . . The underlying laws necessary for the mathematical theory of a larger part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely known, and the difficulty is only that exact applications of these laws lead to equations, which are too complicated to be soluble. (Dirac 1929) . . . These days most chemists would probably comment that Dirac had things backward. It is clear that nothing like “the whole of chemistry” has been mathematically understood. At the same time most would argue that the approximate solutions that are afforded by modern computers are so good as to overcome the fact that one cannot obtain exact or analytical solutions to the Schrödinger equation for many-electron systems. Be that as it may, Dirac’s famous quotation, coming from one of the creators of quantum mechanics, has convinced many people that chemistry has been more or less completely reduced to quantum mechanics. Another quotation of this sort (and one using more metaphorical language) comes from Walter Heitler who together with Fritz London was the first to give a quantum mechanical description of the chemical bond. . . . Let us assume for the moment that the two atomic systems ↑↑↑↑ . . . and ↓↓↓↓ . . . are always attracted in a homopolar manner. We can, then, eat Chemistry with a spoon. (Heitler 1927) . . . Philosophers of science eventually caught up with this climate of reductionism and chose to illustrate their views with the relationship with chemistry and quantum mechanics.

scholarly journals Analysis of Middle Grades’ Science Textbooks Based on the Active Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Al-Momani Fayhaa N.
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Student Activities ◽  
Textbook Series ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intellectual Activities

The study aimed to analyse the series of natural sciences textbooks for the intermediate stage in the light of active learning in KSA. Two sources of data used: active learning activities card; content analysis card to measure the degree of involvement. The results showed the concentration of the middle textbook series on physical activities, while the students were weakly involved in intellectual activities, social activities were neglected, in addition; the integration activities were low. On the other hand, the values of the involvement coefficient of the natural sciences textbook series for the middle stage in light of the subject matter indicated that it is suitable and excellent, as well as; acceptable in the light of graphics, shapes and, but not satisfactory in activities Where students are involved in the practice of thinking and scientific inquiry in a few percentages. The study recommended that teachers should take into account the diversity of the forms of student activities in active learning during instruction.

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