Immunohistochemistry of synaptic proteins for synaptic exocytosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Wladimir Ovtscharoff ◽  
Manfred Gratzl ◽  
Boycho Landzhov ◽  
Lina Malinova ◽  
Dimka Hinova-Palova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Proteins ◽  
Synaptic Exocytosis

The photoreceptor cytoskeleton visualized

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
Beth Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Outer Segment ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Synaptic Proteins ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Vertebrate Photoreceptor ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Turn Over

The vertebrate photoreceptor provides a drammatic example of cell polarization. Specialized to carry out phototransduction at its distal end and to synapse with retinal interneurons at its proximal end, this long slender cell has a uniquely polarized morphology which is reflected in a similarly polarized cytoskeleton. Membranes bearing photopigment are localized in the outer segment, a modified sensory cilium. Sodium pumps which maintain the dark current critical to photosensory transduction are anchored along the inner segment plasma membrane between the outer segment and the nucleus.Proximal to the nucleus is a slender axon terminating in specialized invaginating synapses with other neurons of the retina. Though photoreceptor diameter is only 3-8u, its length from the tip of the outer segment to the synapse may be as great as 200μ. This peculiar linear cell morphology poses special logistical problems and has evoked interesting solutions for numerous cell functions. For example, the outer segment membranes turn over by means of a unique mechanism in which new disks are continuously added at the proximal base of the outer segment, while effete disks are discarded at the tip and phagocytosed by the retinal pigment epithelium. Outer segment proteins are synthesized in the Golgi near the nucleus and must be transported north through the inner segment to their sites of assembly into the outer segment, while synaptic proteins must be transported south through the axon to the synapse.The role of the cytoskeleton in photoreceptor motile processes is being intensely investigated in several laboratories.

The effect of acute immobilization stress on the expression of synaptic proteins in serotonin transporter deficient mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
SL Nietzer ◽  
AG Schmitt ◽  
G Ortega ◽  
C Kriegebaum ◽  
L Gutknecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Immobilization Stress ◽  
Synaptic Proteins ◽  
Deficient Mice

mTORC and PKCε in Regulation of Alcohol Use Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 1696-1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athirah Hanim ◽  
Isa Naina Mohamed ◽  
Rashidi M. Pakri Mohamed ◽  
Srijit Das ◽  
Norefrina Shafinaz Md Nor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Synaptic Proteins ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase C Epsilon ◽  
Seeking Behavior

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by compulsive binge alcohol intake, leading to various health and social harms. Protein Kinase C epsilon (PKCε), a specific family of PKC isoenzyme, regulates binge alcohol intake, and potentiates alcohol-related cues. Alcohol via upstream kinases like the mammalian target to rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) or 2 (mTORC2), may affect the activities of PKCε or vice versa in AUD. mTORC2 phosphorylates PKCε at hydrophobic and turn motif, and was recently reported to be associated with alcohol-seeking behavior, suggesting the potential role of mTORC2-PKCε interactions in the pathophysiology of AUD. mTORC1 regulates translation of synaptic proteins involved in alcohol-induced plasticity. Hence, in this article, we aimed to review the molecular composition of mTORC1 and mTORC2, drugs targeting PKCε, mTORC1, and mTORC2 in AUD, upstream regulation of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in AUD and downstream cellular mechanisms of mTORCs in the pathogenesis of AUD.

Resveratrol Rescues Tau-Induced Cognitive Deficits and Neuropathology in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 710-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ying Sun ◽  
Quan-Xiu Dong ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Xun Sun ◽  
Li-Fan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Synaptic Proteins ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Phosphorylated Tau ◽  
Tau Pathology ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
N2a Cells ◽  
Tau Aggregation

Background: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles assembled by the microtubuleassociated protein tau. Increasing evidence demonstrated that tau pathology played an important role in AD progression. Resveratrol (RSV) has previously proved to exert neuroprotective effect against AD by inhibiting Aβ generation and Aβ-induced neurocytotoxicity, while its effect on tau pathology is still unknown. Method: The effect of RSV on tau aggregation was measured by Thioflavin T fluorescence and Transmission electron microscope imaging. The effect of RSV on tau oligomer-induced cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay and the uptake of extracellular tau by N2a cells was determined by immunocytochemistry. 6-month-old male PS19 mice were treated with RSV or vehicle by oral administration (gavage) once a day for 5 weeks. The cognitive performance was determined using Morris water maze test, object recognition test and Y-maze test. The levels of phosphorylated-tau, gliosis, proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β, and synaptic proteins including synaptophysin and PSD95 in the brains of the mice were evaluated by immunoblotting, immunostaining and ELISA, respectively. Results: RSV significantly inhibited tau aggregation and tau oligomer-induced cytotoxicity, and blocked the uptake of extracellular tau oligomers by N2a cells. When applied to PS19 mice, RSV treatment effectively rescued cognitive deficits, reducing the levels of phosphorylated tau, neuroinflammation and synapse loss in the brains of mice. Conclusion: These findings suggest that RSV has promising therapeutic potential for AD and other tauopathies.

Neonatal Rotenone Administration Induces Psychiatric Disorder-Like Behavior and Changes in Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Synaptic Proteins in Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Siena ◽  
Jéssica Mayumi Camargo Yuzawa ◽  
Aline Camargo Ramos ◽  
Elisandra Henrique ◽  
Mariana Dutra Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Synaptic Proteins

scholarly journals A unified resource and configurable model of the synapse proteome and its role in disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Sorokina ◽  
Colin Mclean ◽  
Mike D. R. Croning ◽  
Katharina F. Heil ◽  
Emilia Wysocka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Synaptic Proteins ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Network Resource ◽  
Unique Protein ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Accessible Format ◽  
Neuronal Disorders

AbstractGenes encoding synaptic proteins are highly associated with neuronal disorders many of which show clinical co-morbidity. We integrated 58 published synaptic proteomic datasets that describe over 8000 proteins and combined them with direct protein–protein interactions and functional metadata to build a network resource that reveals the shared and unique protein components that underpin multiple disorders. All the data are provided in a flexible and accessible format to encourage custom use.

scholarly journals Local Protein Translation and RNA Processing of Synaptic Proteins in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2811
Author(s):  
Yuyoung Joo ◽  
David R. Benavides
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Synaptic Proteins ◽  
Local Translation ◽  
Translation Control

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heritable neurodevelopmental condition associated with impairments in social interaction, communication and repetitive behaviors. While the underlying disease mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, dysfunction of neuronal plasticity and local translation control have emerged as key points of interest. Translation of mRNAs for critical synaptic proteins are negatively regulated by Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which is lost in the most common single-gene disorder associated with ASD. Numerous studies have shown that mRNA transport, RNA metabolism, and translation of synaptic proteins are important for neuronal health, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory. Accordingly, dysfunction of these mechanisms may contribute to the abnormal brain function observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this review, we summarize recent studies about local translation and mRNA processing of synaptic proteins and discuss how perturbations of these processes may be related to the pathophysiology of ASD.

scholarly journals VAMP-2 is a surrogate cerebrospinal fluid marker of Alzheimer-related cognitive impairment in adults with Down syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Lleó ◽  
Maria Carmona-Iragui ◽  
Laura Videla ◽  
Susana Fernández ◽  
Bessy Benejam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Synaptic Proteins ◽  
Selected Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Synaptic Protein ◽  
Csf Levels ◽  
Syntaxin 1B

Abstract Background There is an urgent need for objective markers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related cognitive impairment in people with Down syndrome (DS) to improve diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and assess response to disease-modifying therapies. Previously, GluA4 and neuronal pentraxin 2 (NPTX2) showed limited potential as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of cognitive impairment in adults with DS. Here, we compare the CSF profile of a panel of synaptic proteins (Calsyntenin-1, Neuroligin-2, Neurexin-2A, Neurexin-3A, Syntaxin-1B, Thy-1, VAMP-2) to that of NPTX2 and GluA4 in a large cohort of subjects with DS across the preclinical and clinical AD continuum and explore their correlation with cognitive impairment. Methods We quantified the synaptic panel proteins by selected reaction monitoring in CSF from 20 non-trisomic cognitively normal controls (mean age 44) and 80 adults with DS grouped according to clinical AD diagnosis (asymptomatic, prodromal AD or AD dementia). We used regression analyses to determine CSF changes across the AD continuum and explored correlations with age, global cognitive performance (CAMCOG), episodic memory (modified cued-recall test; mCRT) and CSF biomarkers, CSF Aβ42:40 ratio, CSF Aβ1-42, CSF p-tau, and CSF NFL. P values were adjusted for multiple testing. Results In adults with DS, VAMP-2 was the only synaptic protein to correlate with episodic memory (delayed recall adj.p = .04) and age (adj.p = .0008) and was the best correlate of CSF Aβ42:40 (adj.p = .0001), p-tau (adj.p < .0001), and NFL (adj.p < .0001). Compared to controls, mean VAMP-2 levels were lower in asymptomatic adults with DS only (adj.p = .02). CSF levels of Neurexin-3A, Thy-1, Neurexin-2A, Calysntenin-1, Neuroligin-2, GluA4, and Syntaxin-1B all strongly correlated with NPTX2 (p < .0001), which was the only synaptic protein to show reduced CSF levels in DS at all AD stages compared to controls (adj.p < .002). Conclusion These data show proof-of-concept for CSF VAMP-2 as a potential marker of synapse degeneration that correlates with CSF AD and axonal degeneration markers and cognitive performance.

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